{"id":145390,"date":"2026-09-03T16:29:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:29:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145390"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:54:41","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:54:41","slug":"golem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/golem\/","title":{"rendered":"Golem"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145390\" class=\"elementor elementor-145390 elementor-2191 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, duch \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradici um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 humanoidn\u00ed bytost z hl\u00edny nebo zem\u011b, o\u017eiven\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi\u00ed<\/span> nebo Bo\u017e\u00edm slovem. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159edstavuje \u017eidovskou stvo\u0159itelskou mystiku, p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed hranice mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem a Bohem i pozdn\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd praktick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup rab\u00ednsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na p\u0159\u00edmou zku\u0161enost s Bohem; kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v \u017eidovsk\u00e9, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 i isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradici.\">mystiky<\/span> (kabala). Golem je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ducha \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradice a symbolizuje hranici mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem a Bohem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Nehmotn\u00e1 nebo polohmotn\u00e1 bytost, zesnul\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed bytosti, dom\u00e1c\u00ed duchov\u00e9 nebo str\u00e1\u017eci prahu. P\u016fsob\u00ed v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto v\u00e1z\u00e1n na m\u00edsta nebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145123\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tradice od Tanachu p\u0159es kabalu a\u017e po novodobou mystiku.\">Judaismus<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mysticko-kosmologick\u00e1 tradice.\">Kabala<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147618\" alt=\"Golem - duchov\u00e9 z tradice judaismu, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je hlin\u011bn\u00e1 nebo hlinit\u00e1 figura, kterou k \u017eivotu p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no nebo magicko-jazykov\u00e9 praktiky. V nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, nej\u010dast\u011bji o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u011b<\/span>, pra\u017esk\u00e9m Maharalovi, stvo\u0159il rabi Jehuda L\u00f6w golema na ochranu \u017eidovsk\u00e9 obce.<\/p><p>Golem je poslu\u0161n\u00fd, nadlidsky siln\u00fd, ale tak\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd a nakonec zni\u010den\u00fd. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 motivy: biblick\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed Adama jako vzor, st\u0159edov\u011bc\u00ed golemov\u00e9 jako ochrann\u00e9 bytosti, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed symbolicko-psychologick\u00e9 interpretace (Freud, Scholem).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd profil: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Golemsk\u00fd narativ vznikl ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 a ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira, Zohar a luriansk\u00e1 \u0161kola.\">kabale<\/span> (asi 12. 16. stolet\u00ed). Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 prameny: Sefer Jecira (Kniha stvo\u0159en\u00ed, 3. 6. stolet\u00ed, ale golemsk\u00e9 odkazy pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed), pozdn\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 legendy o Maharalovi (15. 16. stolet\u00ed), Scholemova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira, Zohar a luriansk\u00e1 \u0161kola.\">kabala<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> (1941).<\/span><\/p><p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed: st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropa (\u010cechy, Polsko, N\u011bmecko), pozd\u011bji liter\u00e1rn\u011b celosv\u011btov\u011b. Stav v\u00fdzkumu: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izraelsk\u00fd religionista (1897\u20131982); zakladatel modern\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu kabaly.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism), Daniel Abrams (Kabbalah and Luria), Yehuda Liebes (The Sinai Revelation), Elliot Wolfson (Language, Eros, Being).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Od Sefer Jecira p\u0159es kabalistick\u00e9 koment\u00e1\u0159e st\u0159edov\u011bku a\u017e po pra\u017eskou legendu o rabi L\u00f6wovi ze 16. stolet\u00ed se j\u00e1dro golemsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky nezm\u011bnilo: postava vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 z hl\u00edny a o\u017eiven\u00e1 svat\u00fdmi p\u00edsmeny. I dnes je tato postava \u017eiv\u00e1, by\u0165 prom\u011bn\u011bn\u00e1: objevuje se v literatu\u0159e, filmu a divadle, a v Praze se vzpom\u00ednka na ni dodnes v\u00e1\u017ee ke Staronov\u00e9 synagoze, na jej\u00ed\u017e p\u016fd\u011b m\u00e1 golem podle legendy odpo\u010d\u00edvat.<\/p><h3>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h3><p>Golem je v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na p\u0159\u00edmou zku\u0161enost s Bohem; kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v \u017eidovsk\u00e9, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 i isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradici.\">mystice<\/span> a pozd\u011bji v evropsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zab\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed se skryt\u00fdmi silami a praktikami mimo uzn\u00e1vanou v\u011bdu.\" tabindex=\"0\">okultismu<\/span> um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e1, o\u017eiven\u00e1 bytost z hl\u00edny. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je golem rabi L\u00f6wa v Praze. Nen\u00ed p\u0159irozenou bytost\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e magick\u00fdm konstruktem, projevem lidsk\u00e9 tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed s\u00edly i varov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem nebyl omezen na ur\u010dit\u00fd region nebo m\u00edsta, byl univerz\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m a uct\u00edv\u00e1n nebo s respektem ob\u00e1v\u00e1n v cel\u00e9m \u017eidovsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. A\u0165 ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch centrech nebo na venkovsk\u00e9 periferii, a\u0165 u spole\u010densk\u00e9 elity nebo u prost\u00e9ho lidu, duchovn\u00ed i kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdznam t\u00e9to entity byl uzn\u00e1van\u00fd a univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p><p>Golemsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh putoval s \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi obcemi po Evrop\u011b a v z\u00e1kladn\u00edch rysech z\u016fst\u00e1val stejn\u00fd: hlin\u011bn\u00e1 postava, o\u017eivuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1pis, u\u010den\u00fd tv\u016frce. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee se nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verze pojila pr\u00e1v\u011b s Prahou a rabi L\u00f6wem, ukazuje, jak pevn\u011b byla tato l\u00e1tka spojena se sebepojet\u00edm tamn\u00ed obce, kter\u00e1 v golemovi vid\u011bla ochr\u00e1nce v t\u00ed\u017eiv\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tiskovin a \u00fastn\u00edho pod\u00e1n\u00ed se pra\u017esk\u00e1 verze roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila daleko za hranice \u010cech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prim\u00e1rn\u00edmi prameny jsou Sefer Jecira (starov\u011bk\u00fd text, v\u00fdklady o golemovi 12. 16. stolet\u00ed), legendy o Maharalovi (\u00fastn\u00ed\/p\u00edsemn\u00e9 v \u0160evet Jehuda, Tzemach David od Davida Ganse, 16. 17. stolet\u00ed), spisy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira, Zohar a luriansk\u00e1 \u0161kola.\">kabaly<\/span> (Abulafia, Luria, Vital, 13. 16. stolet\u00ed). \u010casov\u00e9 rozp\u011bt\u00ed: 3. 17. stolet\u00ed (vrstven\u00ed konceptu).<\/p><p>Jazykov\u00e1 oblast: hebrej\u0161tina, pozd\u011bji n\u011bm\u010dina, jidi\u0161. Geograficky: st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropa (\u010cechy, Polsko), pozd\u011bji liter\u00e1rn\u011b celosv\u011btov\u011b. Badatel\u00e9: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izraelsk\u00fd religionista (1897\u20131982); zakladatel modern\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu kabaly.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends), Moshe Idel (The Golem: Jewish Magical Traditions), Wolfram Brandes (golemsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost s Bohem.\">mystika<\/span> ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b), Yehuda Liebes, Elliot Wolfson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010den\u00ed a zp\u016fsoby psan\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je v r\u016fzn\u00fdch pramenech a um\u011bleck\u00fdch tradic\u00edch zobrazov\u00e1n s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi opakuj\u00edc\u00edmi se ikonografick\u00fdmi prvky, kter\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed relativn\u011b konstantn\u00ed po desetilet\u00ed a nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d r\u016fzn\u00fdmi geografick\u00fdmi oblastmi. Tyto prvky nejsou \u010dist\u011b dekorativn\u00ed nebo n\u00e1hodn\u011b zvolen\u00e9, ale jsou hluboce symbolicky zak\u00f3dovan\u00e9 a nesou velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p>U Golema m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd prvek vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam: hl\u00edna odkazuje na stvo\u0159en\u00ed Adama ze zem\u011b, n\u00e1pis emet (pravda) na \u010dele je z\u00e1rove\u0148 sp\u00edna\u010dem jeho existence, nebo\u0165 vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00edho p\u00edsmene z n\u011bj ud\u011bl\u00e1 met (mrtv\u00fd) a ukon\u010d\u00ed o\u017eiven\u00ed. Kdo znal hebrejsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena a jejich kabalistick\u00fd v\u00fdklad, \u010detl v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o Golemovi pou\u010den\u00ed o moci jazyka a mez\u00edch lidsk\u00e9ho stvo\u0159en\u00ed. N\u011bmota, s\u00edla a poslu\u0161nost postavy jsou tak\u00e9 pevn\u011b dan\u00e9, tradi\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00e9 rysy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povahov\u00e9 rysy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem byl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 praxe, denn\u00edch ritu\u00e1l\u016f i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed judaismu. Lid\u00e9 se v kritick\u00fdch nebo ur\u010dit\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch situac\u00edch, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b v ur\u010dit\u00fdch ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch obdob\u00edch roku, obraceli k t\u00e9to entit\u011b, se strukturovan\u00fdmi, \u010dasto n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1ly, modlitbami nebo ob\u011btn\u00edmi dary.<\/p><p>Stvo\u0159en\u00ed Golema nebylo v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradici nikdy ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako svobodn\u00e1 improvizace, ale jako u\u010den\u00e1 praxe: p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo studium Sefer Jecira a znalost kabalistick\u00fdch kombinac\u00ed p\u00edsmen. V pra\u017esk\u00e9 legend\u011b proto nen\u00ed tv\u016frcem oby\u010dejn\u00fd \u0159emesln\u00edk, ale rabi L\u00f6w, uzn\u00e1van\u00fd talmudsk\u00fd u\u010denec 16. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd leh\u010ditou postavu o\u017eivuje podle p\u0159edan\u00fdch pravidel.<\/p><p>P\u0159edstavu o Golemovi lze sledovat od Sefer Jecira p\u0159es st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 koment\u00e1\u0159e a\u017e k pra\u017esk\u00e9 legend\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed, co\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee my\u0161lenka postavy o\u017eiven\u00e9 p\u00edsmennou naukou byla v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e trvale p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1na d\u00e1l. Funkce postavy se p\u0159itom m\u011bnily: v kabalistick\u00fdch textech slou\u017eilo stvo\u0159en\u00ed Golema jako d\u016fkaz mystick\u00e9ho mistrovstv\u00ed, v pra\u017esk\u00e9m vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed Golem chr\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eidovskou obec p\u0159ed pomluvami a \u00fatoky, jako dom\u00e1c\u00ed slu\u017eebn\u00edk z\u00e1rove\u0148 vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/p><h3>Vzhled a symbolika<\/h3><p>Golem je zobrazov\u00e1n jako masivn\u00ed a nepropor\u010dn\u00ed, formovan\u00fd z hl\u00edny nebo j\u00edlu, humanoidn\u00ed, ale nedokonal\u00fd. N\u011bkdy je na n\u011bm veps\u00e1no Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no. Jeho tv\u00e1\u0159 je bezv\u00fdrazn\u00e1. Vymaz\u00e1n\u00edm jednoho p\u00edsmene se z Emet st\u00e1v\u00e1 Met (smrt). S\u00edla a nehybnost jsou jeho znaky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Profil golema se zam\u011b\u0159uje na jeho kosmick\u00fd p\u016fvod (stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost s Bohem.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystika<\/span>), jeho funkci magick\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 bytosti, jeho morfologii (hlin\u011bn\u00e1 figura, \u010dasto n\u011bm\u00e1), praktiky jeho o\u017eiven\u00ed (p\u00edsmenn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, Sefer Jecira), soci\u00e1ln\u00ed skupiny, kter\u00e9 golemy vytv\u00e1\u0159ely, a kulturn\u00ed paralely k homunkulovi a um\u011bl\u00e9mu \u017eivotu v jin\u00fdch tradic\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradice<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem vznikl \u010dasov\u011b v kabalistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na p\u0159\u00edmou zku\u0161enost s Bohem; v \u017eidovsk\u00e9, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9, isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradici je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed.\">mystice<\/span> 12. a 13. stolet\u00ed, s pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rozkv\u011btem v 15. a 16. stolet\u00ed (Maharalova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, zpravidla o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span>). Geografick\u00fd p\u016fvod: st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropa, zejm\u00e9na \u010cechy (Praha), Polsko, n\u011bmeck\u00e9 oblasti p\u0159i R\u00fdnu.<\/p><p>Kulturn\u00ed p\u016fvod: \u017eidovsk\u00e1 kabala, plat\u00f3nsk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o stvo\u0159en\u00ed (demiurg), Sefer Jecira, uplatn\u011bn\u00ed praktick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost s Bohem.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystiky<\/span>, rab\u00ednsk\u00e1 praktick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>. Prvn\u00ed datovateln\u00e9 doklady: Sefer Chasidim (Kniha zbo\u017en\u00fdch, cca 1200), pot\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o Maharalovi (16. a 17. stolet\u00ed, liter\u00e1rn\u011b dokumentovan\u00e9 od 19. stolet\u00ed). Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj: od abstrakce (ran\u00e1 kabala: kosmick\u00fd Golem) k <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, zpravidla o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u011b<\/span> (pra\u017esk\u00fd Golem jako konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed postava).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahuje se na<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stvo\u0159en\u00ed Golema bylo prax\u00ed rab\u00edn\u016f, kabalist\u016f a magick\u00fdch u\u010denc\u016f, tedy elitn\u00edch m\u00e1g\u016f, nikoli laik\u016f. P\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti: obrana obce (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, zpravidla o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span>: antisemitsk\u00e9 pogromy), demonstrace z\u00e1zraku, mystick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ijet\u00ed do n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho nebo esoterick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du; \u010dasto spojeno se symbolickou smrt\u00ed a znovuzrozen\u00edm.\">iniciace<\/span> (studium Sefer Jecira = schopnost o\u017eivovat), znak duchovn\u00ed zralosti. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed kontext: perzekuce a hled\u00e1n\u00ed ochrany, rab\u00ednsk\u00e1 kultura legitimace, \u017eidovsk\u00e9 utrpen\u00ed jako mystick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologick\u00fd probl\u00e9m slu\u010ditelnosti Bo\u017e\u00ed v\u0161emohoucnosti a dobroty s existenc\u00ed zla.\">theodicea<\/span>). Golem byl psychologicky nadlidskou ochrannou fantazi\u00ed v nespravedliv\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je popisov\u00e1n jako humanoidn\u00ed bytost z hl\u00edny nebo zem\u011b, \u010dasto n\u011bm\u00e1 nebo bezv\u00fdrazn\u00e1, s velk\u00fdma nehybn\u00fdma o\u010dima nebo nepopsan\u00fdm \u010delem. Atributy: n\u011bkdy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> \u201eEmet\u201c (pravda) na \u010dele nebo pe\u010de\u0165 se jm\u00e9nem Bo\u017e\u00edm.<\/p><p>Legend\u00e1rn\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00fd Golem je tmav\u011b hn\u011bd\u00fd, obrovsk\u00fd (nadlidsk\u00fd), nehybn\u00fd a\u017e do o\u017eiven\u00ed, pot\u00e9 automaticky poslu\u0161n\u00fd. V modern\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed (K\u00e4the Kollwitz, E.T.A. Hoffmann) je poj\u00edm\u00e1n sp\u00ed\u0161e tragicky: jako izolovan\u00e1 bytost, nikoli monstrum. Barva: hn\u011bd\u00e1, \u0161ed\u00e1, barva zem\u011b. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 aura, sp\u00ed\u0161e tup\u00e1 materi\u00e1lnost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Oblast p\u016fsoben\u00ed:<\/strong><p>Golem p\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako ochrann\u00e1 postava a magick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. Historicky jsou dolo\u017eeni Golemov\u00e9 jako t\u011blesn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci v Praze 16. stolet\u00ed pod veden\u00edm rabi Jehudy L\u00f6wa ben Becalela, zejm\u00e9na k odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed pogrom\u016f.<\/p><p>Tradice Sefer Jecira popisuje stvo\u0159en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed p\u00edsmen a Bo\u017e\u00edch jmen jako kosmogonick\u00fd princip, Golem zt\u011bles\u0148uje formov\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty jazykem. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kabalistick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech Golem symbolizuje hranici mezi Stvo\u0159itelem a stvo\u0159en\u00fdm: v\u011bdomou v\u011bc bez svobodn\u00e9 v\u016fle, automat z hl\u00edny a p\u00edsma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prost\u0159edky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golema nelze zapudit jako d\u00e9mony, proto\u017ee nen\u00ed zlou bytost\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e n\u00e1strojem. Ochrana proti zneu\u017eit\u00ed golema: rab\u00ednsk\u00e1 kontrola a rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed (spr\u00e1vn\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br, spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 slovn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>), etick\u00e9 omezen\u00ed (zni\u010den\u00ed golema na \u0161abat nebo po spln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakolu), v\u011bdom\u00ed rizika (golem se stane n\u00e1strojem chaosu, pokud nen\u00ed nad\u00e1le kontrolov\u00e1n).<\/p><p>Prakticky: odstran\u011bn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pisu<\/span> nebo rozv\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed jmenn\u00e9 vazby. Teologicky: respekt k hranici stvo\u0159en\u00ed (skute\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze B\u016fh; \u010dlov\u011bk pouze napodobuje).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obdoby<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Srovnateln\u00fdmi postavami jsou homunkulus evropsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edmodern\u00ed spojen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed filozofie a symbolick\u00e9 v\u011bdy; pracuje s prom\u011bnou l\u00e1tek jako vnit\u0159n\u00ed transformac\u00ed.\">alchymie<\/span> (Paracelsus, faustovsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161inou o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span>), golemov\u00e9 v hinduistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch dan\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> (\u0161aktistick\u00e1 stvo\u0159en\u00ed), \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed hlin\u011bn\u00ed bojovn\u00edci (terakotov\u00e1 arm\u00e1da dynastie \u010cchin), biblick\u00fd Adam (hl\u00edna a Bo\u017e\u00ed slovo) a modern\u00ed golemov\u00e9 ze science fiction (Frankenstein jako liter\u00e1rn\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00edk golema). V\u0161ichni maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9: um\u011bl\u00e9 o\u017eiven\u00ed, magick\u00fd nebo v\u011bdeck\u00fd p\u016fvod, mor\u00e1ln\u00ed ambivalenci a nadlidskou s\u00edlu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Ritu\u00e1ly evokace a v\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3><p>Metoda Sefer Jecira vy\u017eaduje kombinace 22 hebrejsk\u00fdch p\u00edsmen a permuta\u010dn\u00ed meditace nad Bo\u017e\u00edmi jm\u00e9ny. Maharal\u016fv postup vyu\u017e\u00edval kombinace p\u00edsmen a \u0160em ha-Mefara\u0161 (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span> 72 jmen). Vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9ho alefu ve slov\u011b \u201eemet\u201c (pravda) \u2192 \u201emet\u201c (smrt) bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za mechanismus deaktivace. Pra\u017esk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161inou o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span> zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fastn\u011b tradovan\u00e9 formule; historick\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 doklady jsou fragment\u00e1rn\u00ed.<\/p><h3>P\u00edsmov\u00e1 a jmenn\u00e1 magie<\/h3><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">N\u00e1pis<\/span> na \u010dele golema, obvykle \u201eemet\u201c (pravda), vych\u00e1z\u00ed z kabalistick\u00e9 mystiky p\u00edsmen. Rab\u00ednsk\u00e9 prameny odkazuj\u00ed na permuta\u010dn\u00ed techniky, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v Bahiru a Zoharu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e1 posloupnost symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritu\u00e1l<\/span> pat\u0159\u00ed k praktick\u00e9 kabale, kterou ve 16. stolet\u00ed zdokumentoval Gedaliah ibn Jachja.<\/p><h3>Ochrann\u00e9 symboly a amulety<\/h3><p>Golem s\u00e1m je chod\u00edc\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No\u0161en\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00e9mu je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n ochrann\u00fd, zlo odvracej\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuletem<\/span>, jeho t\u011blo nese \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 znamen\u00ed. Jako p\u0159edm\u011bt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> se golem objevuje v kabalistick\u00fdch sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch pozn\u00e1mek jako model materi\u00e1ln\u00ed manifestace. Obdobn\u00fdmi ochrann\u00fdmi praktikami jsou serfen (vazebn\u00e9 formule) a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jichudim (kombinac\u00ed jmen) na pergamenech.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u017didovsk\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong> Golem je zcela \u017eidovsk\u00fd; \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 \u017eidovsk\u00e1 tradice bez n\u011bj neexistuje. Biblick\u00fd Adam je v\u0161ak jeho p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u0159edch\u016fdcem: \u201eB\u016fh stvo\u0159il Adama z prachu a vdechl mu \u017eivot\u201c (Genesis 2,7).<\/p><p>Mystikov\u00e9 to interpretovali jako model stvo\u0159en\u00ed golem\u016f. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s hlavn\u00edmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira, Zohar a lurianskou \u0161kolou.\">Kabala<\/span> zd\u016fraz\u0148uje s\u00edlu p\u00edsmen, zejm\u00e9na t\u0159\u00ed p\u00edsmen Bo\u017e\u00edho jm\u00e9na, jako o\u017eivuj\u00edc\u00ed princip. Rab\u00ednsk\u00e1 etika: golem je n\u00e1stroj, nikoli osoba, ov\u0161em s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro odpov\u011bdnost.<\/p><p><strong>\u0158ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd sv\u011bt:<\/strong> Plat\u00f3n\u016fv d\u00e9miurg (\u0159emeslnick\u00fd b\u016fh) tvo\u0159\u00ed hmotn\u00fd sv\u011bt obdobn\u011b jako stvo\u0159en\u00ed golema. Prom\u00e9theus formuje lidi z hl\u00edny (mimochodem \u0159eck\u00e1 ozv\u011bna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o stvo\u0159en\u00ed z hl\u00edny). H\u00e9faistos vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 lidi (zlat\u00e9 automaty). P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 kontinuita chyb\u00ed, existuje v\u0161ak strukturn\u00ed podobnost: \u010dlov\u011bkem vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 entity, napodoben\u00ed bo\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Mezopot\u00e1mie:<\/strong> En\u00fama Eli\u0161: Marduk stvo\u0159\u00ed lidi z krve pora\u017een\u00e9ho d\u00e9mona, magick\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed z prvotn\u00ed l\u00e1tky. Nejde o hlin\u011bn\u00e9 golemy, ale o magick\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Podobn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>: lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot jako magick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj boh\u016f.<\/p><p><strong>Indie\/Asie:<\/strong> Hinduistick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch dan\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span>: Durga nebo \u0160iva tvo\u0159\u00ed \u0161aktistick\u00e9 manifestace silou v\u016fle \u010di energie, podobn\u011b jako probuzen\u00ed golema. Postavy K\u00e1l\u00ed jsou samoo\u017eiven\u00e9 bez vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho stvo\u0159en\u00ed. Buddhisti\u010dt\u00ed jidamov\u00e9 jsou vizualizovan\u00e1 bo\u017estva, nikoli fyzicky zhmotn\u011bn\u00e1 jako golemov\u00e9. Tibetsk\u00e1 magie: tulpy (my\u0161lenkov\u00e9 formy o\u017eiven\u00e9 soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00edm) jsou snad nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed paralelou, av\u0161ak nehmotn\u00e9, nikoli z hl\u00edny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac49763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpac49763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcddfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcddfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Slovo golem: od Bible k postav\u011b z hl\u00edny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1b272e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb1b272e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb8526b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb8526b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hebrejsk\u00e9 slovo <em>golem<\/em> se v hebrejsk\u00e9 Bibli vyskytuje pouze jednou, v knize \u017dalm\u016f, kde ozna\u010duje beztvarou hmotu nebo nehotov\u00fd stav, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vzta\u017een\u00fd na je\u0161t\u011b nevytvo\u0159en\u00e9 t\u011blo. Z tohoto z\u00e1kladn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu nehotov\u00e9ho, syrov\u00e9ho, je\u0161t\u011b neutv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9ho se vyvinulo pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed slova.<\/p><p>V rab\u00ednsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se slovo <em>golem<\/em> pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad pro nevzd\u011blan\u00e9ho nebo du\u0161evn\u011b nehotov\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka nebo pro p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00fd je\u0161t\u011b nem\u00e1 svou kone\u010dnou podobu.<\/p><p>V \u010dasto diskutovan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b babylonsk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo rab\u00ednsk\u00e9ho judaismu s v\u00fdkladem n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudu<\/span> se vypravuje, \u017ee jeden u\u010denec stvo\u0159il \u010dlov\u011bka a poslal ho k jin\u00e9mu u\u010denci, kter\u00fd s t\u00edmto stvo\u0159en\u00edm promluvil, ale nedostal \u017e\u00e1dnou odpov\u011b\u010f, a proto ho nechal rozpadnout se v prach.<\/p><p>Na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b se hovo\u0159\u00ed o tom, \u017ee dva u\u010denci se pravideln\u011b v\u011bnovali stvo\u0159en\u00ed telete. Tyto kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 zm\u00ednky jsou nejstar\u0161\u00edm dokladem p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee mudrci mohou sv\u00fdm v\u011bdom\u00edm vytv\u00e1\u0159et \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti.<\/p><p>Krok od tohoto stru\u010dn\u00e9ho talmudick\u00e9ho n\u00e1znaku k propracovan\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b bytosti utvo\u0159en\u00e9 z hl\u00edny a o\u017eiven\u00e9 p\u00edsmeny nebo Bo\u017e\u00edm jm\u00e9nem se odehr\u00e1l a\u017e ve st\u0159edov\u011bku.<\/p><p>Tato p\u0159edstava tedy nebyla od po\u010d\u00e1tku hotov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem, ale utv\u00e1\u0159ela se po stalet\u00ed ze rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Pro pochopen\u00ed golema je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edt tento v\u00fdvoj na pam\u011bti, a nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat jednotnou, starobylou tradici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c39f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c39f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f7236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2f7236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sefer Jecira a st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed praxe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa34f4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa34f4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05fc40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05fc40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch my\u0161lenky golema hraje <em>Sefer Jecira<\/em>, Kniha stvo\u0159en\u00ed, stru\u010dn\u00fd a obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b datovateln\u00fd spis, kter\u00fd spojuje vznik sv\u011bta s p\u00edsmeny hebrejsk\u00e9 abecedy a s \u010d\u00edsly.<\/p><p>St\u0159edov\u011bc\u00ed \u017eidov\u0161t\u00ed u\u010denci, zejm\u00e9na v a\u0161ken\u00e1zsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ch\u00e1pali toto d\u00edlo tak\u00e9 jako n\u00e1vod. Kdo spr\u00e1vn\u011b ovl\u00e1dal kombinace p\u00edsmen, podle t\u00e9to p\u0159edstavy, mohl se pod\u00edlet na tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed s\u00edle, je\u017e je vlastn\u00ed jazyku.<\/p><p>Z tohoto prost\u0159ed\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed prvn\u00ed podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popisy toho, jak se golem vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Vypr\u00e1v\u00ed se o formov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 postavy z hl\u00edny, o obch\u00e1zen\u00ed v kruz\u00edch, o vyslovov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo zapisov\u00e1n\u00ed kombinac\u00ed p\u00edsmen a jmen.<\/p><p>Tato vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed stoj\u00ed \u010dasto v jist\u00e9m nap\u011bt\u00ed: popisuj\u00ed mo\u017enou praxi, z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed jej\u00ed nebezpe\u010dnost nebo pokornost, kterou takov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u017eaduje. \u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd stvo\u0159\u00ed golema, napodobuje stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd \u010din a dost\u00e1v\u00e1 se t\u00edm na hranici.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum, zde je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00ed studii Gershoma Scholema o my\u0161lence golema, prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee golem v t\u011bchto textech nen\u00ed zprvu ani tak u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm sluhou, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159edm\u011btem pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a zbo\u017en\u00e9 \u00facty.<\/p><p>Stvo\u0159en\u00ed slou\u017eilo mystick\u00e9mu studiu, opakov\u00e1n\u00ed stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9ho aktu, nikoli praktick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Golem jako pracovn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk a ochr\u00e1nce obce je pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podobou tohoto motivu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3db2ced e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3db2ced\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f5120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pra\u017esk\u00fd golem a rabi L\u00f6w: vznik legendy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2cae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2cae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0770e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0770e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm golemovsk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem dnes je vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o golemovi z Prahy, kter\u00e9ho m\u011bl v \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed stvo\u0159it u\u010denec Jehuda L\u00f6w ben Becalel, zvan\u00fd Maharal Pra\u017esk\u00fd, aby ochr\u00e1nil \u017eidovskou obec.<\/p><p>Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee spojen\u00ed golemovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky s historickou osobou Maharala nelze v pramenech ze \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a sedmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed dolo\u017eit. Maharal byl v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm u\u010dencem, av\u0161ak sou\u010dasn\u00e9 prameny ho s golemem nespojuj\u00ed.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum datuje vznik pra\u017esk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, nej\u010dast\u011bji o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendy<\/span> a\u017e na konec osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a zejm\u00e9na do devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>V t\u00e9to dob\u011b vznikaly sb\u00edrky a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 golema pevn\u011b spojily s Prahou a s rabim L\u00f6wem a doplnily p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh motivy jako o\u017eivuj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00edstek v \u00fastech golema, t\u00fddenn\u00ed zastaven\u00ed \u010dinnosti v sobotu a nakonec i vymykaj\u00edc\u00ed se kontrole stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vlivn\u00e1 sb\u00edrka byla vyd\u00e1na na po\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a dala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, nej\u010dast\u011bji o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u011b<\/span> jej\u00ed dodnes b\u011b\u017enou podobu.<\/p><p>Pra\u017esk\u00fd golem je tak p\u0159\u00edkladem tradice, kter\u00e1 je mlad\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se sama tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.<\/p><p>Spojuje st\u0159edov\u011bkou mystickou l\u00e1tku s historickou osobou ran\u00e9ho novov\u011bku, av\u0161ak toto spojen\u00ed samo n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed novov\u011bku. To nijak neomezuje jeho kulturn\u00ed vliv, naopak: pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u00e9to pozdn\u00ed, liter\u00e1rn\u011b propracovan\u00e9 podob\u011b se golem stal pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed kultury.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd4d3fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd4d3fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40d9c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40d9c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce: od hororov\u00e9ho rom\u00e1nu k symbolu techniky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000c67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9000c67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpadbf7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpadbf7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed se golem stal \u010dasto zpracov\u00e1vanou l\u00e1tkou v literatu\u0159e, filmu a um\u011bn\u00ed. Rom\u00e1n <em>Der Golem<\/em> od Gustava Meyrinka, vydan\u00fd roku 1915, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tuto postavu m\u00e9n\u011b jako jednaj\u00edc\u00ed bytost a v\u00edce jako atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd a psychologick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> pra\u017esk\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 \u010dtvrti.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji vzniklo n\u011bkolik n\u011bm\u00fdch film\u016f, z nich\u017e nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed Paula Wegenera z roku 1920, kter\u00e9 trvale utvo\u0159ilo vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed obraz golema jako t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9, hl\u00ednov\u011b zbarven\u00e9 postavy.<\/span><\/p><p>Nad r\u00e1mec t\u011bchto d\u011bl se golem stal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1zorn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span>, kter\u00fd dalece p\u0159esahuje sv\u016fj n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd p\u016fvod. \u010casto je vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jako p\u0159edch\u016fdce modern\u00edch p\u0159edstav o um\u011bl\u00e9m \u010dlov\u011bku, od mechanick\u00e9 figury p\u0159es monstrum v rom\u00e1nu Mary Shelleyov\u00e9 <em>Frankenstein<\/em> a\u017e po robota a um\u011blou inteligenci.<\/p><p>V tomto v\u00fdkladu golem p\u0159edstavuje ot\u00e1zku, co se stane, kdy\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk stvo\u0159\u00ed n\u011bco \u017eiv\u00e9ho nebo jednaj\u00edc\u00edho, co se vymkne jeho kontrole. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed je zde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> stvo\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se stane nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm, proto\u017ee sv\u016fj \u00fakol pojme p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 doslovn\u011b nebo je nelze zastavit.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religionistika<\/span> zde nab\u00e1d\u00e1 k rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Popul\u00e1rn\u00ed golem jako varovn\u00e1 postava p\u0159ed technikou je modern\u00ed v\u00fdklad, kter\u00fd do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry opustil star\u0161\u00ed mystick\u00fd smysl, ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00ed jako aktu studia a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9, osobn\u00ed nebo spole\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rozj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">rozj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ob\u011b vrstvy pat\u0159\u00ed k historii t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky, ale nemaj\u00ed se slu\u010dovat. P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o stvo\u0159en\u00ed vznikl\u00e9m z v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed i v jin\u00fdch tradic\u00edch <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145123\">judaismu<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izraelsk\u00fd religionista (1897\u20131982), zakladatel modern\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu kabaly.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. Schocken Books, 1954.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Moshe Idel: <em>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid<\/em>. SUNY Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Elliot Wolfson: <em>Language, Eros, Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination<\/em>. Fordham University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Peter Cole (ed.): <em>The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from the Bible to the Present<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1608,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Golem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Golem - um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 bytost z hl\u00edny nebo zem\u011b","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Golem, v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9 mystice tradovan\u00fd po stalet\u00ed: postava z hl\u00edny o\u017eiven\u00e1 Bo\u017e\u00edm jm\u00e9nem, pra\u017esk\u00e1 legenda o rabi Jehudovi L\u00f6wovi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145390","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Golem - um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 bytost z hl\u00edny nebo zem\u011b<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Golem, v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9 mystice tradovan\u00fd po stalet\u00ed: postava z hl\u00edny o\u017eiven\u00e1 Bo\u017e\u00edm jm\u00e9nem, pra\u017esk\u00e1 legenda o rabi Jehudovi L\u00f6wovi.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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