{"id":145419,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:14","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145419"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:55:31","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:55:31","slug":"spiritismus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/spiritismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Spiritismus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Spiritismus\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Spiritismus, komunikace s duchy a praxe seanc\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Spiritismus je hnut\u00ed komunikace s duchy<\/strong> zem\u0159el\u00fdch, kodifikovan\u00e9 Allanem Kardecem a praktikovan\u00e9 v podob\u011b seanc\u00ed<\/strong> s m\u00e9diy.<\/p>\n

Spiritismus<\/span><\/strong> je u\u010den\u00ed a praxe, podle n\u00ed\u017e mohou du\u0161e zem\u0159el\u00fdch komunikovat s \u017eiv\u00fdmi prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00ed. Vznikl roku 1848 v USA, rychle se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il po Evrop\u011b a Latinsk\u00e9 Americe a ovlivnil 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed jak jako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 hnut\u00ed, tak jako p\u0159edm\u011bt zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed ran\u00e9ho parapsychologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hydesville 1848 a sestry Foxovy<\/h2>\n

V b\u0159eznu 1848 informovaly sestry Margaret a Kate Foxovy z Hydesville ve st\u00e1t\u011b New York o klepav\u00fdch zvuc\u00edch ve sv\u00e9m dom\u011b, kter\u00e9 na ot\u00e1zky odpov\u00eddaly jedn\u00edm nebo v\u00edce \u00fadery.<\/span><\/p>

Z t\u00e9to epizody se rychle vyvinula vlastn\u00ed praxe: klepac\u00ed komunikace, pozd\u011bji stolot\u0159esba a kone\u010dn\u011b jevy transu<\/span> a materializace. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika let vzniklo v Severn\u00ed Americe tis\u00edce krou\u017ek\u016f a s\u00ed\u0165 putuj\u00edc\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Allan Kardec a francouzsk\u00e1 kodifikace<\/h2>\n

Ve Francii systematizoval pedagog Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail pod pseudonymem Allan Kardec od roku 1857 toto u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>

Jeho Le Livre des Esprits<\/em> (Kniha duch\u016f, 1857) a Livre des M\u00e9diums<\/em> (1861) pov\u00fd\u0161ily spiritismus na koherentn\u00ed doktr\u00ednu: reinkarnace du\u0161e sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k postupn\u00e9 dokonalosti, hierarchick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed duchovn\u00edch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, etick\u00e9 sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota k l\u00e1sce k bli\u017en\u00edmu a duchovn\u00edmu pokroku. Kardec\u016fv syst\u00e9m se od anglosask\u00e9ho spiritualismu li\u0161\u00ed explicitn\u00ed naukou o reinkarnaci.<\/p>\n

V Braz\u00edlii nalezl kardecovsk\u00fd spiritismus druhou domovinu. Dnes zde \u017eij\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed organizovan\u00e9 spiritistick\u00e9 komunity na sv\u011bt\u011b, s v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky do umbandy a candombl\u00e9. Kardec je p\u0159\u00edtomen i v katolicko-lidov\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m spektru Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky.<\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 formy<\/h2>\n

Spiritistick\u00e1 praxe zn\u00e1 n\u011bkolik hlavn\u00edch forem. Klasick\u00e1 je seance v p\u016flkruhu kolem stolu, veden\u00e1 m\u00e9diem, kter\u00e9 v lehk\u00e9m nebo hlubok\u00e9m transu zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 kontakty. Komunikace prob\u00edh\u00e1 klep\u00e1n\u00edm, pohybem stolu, automatick\u00fdm psan\u00edm nebo mluven\u00edm z \u00fasta m\u00e9dia.<\/p>

Na konci 19. stolet\u00ed se p\u0159idaly fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jevy: levitace, materializace, ektoplazmatick\u00e9 substance. Tyto v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formy vedly k vln\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 k odhalen\u00ed mnoha p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f podvodu.<\/p>\n

Ran\u00e1 parapsychologie<\/h2>\n

Society for Psychical Research (SPR) byla zalo\u017eena roku 1882 v Lond\u00fdn\u011b Frederikem Myersem, Henrym Sidgwickem, Edmundem Gurneym a Eleanor Sidgwickovou k metodick\u00e9mu zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed spiritistick\u00fdch jev\u016f. Jej\u00ed studie, nap\u0159\u00edklad Census of Hallucinations<\/em> (1894) a v\u00edcesvazkov\u00e9 Proceedings<\/em>, pat\u0159\u00ed dodnes k hlavn\u00edm pramen\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>

V\u00fdzkum SPR polo\u017eil z\u00e1klad pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed parapsychologii. William James v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch letech intenzivn\u011b spolupracoval s m\u00e9diem Leonorou Piperovou a ozna\u010dil ji za \u201ewhite crow\u201c, p\u0159\u00edpad, kter\u00fd podle n\u011bj vyvracel obecnou tezi o \u010dist\u011b subjektivn\u00ed povaze v\u0161ech mediumn\u00edch v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Charles Richet, francouzsk\u00fd fyziolog a nositel Nobelovy ceny, zavedl pojem ektoplazma<\/em> a vedl p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kontrolovan\u00e9 seance. Jeho Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9tapsychique<\/em> (1922) z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm dokladem seri\u00f3zn\u00edho v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Mediumita Eusapie Palladinov\u00e9 byla zkou\u0161ena ve stovk\u00e1ch kontrolovan\u00fdch seanc\u00ed, zast\u00e1nci i odp\u016frci se v hodnocen\u00ed po cel\u00e1 l\u00e9ta neshodovali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skepse a odhalen\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Ji\u017e v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed bylo mnoho m\u00e9di\u00ed odhaleno jako podvodn\u00edci.<\/p>

Sestry Foxovy sami ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159iznaly roku 1888, \u017ee klepav\u00e9 zvuky vytv\u00e1\u0159ely prask\u00e1n\u00edm kloub\u016f v prstech nohou (Margaret sv\u00e9 p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed pozd\u011bji odvolala, av\u0161ak samotn\u00e9 dozn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fstalo v pam\u011bti). Divadeln\u00ed kouzeln\u00edk Harry Houdini si ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159edsevzal odhalovat podvodn\u00e1 m\u00e9dia; jeho A Magician Among the Spirits<\/em> (1924) dokumentuje des\u00edtky takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ani kdy\u017e ne\u0161lo o podvod ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech, fyziologick\u00e9 sebeoklam\u00e1n\u00ed, jako je ideomotorick\u00fd efekt p\u0159i stolot\u0159esb\u011b, vysv\u011btluje velkou \u010d\u00e1st jev\u016f se stoly a psan\u00edm i bez v\u011bdom\u00e9 manipulace.<\/p>\n

Spiritismus dnes<\/h2>\n

Organizovan\u00fd spiritismus existuje dodnes, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Braz\u00edlii (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Esp\u00edrita Brasileira s miliony p\u0159\u00edznivc\u016f), ve Francii a ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii (Spiritualists‘ National Union). V n\u011bmecky mluv\u00edc\u00edch zem\u00edch je hnut\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159esto p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 d\u00edky sean\u010dn\u00edm krou\u017ek\u016fm, transov\u00fdm m\u00e9di\u00edm a spektru praktikuj\u00edc\u00edch kontaktu se z\u00e1hrob\u00edm<\/a>.<\/p>

Pro fenomenologick\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed duch\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 spiritismus kl\u00ed\u010dovou tradic\u00ed: ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 170 let poskytuje nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed korpus dokumentovan\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v o kontaktu s duchem<\/span> a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nekon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed diskusi o jejich pravosti.<\/p>\n

Prameny<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Allan Kardec: Das Buch der Geister<\/em>, dt. Ausgabe Br\u00fcssel 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Janet Oppenheim: The Other World. Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850, 1914<\/em>, Cambridge UP 1985.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Ann Braude: Radical Spirits. Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in 19th Century America<\/em>, Beacon 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Renaud Evrard: Folie et paranormal<\/em>, PU Rennes 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Leonardo Vincentini: Spiritism in Brazil<\/em>, Lewiston 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3408,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Spiritismus a komunikace s duchy","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Spiritismus \u2013 komunikace s duchy, Kardec | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Spiritismus jako hnut\u00ed 19. stolet\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na komunikaci s duchy. 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