{"id":145418,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:14","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145418"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:55:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:55:28","slug":"gnoze","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/gnoze\/","title":{"rendered":"Gn\u00f3ze"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Gn\u00f3ze\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Gn\u00f3ze, cesta pozn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi pl\u00e9romou a demiurgem<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Gn\u00f3ze<\/span> ozna\u010duje pozdn\u011b antickou cestu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> mezi bo\u017esk\u00fdm pl\u00e9romatem<\/strong> a hmotn\u00fdm sv\u011btem d\u00e9miurga<\/strong>, dualistickou kosmologii<\/span> se sp\u00e1sn\u00fdm m\u00fdtem<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Gn\u00f3ze<\/span><\/strong>, \u0159ecky gn\u014dsis, pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, ozna\u010duje pozdn\u011b antick\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00fd sm\u011br, jeho\u017e j\u00e1drem je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt skryt\u00fdm vnit\u0159n\u00edm pozn\u00e1n\u00edm vysvobozen z kosmick\u00e9ho zapleten\u00ed.<\/p>

Sv\u011bt nen\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako dobr\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho Boha, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako d\u00edlo nedokonal\u00e9ho d\u00e9miurga; prav\u00fd, transcendentn\u00ed B\u016fh z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 mimo tento sv\u011bt, a pouze v \u010dlov\u011bku sp\u00edc\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e1 jiskra du\u0161e se m\u016f\u017ee d\u00edky pozn\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u011bj rozpomenout.<\/p>\n

Prameny a n\u00e1lezy text\u016f<\/h2>\n

A\u017e do 20. stolet\u00ed znali badatel\u00e9 gn\u00f3zi<\/span> t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b z polemick\u00fdch spis\u016f c\u00edrkevn\u00edch otc\u016f Irenea, Hippolyta, Tertuli\u00e1na a Epifania, kte\u0159\u00ed proti n\u00ed bojovali jako proti herezi<\/span>. V roce 1945 nalezl egyptsk\u00fd roln\u00edk v Nag Hamm\u00e1d\u00ed 13 koptsk\u00fdch kodex\u016f s 52 gnostick\u00fdmi origin\u00e1ln\u00edmi texty, Apokryfon Jan\u016fv<\/em>, Evangelium pravdy<\/em>, Evangelium Tom\u00e1\u0161ovo<\/em>, Evangelium Filipovo<\/em>, Hrom. Dokonal\u00e1 mysl<\/em>, Pistis Sofia<\/em>.<\/p>

Teprve tento n\u00e1lez umo\u017enil pohled do nitra gnostick\u00e9ho sebech\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Navzdory zna\u010dn\u00e9 rozmanitosti sd\u00edl\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina gnostick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f spole\u010dn\u00e9 j\u00e1dro. Na vrcholu byt\u00ed stoj\u00ed nevysloviteln\u00fd Otec, z n\u011bho\u017e se rozv\u00edj\u00ed pl\u00e9rom ai\u00f3n\u016f. P\u00e1dem v ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed Sofii vznik\u00e1 d\u00e9miurg, \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Jaldaba\u00f3th nebo Saklas, kter\u00fd stvo\u0159il hmotn\u00fd sv\u011bt jako v\u011bzen\u00ed.<\/p>

Lid\u00e9 v sob\u011b nesou bo\u017eskou jiskru, ani\u017e by si toho byli v\u011bdomi. Posel z pl\u00e9romatu, u k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f Kristus, v jin\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech Set nebo sama Sofie, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sp\u00e1sn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed. Kdo je p\u0159ijme, osvobod\u00ed svou jiskru z t\u011blesn\u00e9ho obalu a po smrti se vr\u00e1t\u00ed do pl\u00e9romatu.<\/p>\n

\u0160koly a proudy<\/h2>\n

antick\u00e1<\/span> gn\u00f3ze<\/span> nen\u00ed jednotn\u00e9 hnut\u00ed. Valentini\u00e1ni kolem Valentina (2. stol.) rozv\u00edjej\u00ed rozvinutou naukou o ai\u00f3nech a pohybuj\u00ed se bl\u00edzko k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 velko\u00edrkvi. Sethi\u00e1ni pracuj\u00ed s postavou Seta jako spasitele a hojn\u011b \u010derpaj\u00ed z \u017eidovsk\u00e9 literatury.<\/p>

Manicheismus Maniho (3. stol.) se st\u00e1v\u00e1 samostatn\u00fdm sv\u011btov\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, kter\u00e9 sah\u00e1 od severn\u00ed Afriky a\u017e po \u010c\u00ednu. Mandaeov\u00e9 na jihu dne\u0161n\u00edho Ir\u00e1ku jsou jedinou dosud existuj\u00edc\u00ed gnostickou komunitou, uct\u00edvaj\u00ed Jana K\u0159titele a Jesu pova\u017euj\u00ed za fale\u0161n\u00e9ho proroka.<\/p>\n

Dualismus a jeho odst\u00edny<\/h2>\n

Pro gn\u00f3zi<\/span> je charakteristick\u00fd metafyzick\u00fd dualismus. Sah\u00e1 od striktn\u00edho odd\u011blen\u00ed Boha a d\u00e9miurga, duchem<\/span> a hmotou a\u017e k radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu manichejsk\u00e9mu u\u010den\u00ed o dvou v\u011b\u010dn\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00edch proti sob\u011b principech. Tyto dualistick\u00e9 struktury p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch z\u00e1padn\u00edho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, u bulharsk\u00fdch bogomil\u016f, u katar\u016f ji\u017en\u00ed Francie (12.\/13. stol.), \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i v protestantsk\u00e9 teologii<\/span> zavr\u017eenosti sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

Modern\u00ed recepce<\/h2>\n

V 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed je gn\u00f3ze<\/span> p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na z r\u016fzn\u00fdch stran. C. G. Jung v n\u00ed vid\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdce hlubinn\u011b psychologick\u00e9ho sebepozn\u00e1n\u00ed a podrobn\u011b komentuje Pistis Sofii<\/em>.<\/p>

Hans Jonas p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 d\u00edlem Gn\u00f3ze<\/span> a pozdn\u011b antick\u00fd duch<\/span><\/em> (1934) standardn\u00ed studii z d\u011bjin filosofie a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bnost s existencialistickou zku\u0161enost\u00ed existence 20. stolet\u00ed. V esoterice<\/span> je gn\u00f3ze<\/span> pro mnoh\u00e9 modern\u00ed sm\u011bry, od Theosofick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159es Rudolfa Steinera<\/span> a\u017e po sou\u010dasn\u00e1 hnut\u00ed, tajnou evropskou protitradic\u00ed k mainstreamov\u00e9mu k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Esoterick\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed dnes<\/h2>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 esoterick\u00e9<\/span> sc\u00e9n\u011b b\u00fdv\u00e1 gn\u00f3ze<\/span> \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako obecn\u00e1 \u0161ifra pro \u201ena zku\u0161enosti zalo\u017een\u00e9 duchovn\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed nad r\u00e1mec dogmatick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed\u201c. Toto pou\u017eit\u00ed je sympatick\u00e9, ale historicky nep\u0159esn\u00e9. Antick\u00e1<\/span> gn\u00f3ze<\/span> je velmi konkr\u00e9tn\u011b dualistick\u00e1 sp\u00e1sn\u00e1 nauka s vlastn\u00edmi texty, ritu\u00e1ly a m\u00fdty.<\/p>

Kdo ji chce br\u00e1t historicky v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, neobejde se bez konfrontace s origin\u00e1ly z Nag Hamm\u00e1d\u00ed. Kdo ji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen jako \u0161ifru, m\u016f\u017ee to d\u011blat, ale nem\u011bl by pojem zneu\u017e\u00edvat pro historick\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vymezen\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Gn\u00f3ze<\/span> nen\u00ed toto\u017en\u00e1 s hermetikou<\/span> (i kdy\u017e ob\u011b sd\u00edlej\u00ed pozdn\u011b antick\u00e9<\/span> ko\u0159eny), ani s kabalou<\/span> (i kdy\u017e nauka o klipot<\/span> zn\u00ed dualisticky), ani s novoplatonismem<\/span> (kter\u00fd ch\u00e1pe sv\u011bt jako emanativn\u00ed sebesd\u00edlen\u00ed Jednoho, nikoli jako chybu d\u00e9miurga). Kdo na n\u011bkter\u00e9 detailn\u00ed str\u00e1nce naraz\u00ed na v\u00fdraz \u201egnostick\u00fd\u201c, m\u011bl by ov\u011b\u0159it, o kterou z t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed sf\u00e9r se jedn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Prameny<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Hans Jonas: Gn\u00f3ze<\/span> a pozdn\u011b antick\u00fd duch<\/span><\/em>, G\u00f6ttingen 1934\/54 (standardn\u00ed d\u00edlo).<\/span><\/li>\n
  • James M. Robinson (ed.): The Nag Hammadi Library in English<\/em>, Brill 4. vyd. 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Kurt Rudolph: Die Gnosis<\/span>. Wesen und Geschichte einer sp\u00e4tantiken Religion<\/em>, G\u00f6ttingen 1977.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Christoph Markschies: Die Gnosis<\/span><\/em>, Beck Wissen, M\u00fcnchen 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • April D. DeConick: The Gnostic New Age<\/em>, Columbia UP 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3398,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gn\u00f3ze, cesta pozn\u00e1n\u00ed","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gn\u00f3ze \u2013 cesta pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a pl\u00e9r\u00f3ma | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gn\u00f3ze ozna\u010duje pozdn\u011b antick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed s pl\u00e9romou, aiony a demiurgem. 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