{"id":145377,"date":"2026-09-03T16:29:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145377"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:54:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:54:22","slug":"marid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/marid\/","title":{"rendered":"Marid"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145377\" class=\"elementor elementor-145377 elementor-2165 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marid, d\u00e9mon isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporupln\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, vzpurn\u00fd d\u017ein nezvykl\u00e9 s\u00edly a protivenstv\u00ed. Jeho religionistick\u00fd v\u00fdznam spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed kosmick\u00e9 nez\u00e1vislosti mimo bo\u017esk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, v d\u00e9monologii jako \u0161kodliv\u00e9 moci a v s\u00fafijsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost s Bohem.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystice<\/span> jako zkou\u0161ce sveden\u00ed (fitna) pro v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9monka: Nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 bytost s p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00fdm nebo ambivalentn\u00edm p\u016fsoben\u00edm. Stoj\u00ed mezi bohy a lidmi, zp\u016fsobuje nemoci, poku\u0161en\u00ed nebo ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a je zah\u00e1n\u011bna za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, apotropaiky a ritu\u00e1ly.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145140\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isl\u00e1msk\u00fd sv\u011bt v\u00edry s archand\u011bly, d\u017einy a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi bytostmi.\">Isl\u00e1m<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_islam_marid-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147482\" alt=\"Marid \u2013 bytosti z isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_islam_marid-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_islam_marid-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_islam_marid-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_islam_marid.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid vystupuje jako kn\u00ed\u017ee d\u017ein\u016f a protivn\u00edk. Mezi jeho vlastnosti pat\u0159\u00ed nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 s\u00edla, vzpurnost v\u016f\u010di Bo\u017e\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edkazu a schopnost sv\u00e1d\u011bt.<\/p><p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00fdty jsou: marid v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o tr\u016fnu pt\u00e1ka (s\u00fara 27:39, 40, kde mus\u00ed marid slou\u017eit Salomonovi), ohro\u017een\u00ed prorok\u016f ze strany marid\u016f (had\u00eds), marid\u00e9 jako v\u016fdcov\u00e9 vzpurn\u00fdch d\u017ein\u016f pod Ibl\u00edsem (tafs\u00edr) a mystick\u00e9 tradice zkou\u0161ky sveden\u00ed v s\u00fafijsk\u00fdch textech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rychl\u00fd p\u0159ehled: Marid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid je zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n v Kor\u00e1nu (27:39 jako mocn\u00fd d\u017ein, arabsky: marid) a rozveden v sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch had\u00eds\u016f (Tirmidh\u00ed, Ibn M\u00e1d\u017ea). R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed z ran\u00e9ho isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed (7. stol.). Stav bad\u00e1n\u00ed (Schimmel, Hughes, Wild, Schmoldt) dokumentuje maridy jako v\u00fdraznou d\u00e9monickou postavu v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 d\u00e9monologii a magick\u00fdch tradic\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kontinuita je n\u00e1padn\u00e1 a ukazuje hlubok\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed zakotven\u00ed. I v modern\u00ed dob\u011b je vzpom\u00ednka \u017eiv\u00e1, \u010dasto prom\u011bn\u011bn\u00e1, ale ve sv\u00fdch rysech rozpoznateln\u00e1. Celkov\u00e1 konstelace vykazuje stabilitu a trval\u00fd v\u00fdznam nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi i stalet\u00edmi, co\u017e podtrhuje archetyp\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubku t\u00e9to postavy.<\/p><h3>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h3><p>Marid je t\u0159\u00edda mocn\u00fdch d\u00e9mon\u016f \u010di d\u017ein\u016f v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>. Marid\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed k nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejnebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm druh\u016fm d\u017ein\u016f. Jsou \u010dasto zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ni jako protivn\u00edci nebo neochotn\u00ed sluhov\u00e9. Jejich postaven\u00ed je ambivalentn\u00ed: ohniv\u00e1 stvo\u0159en\u00ed, svobodn\u00e1 a mocn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid nebyl omezen na ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti, ale byl univerz\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m a uct\u00edv\u00e1n v cel\u00e9m isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. A\u0165 v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch centrech nebo na venkov\u011b, u elit i prost\u00fdch lid\u00ed, jeho duchovn\u00ed v\u00fdznam byl v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00fd a respektovan\u00fd.<\/p><p>To ukazuje \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli v kulturn\u00edm sebepochopen\u00ed. Obchod, migrace a kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bna \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily a stabilizovaly jeho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e vedlo k n\u00e1padn\u011b jednotn\u00e9mu obrazu nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d velk\u00fdmi geografick\u00fdmi i \u010dasov\u00fdmi vzd\u00e1lenostmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prim\u00e1rn\u00edmi prameny jsou Kor\u00e1n (27:39 zm\u00ednka o maridovi, 27:17, 44 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o tr\u016fnu pt\u00e1ka se zmocn\u011bn\u00edm d\u017eina, arabsky, 7. stol.), sb\u00edrky had\u00eds\u016f (D\u017e\u00e1mi&#8216; at-Tirmidh\u00ed, Sunan Ibn M\u00e1d\u017ea, arabsky), tafs\u00edrov\u00e1 d\u00edla (Tabar\u00ed k s\u00fa\u0159e 27:39, Ibn Kath\u00edr) a magick\u00e1 literatura (Kit\u00e1b al-Ghajb, \u0160ams al-Ma&#8217;\u00e1rif, arabsky, 13. stol.).<\/p><p>Sekund\u00e1rn\u011b analyzovali roli marid\u016f jako ob\u00e1van\u00e9 d\u00e9monick\u00e9 moci Schimmel (Mystical Dimensions), Hughes (Dictionary of Islam), Wild (Islamic Demonology) a McLeod (Judeo-Islamic Angelology).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid je zobrazov\u00e1n s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi ikonografick\u00fdmi prvky, kter\u00e9 jsou symbolicky k\u00f3dovan\u00e9 a nesou hlub\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Tyto prvky sd\u011bluj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm funkce, zdroje moci, p\u016fsobnost a kosmickou roli t\u00e9to entity. Vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m umo\u017e\u0148uje zasv\u011bcen\u00fdm a kulturn\u011b vzd\u011blan\u00fdm pochopit hlub\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p>Tradice popisuje marida opakuj\u00edc\u00edmi se znaky: obrovsk\u00e1 postava, spojen\u00ed s mo\u0159em, motiv duch\u00e1 uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho ve lahvi nebo n\u00e1dob\u011b, jak jej rozv\u00edjej\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed z Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci. Ji\u017e Kor\u00e1n zmi\u0148uje v s\u00fa\u0159e as-Saff\u00e1t (37,7) vzpurn\u00e9ho satana, p\u0159ed n\u00edm\u017e je nebe str\u00e1\u017een\u00e9. Tyto rysy se p\u0159ed\u00e1valy po stalet\u00ed a \u010din\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddu marid\u016f uvnit\u0159 nauky o d\u017einech jasn\u011b rozli\u0161itelnou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid byl \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 praxe a v\u0161edn\u00edho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed v isl\u00e1mu. Lid\u00e9 se v kritick\u00fdch situac\u00edch nebo v ur\u010dit\u00fdch ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch obdob\u00edch obraceli k t\u00e9to entit\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm strukturovan\u00fdch ritu\u00e1l\u016f, modliteb nebo ob\u011btin. Praxe byla p\u0159esn\u011b tradovan\u00e1 a \u010dasto veden\u00e1 kn\u011b\u017e\u00edmi nebo specialisty.<\/p><p>Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s maridy z\u016fst\u00e1valo v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b po dlouhou dobu sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed, proto\u017ee obrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nezbytn\u00e1. Slou\u017eila r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm: recitace Kor\u00e1nu a ochrann\u00e9 formule m\u011bly p\u0159edem zabr\u00e1nit \u00fatoku vzpurn\u00fdch d\u017ein\u016f, exorcist\u00e9 se sna\u017eili odstranit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed pohromy a motiv uzav\u0159en\u00ed do zape\u010det\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1doby, zn\u00e1m\u00fd z Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci, ukazuje snahu o trvalou kontrolu nad touto t\u0159\u00eddou duch\u016f.<\/p><h3>Zjev a symbolika<\/h3><p>Marid\u00e9 jsou zobrazov\u00e1ni jako obrovsk\u00e9, d\u011bsiv\u00e9 bytosti, \u010dasto s \u010dernou nebo ohniv\u011b rudou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed a k\u0159\u00eddly. Mohou nab\u00fdvat r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob. Jejich o\u010di ho\u0159\u00ed jako uhl\u00edky. Ohe\u0148 a v\u00ed\u0159iv\u00fd vzduch jsou jejich symboly. \u0158et\u011bzy a pe\u010deti je udr\u017euj\u00ed na uzd\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Marid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Profil zachycuje marida v \u0161esti rozm\u011brech: jeho p\u016fvod v kor\u00e1nsk\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch d\u00e9monologick\u00fdch tradic\u00edch, jeho c\u00edlovou skupinu mezi v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi jako sveden\u00ed a moc pro m\u00e1gy, ikonografick\u00e9 ohniv\u00e9 a vodn\u00ed znaky d\u017einn\u00ed povahy, jeho funk\u010dn\u00ed roli protivn\u00edka a sv\u016fdce, srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s dal\u0161\u00edmi isl\u00e1msk\u00fdmi i mimoisl\u00e1msk\u00fdmi d\u00e9mony a jeho roli zkou\u0161ky (fitna) v mystick\u00e9m o\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturn\u00ed kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid se poprv\u00e9 objevuje v Kor\u00e1nu 7. stolet\u00ed s ko\u0159eny v arabsk\u00fdch a semitsk\u00fdch tradic\u00edch o d\u017einech. Geografick\u00fd p\u016fvod le\u017e\u00ed na Arabsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b, zejm\u00e9na v pou\u0161t\u00edch a vod\u00e1ch jako p\u0159irozen\u00fdch stanovi\u0161t\u00edch d\u017ein\u016f.<\/p><p>Datace prvn\u00edho zm\u00ednky je Kor\u00e1n 27:39 (mekk\u00e1nsk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, 610, 632 n. l.). Teologick\u00fd r\u00e1mec vzpurn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy d\u017ein\u016f byl vytvo\u0159en v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch k had\u00eds\u016fm a magick\u00fdch pojedn\u00e1n\u00edch (13. 15. stolet\u00ed).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina marid\u016f<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid se obracel p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k lidem s d\u00e9monick\u00fdmi kontakty nebo magick\u00fdmi \u00famysly. C\u00edlovou skupinou jsou m\u00e1gov\u00e9 (s\u00e1hir\u00fan), sveden\u00ed (ti, kter\u00fdm marid\u00e9 podlehli), v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed v dob\u00e1ch poku\u0161en\u00ed a mysti\u010dt\u00ed za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edci bez dostate\u010dn\u00e9 ochrany. P\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostmi jsou no\u010dn\u00ed hodiny (\u010das aktivity d\u017ein\u016f), samota, ne\u010distota (ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed) a nedbalost v\u016f\u010di Bo\u017e\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edkazu. Kontakt prob\u00edh\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e proti v\u016fli ne\u017e vyhled\u00e1van\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid ikonograficky: mocn\u00e1, d\u00e9monick\u00e1 bytost s nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdmi rysy. Typick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed: gigantick\u00fd, zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivly ohn\u011b a vody, \u010dern\u00e9 nebo rud\u00e9 barvy, n\u011bkdy s k\u0159\u00eddly, rohy nebo zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi rysy. Mezi atributy pat\u0159\u00ed okovy (Salomonovo pouto), ohniv\u00fd dech a vodn\u00ed s\u00edla. V arabsk\u00fdch poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch a popisech d\u017ein\u016f: d\u011bsiv\u00fd, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nezvl\u00e1dnuteln\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsoben\u00ed:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101rid<\/em> (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f, mn. \u010d. <em>maraid<\/em>) je v klasick\u00e9 isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 demonologii nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejvzpurn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddou d\u017ein\u016f, stoj\u00edc\u00ed nad ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi t\u0159\u00eddami <em>jinn<\/em> (v \u00fazk\u00e9m smyslu), <em>\u0161aitan<\/em>, <em>\u02bfifr\u012bt<\/em> a <em>gh\u00fal<\/em>.<\/p><p>Marida zn\u00e1 u\u017e Kor\u00e1n ve form\u011b trestn\u00edho obratu (s\u00fara 37:7: \u201eOzdobili jsme nebe hv\u011bzdami a chr\u00e1nili jej p\u0159ed ka\u017ed\u00fdm vzpurn\u00fdm satanem\/<em>\u0161aitan m\u0101rid<\/em>&#8222;).<\/p><p>Vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed cykly <em>Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci<\/em>, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o Salomonovi (<em>Sulayman<\/em>) a jeho pe\u010detn\u00edm prstenu, p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed Maridovi moc p\u0159esouvat hory, odd\u011blovat mo\u0159e a objevovat se na vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch m\u00edstech.<\/p><p>V mysticko-okultn\u00ed tradici (al-B\u00fan\u00ed, <em>\u0160ams al-Ma\u02bf\u00e1rif<\/em>, 13. stol.) jsou to nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bytosti nevidouc\u00edho sv\u011bta, kter\u00e9 lze spoutat pouze pomoc\u00ed nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch Bo\u017e\u00edch jmen a pe\u010detn\u00edch vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prost\u0159edky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho a vzdorovit\u00e9ho. Ochrann\u00e9 praktiky zahrnovaly modlitby (dua) o All\u00e1hovu ochranu p\u0159ed maridy, recitaci kor\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ver\u0161\u016f (Ajat al-Kurs\u00ed, s\u00fara 2:255), pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edm\u011bt no\u0161en\u00fd na t\u011ble, kter\u00e9mu je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n ochrann\u00fd, ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed odvracej\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuletu<\/span> s All\u00e1hov\u00fdmi svat\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny (taw\u00edz) a ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed o\u010distu (wud\u00fa).<\/p><p>V s\u00fafijsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystice<\/span> byli maridi ch\u00e1p\u00e1ni jako zkou\u0161ka (fitna), kterou m\u00e1 v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ekonat duchovn\u00ed silou. Ochrana spo\u010d\u00edvala v bl\u00edzkosti k All\u00e1hovu p\u0159\u00edkazu (takw\u00e1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obdoby<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Srovnateln\u00e9 postavy v isl\u00e1mu: Ibl\u00eds (hlavn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>, ale se statusem padl\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1msk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011bla<\/span>), \u0161aj\u00e1t\u00edn (obecn\u00ed d\u00e9moni, ale m\u00e9n\u011b mocn\u00ed), dal\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy d\u017ein\u016f (Qar\u00edn, Afrit). Mimo isl\u00e1m: \u017eidovsk\u00fd Azazel (kn\u00ed\u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon\u016f<\/span>), k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 d\u00e9monick\u00e9 bytosti (Belzebub, Mamon), mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e1 Lama\u0161tu (vzpurn\u00e1 d\u00e9monka). Kombinace \u017eiveln\u00e9 s\u00edly a vzdoru d\u011bl\u00e1 Marida charakteristick\u00fdm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marid, obdoby v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maridi pat\u0159\u00ed k nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1m d\u017ein\u016f a funk\u010dn\u011b stoj\u00ed mezi jak\u0161ami indick\u00e9 tradice a daimony pozdn\u011b antick\u00e9ho a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Na rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161inou jednorozm\u011brn\u011b zlovoln\u00fdch duch\u016f jin\u00fdch tradic jsou maridi v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 demonologii ambivalentn\u00ed: lze je obr\u00e1tit na v\u00edru, uzav\u0159\u00edt s nimi smlouvu, a v salomonovsk\u00e9 tradici jsou dokonce pod\u0159\u00edzeni jeho slu\u017eb\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>\u017didovsk\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong> \u017didovsk\u00e1 obdoba: Azazel (kn\u00ed\u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon\u016f<\/span>, ob\u011btn\u00ed ber\u00e1nek) nebo Samael (d\u00e9monick\u00fd archand\u011bl). Rozd\u00edl: Marid je od po\u010d\u00e1tku bytost\u00ed d\u017einsk\u00e9 povahy, nikoli padlou bytost\u00ed; Samael\/Azazel jsou padl\u00e9 and\u011blsk\u00e9 bytosti. Spole\u010dn\u00e1 je jim funkce protivn\u00edka.<\/p><p><strong>\u0158ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd sv\u011bt:<\/strong> \u0158eck\u00e1 obdoba: Tyf\u00f3n (chaotick\u00e1 s\u00edla), Gigantov\u00e9 nebo Tit\u00e1ni. Rozd\u00edl: tyto bytosti jsou protivn\u00edky boh\u016f v kosmogonii, Marid je d\u00e9monick\u00e1 moc v\u0161edn\u00edho dne. Bl\u00ed\u017ee odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed Harpyje nebo F\u00farie (zl\u00e9 bytosti s vl\u00e1dou nad \u017eivly).<\/p><p><strong>Mezopot\u00e1mie:<\/strong> Mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e1 obdoba: Tiamat (chaotick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>, protivn\u00edk Marduka), Labartu nebo Lama\u0161tu (vzpurn\u00e1 d\u00e9monka). Kosmick\u00fd vzdor a \u017eivelnou moc m\u00e1 Marid spole\u010dn\u00e9 s t\u011bmito silami, je v\u0161ak individu\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a interaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Indie\/Asie:<\/strong> Indick\u00e1 obdoba: asurov\u00e9 (d\u00e9monick\u00e9 protis\u00edly, hinduismus) nebo rak\u0161asov\u00e9 (t\u0159\u00edda d\u00e9mon\u016f). Funkci protivn\u00edka a sv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed maj\u00ed spole\u010dnou. Buddhistick\u00e1 obdoba: m\u00e1rov\u00e9 nebo d\u00e9moni\u010dt\u00ed jak\u0161ov\u00e9 s nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdmi schopnostmi a schopnost\u00ed sv\u00e1d\u011bt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9017bf9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9017bf9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1845ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb1845ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marid v klasifikaci d\u017ein\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5e4d0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5e4d0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1e5b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb1e5b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marid pat\u0159\u00ed k \u0161irok\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b d\u017ein\u016f, bytost\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00fdch z beze d\u00fdmu ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edho ohn\u011b, kter\u00e9 v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m pojet\u00ed sv\u011bta stoj\u00ed mezi and\u011bly a lidmi. Uvnit\u0159 t\u00e9to t\u0159\u00eddy se isl\u00e1msk\u00e1 u\u010denost sna\u017eila vytvo\u0159it r\u016fzn\u00e1 d\u011blen\u00ed, a v n\u011bkolika z t\u011bchto klasifikac\u00ed se marid objevuje jako zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b mocn\u00e1 podskupina.<\/p><p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9, av\u0161ak ne jednotn\u011b tradovan\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed rozli\u0161uje n\u011bkolik typ\u016f d\u017ein\u016f podle s\u00edly a zlovolnosti. Prost\u00fd <em>d\u017einn<\/em> zde p\u0159edstavuje rod obecn\u011b, <em>\u02bfifrit<\/em> zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b siln\u00e9 a nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 jedince, <em>\u0161ajt\u00e1n<\/em> ty, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou n\u00e1chyln\u00ed ke zlu, a <em>marid<\/em> nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bytosti, \u010dasto popisovan\u00e9 jako vzdorovit\u00e9 a vzpurn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Arabsk\u00e9 slovo <em>m\u0101rid<\/em> samo znamen\u00e1 \u201evzpurn\u00fd\u201c, \u201erebelsk\u00fd\u201c, \u201enep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd\u201c a pat\u0159\u00ed ke ko\u0159eni, jen\u017e ozna\u010duje vzdor a odpor.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee tato klasifikace nen\u00ed pevnou naukou Kor\u00e1nu. <em>Kor\u00e1n<\/em> mluv\u00ed o d\u017einech jako o vlastn\u00edm stvo\u0159en\u00ed, o jejich schopnosti v\u00edry i nev\u00edry a o jejich odpov\u011bdnosti p\u0159ed Bohem, ale pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podrobn\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed na <em>\u02bfifrit<\/em>, <em>marid<\/em> a dal\u0161\u00ed typy v t\u00e9to form\u011b nezn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Stup\u0148ovit\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se vyvinulo teprve v pokor\u00e1nsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, v lidov\u00e9 tradici a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatu\u0159e. Marid je tak m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159edm\u011btem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a o v\u00ed\u0159e n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> ne\u017e popul\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159edstavivosti, v n\u00ed\u017e zauj\u00edm\u00e1 postaven\u00ed nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji spoutateln\u00e9ho d\u017eina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb11cd64 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb11cd64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e744d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e744d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marid v Tis\u00edci a jedn\u00e9 noci<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc514abc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc514abc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp642390a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp642390a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed domovinu m\u00e1 marid ve sb\u00edrce <em>Tis\u00edc a jedna noc<\/em>, tom po stalet\u00ed rostouc\u00edm korpusu arabsk\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p><p>V n\u011bm vystupuj\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9 v\u0161eho druhu, a marid se zjevuje jako nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich, \u010dasto obrovsk\u00e9 velikosti, s nadlidskou silou a schopnost\u00ed v kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m \u010dase zdolat velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti nebo postavit cel\u00e9 stavby.<\/p><p>Charakteristick\u00fd pro tato vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je vztah mezi maridem a lidsk\u00fdm prot\u011bj\u0161kem. V mnoha p\u0159\u00edb\u011bz\u00edch je mocn\u00fd d\u017ein v\u00e1z\u00e1n na p\u0159edm\u011bt, na prsten, lampu, l\u00e1hev nebo pe\u010de\u0165, a mus\u00ed slou\u017eit tomu, kdo tento p\u0159edm\u011bt vlastn\u00ed nebo kdo zn\u00e1 spr\u00e1vnou formuli.<\/p><p>Nap\u011bt\u00ed t\u011bchto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z rozporu mezi obrovskou moc\u00ed bytosti a jej\u00ed nucenou slu\u017eebnost\u00ed. Marid m\u016f\u017ee splnit p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed, je v\u0161ak z\u00e1rove\u0148 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edkazy m\u016f\u017ee vykon\u00e1vat podle zn\u011bn\u00ed, nikoli podle z\u00e1m\u011bru.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatury zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee <em>Tis\u00edc a jedna noc<\/em> nen\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou u\u010debnic\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e z\u00e1bavnou literaturou, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 a voln\u011b tvaruje. Marid t\u011bchto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed tak nelze bez dal\u0161\u00edho ztoto\u017enit s maridem teologick\u00e9 \u010di lidov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy.<\/p><p>P\u0159esto pr\u00e1v\u011b liter\u00e1rn\u00ed postava nejv\u00edce ovlivnila pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm evropsk\u00fdch p\u0159eklad\u016f od osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se obraz ducha v\u00e1zan\u00e9ho na lampu, spl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed, stal celosv\u011btov\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdm a odpoutal se od sv\u00e9ho p\u016fvodn\u00edho kontextu v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145140\">isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m my\u0161lenkov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp65a8e75 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp65a8e75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpded7bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpded7bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marid v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e a zakl\u00edna\u010dsk\u00e9 praxi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71dfbdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp71dfbdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ad8734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ad8734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Krom\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> a vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatury existuje je\u0161t\u011b t\u0159et\u00ed vrstva tradice, v n\u00ed\u017e se marid vyskytuje: \u017eit\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 v\u00edra a s n\u00ed spojen\u00e1 magick\u00e1 praxe v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Zde je marid sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed diferencovan\u00e9ho sv\u011bta duch\u016f, s n\u00edm\u017e lid\u00e9 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed, ani\u017e by to nutn\u011b odpov\u00eddalo u\u010den\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 teorii.<\/p><p>V t\u00e9to vrstv\u011b plat\u00ed marid za nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u00e9ho d\u017eina. Ur\u010dit\u00e9 nemoci, zejm\u00e9na t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9, dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed nebo za nevysv\u011btliteln\u00e9 pokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 utrpen\u00ed, byly v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny p\u016fsoben\u00ed marida.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 ve zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch o takzvan\u00e9 posedlosti se marid jev\u00ed jako obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u00faporn\u00fd vet\u0159elec, kter\u00e9ho je t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed vypudit ne\u017e oby\u010dejn\u00e9ho d\u017eina. L\u00e9\u010ditel\u00e9 a osoby, jim\u017e byla p\u0159isuzov\u00e1na zku\u0161enost v zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se sv\u011btem duch\u016f, se zab\u00fdvali metodami, jak takov\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezt\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">ducha<\/span> uklidnit, spoutat nebo p\u0159im\u011bt k \u00fastupu.<\/p><p>Religionistick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u00e1ce o p\u0159edstav\u011b d\u017ein\u016f v lidov\u00e9m isl\u00e1mu, zde nab\u00e1d\u00e1 ke dvoj\u00ed opatrnosti. Za prv\u00e9 se region\u00e1ln\u00ed tradice zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed, tak\u017ee neexistuje jednotn\u00fd obraz marida v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e. Za druh\u00e9 stoj\u00ed tato praxe v napjat\u00e9m vztahu k normativn\u00ed isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 doktr\u00edn\u011b, kter\u00e1 zakl\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed duch\u016f a magick\u00e9 praktiky p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b odm\u00edt\u00e1.<\/p><p>Marid je tak dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem vrstevnatosti n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti: tat\u00e1\u017e postava se v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> objevuje jen z\u0159\u00eddka, ve vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatu\u0159e jako velk\u00fd splnitel p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed a v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e jako ob\u00e1van\u00e1 s\u00edla zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed nemoci. Kterou z t\u011bchto vrstev \u010dlov\u011bk zkoum\u00e1, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm prameni, a tyto vrstvy se nelze bez dal\u0161\u00edho vz\u00e1jemn\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145153\">Gh\u00fal, ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda d\u017ein\u016f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145152\">Ifr\u00edt, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 mocn\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda d\u017ein\u016f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145151\">\u0160aj\u00e1t\u00edn, satan\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed d\u017ein\u016f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145140\">Isl\u00e1msk\u00e1 tradice, celkov\u00fd kontext<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>El-Zein, Amira: <em>Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn<\/em>. Syracuse UP, Syracuse 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>MacDonald, D. B.: \u010dl. \u201eDjinn&#8220;, in: <em>Encyclopaedia of Islam<\/em>, 2. vyd. Brill, Leiden 1965.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Henninger, Joseph: <em>Geisterglaube bei den vorislamischen Arabern<\/em>. In: <em>Festschrift Paul Schebesta<\/em>, V\u00edde\u0148 1963.<\/span><\/li><li>Doutt\u00e9, Edmond: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do chodu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magie<\/span> et religion dans l&#8217;Afrique du Nord<\/em>. Al\u017e\u00edr 1909.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lebling, Robert: <em>Legends of the Fire Spirits<\/em>. I.B. Tauris, London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burge, Stephen R.: <em>Angels in Islam<\/em>. Routledge, London 2012.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-marid-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-marid-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-marid\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-marid-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-marid-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Zde popsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe je v\u011bdeck\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm historick\u00fdch tradic. iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje jejich sou\u010dasnou formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1745,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marid","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marid \u2013 d\u017ein nezvykl\u00e9 s\u00edly","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Marid je nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kmen d\u017ein\u016f v arabsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 kosmologii. Bytosti z beze d\u00fdmn\u00e9ho ohn\u011b s moc\u00ed nad po\u010das\u00edm, mo\u0159i a bou\u0159emi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"islam","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145377","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Marid \u2013 d\u017ein nezvykl\u00e9 s\u00edly<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Marid je nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kmen d\u017ein\u016f v arabsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 kosmologii. 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