{"id":145415,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145415"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:55:27","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:55:27","slug":"hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum\/","title":{"rendered":"Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145415\" class=\"elementor elementor-145415 elementor-2439 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hero00749c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"hero00749c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg27cb4fc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg27cb4fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147165\" alt=\"Kladivo na \u010darod\u011bjnice \u2013 ilustrace praktiky spojen\u00e9 s Kladivem na \u010darod\u011bjnice v historicko-muze\u00e1ln\u011b-dokument\u00e1rn\u00edm stylu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-cb26d28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" id=\"sec-cb26d28\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-cb26d28\" data-id=\"col-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" id=\"col-cb26d28\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wh-cb26d28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wh-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h1-cb26d28\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-we-cb26d28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"we-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"ed-cb26d28-b\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"iwg-lead\">Der <strong>Hexenhammer<\/strong>, latinsky <em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em>, je nejzavr\u017een\u00edhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka evropsk\u00e9ho pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic. Vy\u0161el 1486\/87 ve Speyeru a napsal ho dominik\u00e1n Heinrich Kramer (v latinizovan\u00e9 form\u011b Institoris). Po v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b stalet\u00ed ovliv\u0148oval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span>, inkvizi\u010dn\u00ed praxi i sv\u011btsk\u00e9 trestn\u00ed soudy. Kdo chce pochopit st\u0159edov\u011bkou a ran\u011b novov\u011bkou demonologii, nem\u016f\u017ee se Malleu vyhnout.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"autorenschaft\">Autorstv\u00ed a datace<\/h2>\n<p>Heinrich Kramer byl p\u0159evorem dominik\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera ve Schlettstadtu v Alsasku a od pozdn\u00edch 70. let 15. stolet\u00ed p\u016fsobil jako pape\u017esk\u00fd inkvizitor. Jeho prvn\u00ed procesy s \u010darod\u011bjnicemi v Innsbrucku roku 1485 skon\u010dily skand\u00e1lem: biskup Georg Golser mu odebral pravomoc a vyk\u00e1zal ho z diec\u00e9ze.<\/p><p>Kramer reagoval liter\u00e1rn\u011b. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b pape\u017esk\u00e9 buly <em>Summis desiderantes affectibus<\/em> Inocence VIII. z roku 1484 sepsal Malleus jako obhajobu sv\u00e9 metody a jako u\u010debnici pro budouc\u00ed procesy.<\/p>\n<p>Dlouho byl za spoluautora pova\u017eov\u00e1n Jakob Sprenger, tak\u00e9 dominik\u00e1n; nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, zejm\u00e9na Christopher Mackay a Wolfgang Behringer, ukazuje, \u017ee Sprengerova \u00fa\u010dast byla minim\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo fingovan\u00e1. Kramer si Sprengerovo jm\u00e9no pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159ivlastnil pouze proto, aby nazna\u010dil akademickou autoritu.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"aufbau\">Struktura ve t\u0159ech \u010d\u00e1stech<\/h2>\n<p>Malleus se d\u011bl\u00ed na t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti. Prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st teologicky argumentuje, \u017ee \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b existuje a je jak dopu\u0161t\u011bno Bohem, tak p\u016fsobeno \u010f\u00e1blem.<\/p><p>Druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st konkr\u00e9tn\u011b popisuje praktiky \u010darod\u011bjnic, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V k\u0159es\u0165ansko-st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 tradici form\u00e1ln\u00ed smlouva mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem a d\u00e9monem, \u010dasto podepsan\u00e1 krv\u00ed.\">pakt<\/span> s \u010f\u00e1blem, \u0161kodliv\u00e1 kouzla, magii po\u010das\u00ed, styk s inkuby a sukuby, milostn\u00e9 pom\u011bry s d\u00e9mony, \u0161kody na dobytku a pol\u00edch. T\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st je procesn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dkou: jak vzn\u00e9st ob\u017ealobu, jak ospravedlnit mu\u010den\u00ed, jak vynutit dozn\u00e1n\u00ed, jak\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 prost\u0159edky funguj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1padn\u00e1 je v\u00fdrazn\u011b \u017een\u011bvra\u017eiv\u00e1 tendence textu. Kramer odvozuje \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed z \u00fadajn\u00e9 povahy \u017eeny: slab\u0161\u00ed ve v\u00ed\u0159e, n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k t\u011blesn\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dostivosti, snadn\u011bji sv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 \u010f\u00e1blem. Tato argumentace je v rozporu se star\u0161\u00ed scholastickou tradic\u00ed a p\u0159edstavuje sv\u00e9bytn\u00e9 Kramerovo zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se prom\u00edtlo do pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch proces\u016f s \u010darod\u011bjnicemi.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rezeption\">Recepce a \u00fa\u010dinek<\/h2>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Malleus vy\u0161el mezi lety 1486 a 1669 nejm\u00e9n\u011b v 28 vyd\u00e1n\u00edch. Byl vedle bible jednou z nejti\u0161t\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch knih Evropy. P\u0159esto je t\u0159eba jeho vliv historicky diferencovat: katolick\u00e1 vrcholn\u00e1 teologie ze Salamansk\u00e9 \u0161koly jej odm\u00edtala, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 inkvizice jej paradoxn\u011b zak\u00e1zala jako nespolehliv\u00fd.<\/span><\/p><p>V n\u011bmeck\u00fdch teritori\u00edch, ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku a ve Francii slou\u017eil naopak jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 u\u010debnice pro \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00e9 komise, zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem vrchol\u016f proces\u016f s \u010darod\u011bjnicemi kolem let 1590 a 1630.<\/p>\n<p>Malleus nese spoluvinu na posunu od <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed k pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9mu korpusu svat\u00fdch text\u016f; nekanonick\u00e9 texty se pova\u017euj\u00ed za apokryfn\u00ed.\">kanonicky<\/span> pr\u00e1vn\u011b omezen\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed k nespoutan\u00e9mu masov\u00e9mu pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed. Odhady uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed 40 000 a\u017e 60 000 popraven\u00fdch ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b mezi lety 1450 a 1750, z toho p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 75 % \u017een.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kritik\">Ran\u00e9 kritiky<\/h2>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Prvn\u00ed systematick\u00e9 protipozice formuloval Johann Weyer roku 1563 ve spise <em>De praestigiis daemonum<\/em>. Weyer p\u0159ij\u00edmal existenci \u010f\u00e1bla, \u0159adu \u00fadajn\u00fdch \u010darod\u011bjnic v\u0161ak vykl\u00e1dal jako melancholicky nemocn\u00e9 \u017eeny, jejich\u017e dozn\u00e1n\u00ed nebyla skute\u010dn\u00fdm \u010dinem, n\u00fdbr\u017e p\u0159\u00edznakem nemoci.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld, jezuita a zpov\u011bdn\u00edk odsouzen\u00fdch \u010darod\u011bjnic, vydal roku 1631 spis <em>Cautio Criminalis<\/em>, nemilosrdn\u00e9 vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed s prax\u00ed mu\u010den\u00ed. Ob\u011b d\u00edla zah\u00e1jila pomal\u00fd \u00fastup proces\u016f s \u010darod\u011bjnicemi, kter\u00fd skon\u010dil roku 1782 posledn\u00ed popravou ve Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 (Anna G\u00f6ldi v Glarusu).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"einschaetzung\">Dne\u0161n\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je Malleus m\u00e9n\u011b pramenem skute\u010dn\u00e9 praxe \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed ne\u017e dokumentem konstrukce nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho obrazu.<\/p><p>V n\u011bm popsan\u00e9 pakty, sabaty a sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed praktiky se v nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyskytuj\u00ed; odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed teologick\u00e1 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed inkvizitor\u016f a dozn\u00e1n\u00ed vynucen\u00e1 mu\u010den\u00edm. Kdo pracuje historicky, ch\u00e1pe Malleus jako pramen k inkvizitorsk\u00e9 imaginaci, nikoli k re\u00e1ln\u00e9mu lidov\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 esoterick\u00e1 sc\u00e9na p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 Malleus rozporn\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 novopohansk\u00e9 proudy jej \u010dtou jako dokument potla\u010dovan\u00e9 matriarch\u00e1ln\u00ed protitradice, co\u017e je v\u00fdklad historicky neudr\u017eiteln\u00fd.<\/p><p>Jin\u00ed jej pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako negativn\u00ed kontrast, aby v\u016f\u010di d\u00e9monizuj\u00edc\u00edmu pohledu vymezili vlastn\u00ed praxi. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se vyplat\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 \u010detba kritick\u00e9 edice, proto\u017ee mnoh\u00e1 p\u0159ipisovan\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed z knihy nikdy nepoch\u00e1zej\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"quellen\">Prameny<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Christopher S. Mackay (ed.): <em>The Hammer of Witches. A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum<\/em>, Cambridge UP 2009 (kritick\u00e1 edice).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Wolfgang Behringer: <em>Hexen. Glaube, Verfolgung, Vermarktung<\/em>, M\u00fcnchen 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Americk\u00fd religionista (nar. 1934); \u010dty\u0159d\u00edln\u00e1 studie o d\u011bjin\u00e1ch \u010f\u00e1bla (1977\u20131986).\">Jeffrey Burton Russell<\/span>: <em>Witchcraft in the Middle Ages<\/em>, Cornell UP 1972.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld: <em>Cautio Criminalis<\/em>, krit. edice T\u00fcbingen 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Johann Weyer: <em>De praestigiis daemonum<\/em>, n\u011bmeck\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Berlin 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cb-hexenhammer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-inner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-inner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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.jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3399,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hexenhammer Malleus Maleficarum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum) 1486 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hexenhammer (1486) od Heinricha Kramera systematizoval pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic. 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