{"id":145361,"date":"2026-09-03T16:29:34","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:29:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145361"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:53:56","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:53:56","slug":"mars","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/mars\/","title":{"rendered":"Mars"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145361\" class=\"elementor elementor-145361 elementor-2128 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars, b\u016fh \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars je bohem v\u00e1lky a bojov\u00e9 s\u00edly v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradici. Jako otec Romula je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ochr\u00e1nce dynastie i samotn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, co\u017e mu zaji\u0161\u0165ovalo zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je Mars p\u0159\u00edkladem transformace boha z ochr\u00e1nce zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed na st\u00e1tn\u00edho boha, a t\u00edm i politick\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011bny kult\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh\/Bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v pantheonu kultury, s jasn\u00fdmi pravomocemi, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145122\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed od kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a\u017e po pozdn\u00ed antiku, synkretick\u00e9 s \u0159eck\u00fdmi a etrusk\u00fdmi vrstvami.\">\u0158\u00edm<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147580\" alt=\"Mars \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars nevt\u011bluje jen agresi a zk\u00e1zu, ale tak\u00e9 po\u0159\u00e1dek ve v\u00e1lce a ochranu spole\u010denstv\u00ed. Jeho hlavn\u00edmi aspekty jsou odvaha, vojensk\u00e1 strategie a legitimizace n\u00e1sil\u00ed ze strany obce.<\/p><p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> se objevuje v r\u016fzn\u00fdch rol\u00edch: jako milenec Venu\u0161e, otec Romula a ochr\u00e1nce p\u0159ed morem a ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00edm. Luperkalia a Equirria byly hlavn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky, p\u0159i nich\u017e byli kon\u011b a zbran\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011b\u010deho posv\u00e1tn\u00e9mu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho aktu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e je vy\u0148ato z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bceny<\/span> tomuto bohu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rychl\u00fd p\u0159ehled: Mars<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prim\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f je mnoho: Ovidius, Vergilius, Horatius, Acta Arvalium a latinsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy. Po\u010d\u00e1tky a transformaci boha v\u00e1lky na st\u00e1tn\u00edho boha sekund\u00e1rn\u011b zkoumali Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u011bmeck\u00fd religionista (1931\u20132015); hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo \u0158eck\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span>. Kult Marta se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il po cel\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i a splynul s galsk\u00fdmi, germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi a britsk\u00fdmi bohy v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kult Marta sah\u00e1 v \u0158\u00edm\u011b a\u017e do ran\u00fdch dob, kdy byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jak jako ochr\u00e1nce zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy, tak jako b\u016fh v\u00e1lky; jeho sv\u00e1tek p\u0159ipadal na m\u011bs\u00edc b\u0159ezen, kter\u00fd je po n\u011bm pojmenov\u00e1n. Po z\u00e1niku antick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eila tato postava v astronomii jako n\u00e1zev planety, v novodob\u00e9m v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad v zobrazen\u00edch Marta a Venu\u0161e a jazykov\u011b v p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9m jm\u00e9n\u011b \u201emarci\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c.<\/p><h3>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h3><p>Mars je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh v\u00e1lky, ale je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pouh\u00e1 bojovnost. Mars je tak\u00e9 bohem po\u0159\u00e1dku, odvahy a mu\u017enosti. Na rozd\u00edl od Area (\u0159eck\u00e9ho) je disciplinovan\u00fd a strategick\u00fd, v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b divok\u00fd. Je otcem \u0158\u00edma. Jeho role spojuje n\u00e1sil\u00ed a civilizaci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars nebyl omezen region\u00e1ln\u011b ani v\u00e1z\u00e1n na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsta: byl univerz\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m a uct\u00edv\u00e1n nebo ob\u00e1v\u00e1n v cel\u00e9m \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. A\u0165 v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch centrech nebo na venkovsk\u00e9 periferii, a\u0165 mezi elitou nebo oby\u010dejn\u00fdm lidem, duchovn\u00ed i kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdznam t\u00e9to entity byl trvale a univerz\u00e1ln\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00fd.<\/p><p>Mars st\u00e1l v hodnosti hned po Jupiterovi a byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za praotce \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho lidu, nebo\u0165 v zakladatelsk\u00e9 b\u00e1ji vystupuje jako otec Romula a Rema. Jeho kult sahal od Martova pole, kter\u00e9 slou\u017eilo jako shroma\u017edi\u0161t\u011b a cvi\u010di\u0161t\u011b vojska, a\u017e k venkovsk\u00fdm obch\u016fzk\u00e1m pol\u00ed, a nad r\u00e1mec latinsk\u00fdch spojenectv\u00ed byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n i dal\u0161\u00edmi italsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody pod p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny, jako byl osk\u00fd Mamers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prameny: Ovidiovy Metamorphosen a Fasti, Vergiliova Aeneis (kniha 8), Horatiovy Oden, Ciceronovo De Natura Deorum, Macrobiovy Saturnalia.<\/p><p>Doklady sahaj\u00ed od ran\u00e9 republiky (6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.) a\u017e po <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antiku<\/span>. Badatel\u00e9: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u011bmeck\u00fd religionista (1931\u20132015); hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo \u0158eck\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> (Griechische Religion), Hubert Cancik. N\u00e1pisy a archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy dokumentuj\u00ed stavbu chr\u00e1m\u016f a ritu\u00e1ly v \u0158\u00edm\u011b, Kamp\u00e1nii, Galii a pod\u00e9l r\u00fdnsk\u00fdch hranic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars je v r\u016fzn\u00fdch tradic\u00edch a pramenech zobrazov\u00e1n s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi ikonografick\u00fdmi prvky, kter\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d desetilet\u00edmi i m\u00edsty relativn\u011b konzistentn\u00ed. Tyto prvky jsou symbolicky k\u00f3dovan\u00e9 a nesou hlubok\u00fd v\u00fdznam; v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nejsou \u010dist\u011b dekorativn\u00ed nebo n\u00e1hodn\u00e9.<\/p><p>V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed je Mars poznateln\u00fd podle helmy, kop\u00ed a \u0161t\u00edtu a je obvykle zobrazov\u00e1n jako obrn\u011bn\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk. Jsou mu p\u0159i\u0159azena zv\u00ed\u0159ata jako vlk a datel, kte\u0159\u00ed hraj\u00ed roli v zakladatelsk\u00e9 b\u00e1ji \u0158\u00edma, a d\u00e1le svat\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edty Ancilia, kter\u00e9 v ob\u0159adn\u00edch pr\u016fvodech nosilo kn\u011b\u017estvo Sali\u016f. Tyto atributy jasn\u011b vyjad\u0159ovaly jeho zodpov\u011bdnost za v\u00e1lku a ochranu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars byl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou praxi a ka\u017edodenn\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed \u0158\u00edma. Lid\u00e9 se k t\u00e9to entit\u011b obraceli v ur\u010dit\u00fdch kritick\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch situac\u00edch nebo v ur\u010dit\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00edch, se strukturovan\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1ly, modlitbami nebo ob\u011btn\u00edmi dary. Praxe byla p\u0159esn\u011b tradov\u00e1na a vedena kn\u011b\u017e\u00edmi nebo odborn\u00edky, nic na n\u00ed nebylo n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 ani improvizovan\u00e9.<\/p><p>Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Marta se projevovalo v ob\u0159adech p\u0159ed ta\u017een\u00edmi i po nich: p\u0159ed vyta\u017een\u00edm se vojev\u016fdce dot\u00fdkal svat\u00fdch kop\u00ed a \u0161t\u00edt\u016f ve svatyni Regia, ob\u011b\u0165 suovetaurilia sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z prasete, ovce a b\u00fdka slou\u017eila k o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zem\u011b a vojska, a ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edjnov\u00e9ho kon\u011b uzav\u00edralo v\u00e1le\u010dnou sez\u00f3nu. Krom\u011b toho sv\u00e1tek Ambarvalia zaji\u0161\u0165oval ochranu pol\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obch\u016fzek kolem pol\u00ed.<\/p><h3>Vzhled a symbolika<\/h3><p>Mars je zobrazov\u00e1n jako svalnat\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk v pln\u00e9 v\u00fdstroji, \u010dasto s helmou, \u0161t\u00edtem a kop\u00edm. Vlastn\u00ed mu je \u010derven\u00e1 barva. Jeho symboly jsou kop\u00ed a me\u010d, orel a vlk. Po n\u011bm je pojmenov\u00e1n m\u011bs\u00edc b\u0159ezen. Definuje ho s\u00edla a v\u00e1le\u010dnick\u00e1 \u010dest.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Mars<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed profil vysv\u011btluje \u0161est aspekt\u016f Marta: jeho historick\u00fd a kulturn\u00ed p\u016fvod, praxi uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, ikonografick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed, v\u00fdznam pro ochranu a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>, paralely s jin\u00fdmi kulturami a z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159ehled p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch bo\u017esk\u00fdch postav v sousedn\u00edch tradic\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mart\u016fv p\u016fvod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u016fm. Stopy vedou k indoevropsk\u00fdm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm boh\u016fm a k italick\u00e9 prehistorick\u00e9 form\u011b demona plodnosti. V Laciu byl p\u016fvodn\u011b ochr\u00e1ncem st\u00e1d a pol\u00ed, ale s rostouc\u00edm vojensk\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem se prom\u011bnil v boha v\u00e1lky.<\/p><p>Prvn\u00ed dolo\u017eenou zm\u00ednku nach\u00e1z\u00edme ve Fasti Praenestini a datuje se do 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., av\u0161ak kulty existovaly mnohem d\u00e9le. Mart\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slouzici uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na Martov\u011b poli v \u0158\u00edm\u011b byl roku 20 p\u0159. n. l. znovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho aktu odevzd\u00e1n svat\u00e9mu, a t\u00edm vy\u0148at z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcen<\/span> Augustem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martova c\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marta vz\u00fdvali v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci, vojev\u016fdci, voj\u00e1ci, zem\u011bd\u011blci i ob\u010dan\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159ed ta\u017een\u00edmi a v dob\u00e1ch v\u00e1lky. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 kn\u011b\u017estvo Sali\u016f jej slavilo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Equirri\u00ed (ko\u0148sk\u00fdch dostih\u016f).<\/p><p>Luperc\u00e1lsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd \u00fakon, kter\u00fd je v r\u00e1mci spole\u010denstv\u00ed pravideln\u011b opakov\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">oby\u010dej<\/span> (\u00fanor) znamenal o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed plodnosti pro pole i rodinu. Augustus vyu\u017e\u00edval Martovy kulty politicky: jako otec Romula b\u016fh legitimizoval dynastii. Vojen\u0161t\u00ed strat\u00e9gov\u00e9 se p\u0159ed bitvami modlili.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martova podoba<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars byl zobrazov\u00e1n jako vousat\u00fd, pln\u011b vyzbrojen\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk s helmou, \u0161t\u00edtem a kop\u00edm. Ikonograficky nosil zbroj \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka, \u010dasto s dramatick\u00fdm pohledem.<\/p><p>Jeho atributy byly k\u016f\u0148, kop\u00ed (ares), \u0161t\u00edty (ancile) a n\u011bkdy i had (chtonick\u00fd aspekt). Na minc\u00edch se objevuje stoj\u00edc\u00ed nebo na koni. Na olt\u00e1\u0159\u00edch b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazen s Venu\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich spojen\u00ed symbolizovalo mytologickou a kosmickou harmonii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martovo p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsoben\u00ed:<\/strong> Mars je bohem v\u00e1lky, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 bohem vegetace a \u00farody. Jeho sv\u00e1tky, Luperc\u00e1lie a b\u0159eznov\u00e1 slavnost, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly plodnosti a o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p><p>V \u0158\u00edm\u011b je Mars ct\u011bn p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako ochr\u00e1nce m\u011bsta a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk, kter\u00fd chr\u00e1n\u00ed lid a z\u00farod\u0148uje zemi. Jeho d\u011bti s Venu\u0161\u00ed, Romulus a Remus, ukazuj\u00ed jeho spojen\u00ed se zalo\u017een\u00edm a st\u00e1tem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martova ochrana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars byl p\u0159edm\u011btem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> a b\u00e1zliv\u00e9 \u00facty, nebyl pouh\u00fdm ochrann\u00fdm bo\u017estvem, ale mor\u00e1ln\u00ed silou. P\u0159ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi podniky se ob\u011btovali b\u00fdci, ovce a kon\u011b.<\/p><p>Ob\u0159ady k odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed m\u011bly za c\u00edl Marta usm\u00ed\u0159it a jeho agresivn\u00ed s\u00edly usm\u011brnit do \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch kolej\u00ed. V soukrom\u00fdch domech se stav\u011bly mal\u00e9 Martovy so\u0161ky (sigilla), aby chr\u00e1nily domov a rodinu p\u0159ed \u00fajmou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martovy paralely<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V \u0159eck\u00e9 tradici mu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 podobn\u00fd, ale m\u00e9n\u011b ct\u011bn\u00fd b\u016fh Ares, chaotick\u00fd a krve\u017e\u00edzniv\u00fd. Etrusk\u00e9 postavy Tinia ukazuj\u00ed paralely k v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9mu bo\u017estvu. V germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9m prostoru maj\u00ed podobnou roli Tiwaz\/T\u00fdr a Wotan. Mezopot\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed Nergal a Erra zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed mor a v\u00e1lku. Tato bo\u017estva sd\u00edlej\u00ed s Martem p\u0159echod od ochr\u00e1nce zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed k v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9mu bohu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars, paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars spojuje funkce \u0159eck\u00e9ho Area s funkcemi boha vegetace a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, komplex rol\u00ed, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 v \u0159eck\u00e9 tradici p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd ekvivalent. Zat\u00edmco Ares se jev\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou jako ryz\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd fanatik, Mars je v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i ji\u017e v b\u0159eznu spojov\u00e1n s ritu\u00e1ly setby.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>\u017didovsk\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong> V \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> neexistuje p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 paralela k Martovi. My\u0161lenka v\u00e1lky jako bo\u017esk\u00e9 funkce je poj\u00edm\u00e1na jinak: JHVH je Bohem z\u00e1stup\u016f (Sebaot), ale ne jako specializovan\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd b\u016fh. Hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 obdob\u00ed p\u0159ineslo kontakt, ale nikoli splynut\u00ed s martovsk\u00fdmi kulty.<\/p><p><strong>\u0158ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd sv\u011bt:<\/strong> Ares je \u0159eck\u00fdm prot\u011bj\u0161kem, av\u0161ak opovrhovan\u00fdm a druho\u0159ad\u00fdm v\u016f\u010di Ath\u00e9n\u011b, zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed strategii. Mars byl naopak vysoce ct\u011bn, co\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje odli\u0161nou politickou roli \u0158\u00edma. Splynut\u00ed za pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f (Ares-Mars <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismus<\/span>) v\u0161ak ukazuje vz\u00e1jemnou adaptaci.<\/p><p><strong>Mezopot\u00e1mie:<\/strong> Nergal, b\u016fh v\u00e1lky a vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed, sd\u00edl\u00ed s Martem dualitu zk\u00e1zy a ochrany. Erra je agresivn\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 postava, ale m\u00e9n\u011b zapojen\u00e1 do st\u00e1tn\u00ed struktury. Mezopot\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci \u017e\u00e1dali Nergalovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ud\u011blen\u00ed sp\u00e1sy a ochrany, \u010dasto v pevn\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> stejn\u011b jako \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed legion\u00e1\u0159i to Martovo.<\/p><p><strong>Indie\/Asie:<\/strong> Skanda\/Murugan je v hinduismu bohem v\u00e1lky, av\u0161ak v kosmick\u00e9 hierarchii pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm. V ran\u00e9m buddhismu neexistuje v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo. \u010c\u00edna znala Guan Yu, boha v\u00e1lky cti a spravedlnosti, pozd\u011bji svato\u0159e\u010den\u00e9ho, co\u017e je struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed paralela k politizaci Marta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd8eb093 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd8eb093\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f1bcac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9f1bcac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars jako staroitalsk\u00fd b\u016fh p\u0159ed ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00edm s Areem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22eefc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22eefc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa573e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa573e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00edm ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed je Mars vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek \u0159eck\u00e9ho boha v\u00e1lky \u00c1rea. Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed je z liter\u00e1rn\u00edho hlediska spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, ale zast\u00edr\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Mars byl p\u016fvodn\u011b samostatn\u00fdm staroitalick\u00fdm bohem s podstatn\u011b \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm okruhem p\u016fsobnosti.<\/p><p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm archaick\u00fd Arvalsk\u00fd zp\u011bv a zm\u00ednky u Catona Star\u0161\u00edho, ukazuj\u00ed boha, kter\u00fd byl stejnou m\u011brou zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za ochranu pol\u00ed, dobytka a hranic jako za v\u00e1lku.<\/p><p>Cato ve sv\u00e9m spise <em>De agri cultura<\/em> uv\u00e1d\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbu<\/span>, v n\u00ed\u017e je roln\u00edkovi ulo\u017eeno prosit Marta o ochranu sv\u00e9ho statku, rodiny a dobytka a za to mu p\u0159in\u00e9st trojn\u00e1sobnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span>, tzv. <em>suovetaurilia<\/em> z prasete, ovce a b\u00fdka.<\/p><p>V t\u00e9to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitb\u011b<\/span> vystupuje Mars jako s\u00edla, kter\u00e1 odvrac\u00ed nemoc, neplodnost a ne\u010das\u00ed. Tato zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 str\u00e1nka pat\u0159\u00ed k j\u00e1dru star\u00e9ho kultu Marta a nen\u00ed v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b okrajov\u00fdm rysem.<\/p><p>Badatel\u00e9 vysv\u011btluj\u00ed tento \u0161irok\u00fd okruh p\u016fsobnosti r\u016fzn\u011b. Jeden v\u00fdklad ch\u00e1pe Marta p\u016fvodn\u011b jako obecn\u00e9ho ochrann\u00e9ho boha spole\u010denstv\u00ed, jeho\u017e obrann\u00e1 funkce se navenek projevovala jako v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed a dovnit\u0159 jako ochrana pole a st\u00e1da.<\/p><p>Italick\u00fd Mars byl tak m\u00e9n\u011b \u00fazce specializovan\u00fd ne\u017e \u0159eck\u00fd \u00c1res, kter\u00fd z\u016fstal v \u0159eck\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> sp\u00ed\u0161e neobl\u00edbenou, \u010dist\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dnickou okrajovou postavou.<\/p><p>A\u017e liter\u00e1rn\u00ed ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 a c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 dob\u011b zatla\u010dilo star\u00e9 funkce do pozad\u00ed. Pro pochopen\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho Marta je proto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nebrat \u0159eckou p\u0159edlohu za cel\u00fd obraz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbe049f5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbe049f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2341e5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2341e5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars jako praotec \u0158\u00edma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp384072b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp384072b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp928dcb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp928dcb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m sebech\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed genealogick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za otce dvoj\u010dat Romula a Rema a t\u00edm za praotce \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda.<\/p><p>Podle zakladatelsk\u00e9 pov\u011bsti, kterou zaznamenal mimo jin\u00e9 Livius, porodila vest\u00e1lka Rhea Silvia dvoj\u010data z Marta. D\u011bti byly odlo\u017eeny, kojila je vl\u010dice, zv\u00ed\u0159e zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 Martovi, a pot\u00e9 je vychoval past\u00fd\u0159. Romulus pozd\u011bji zalo\u017eil m\u011bsto.<\/p><p>Tento p\u016fvod u\u010dinil z Marta dynastick\u00e9ho a politick\u00e9ho boha, nikoli pouze p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed moc. <em>Gens Iulia<\/em>, rod Caesar\u016fv, a t\u00edm i August\u016fv, odvozoval sv\u016fj p\u016fvod p\u0159es Venu\u0161i od Aenea, av\u0161ak spojen\u00ed \u0158\u00edma jako celku s Martem z\u016fst\u00e1valo pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed ideologie.<\/p><p>Augustus tuto linii d\u00e1le rozvinul, kdy\u017e postavil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> <em>Mars Ultor<\/em>, Mstitele, a u\u010dinil z n\u011bj st\u0159ed sv\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra. P\u0159\u00eddomek <em>Ultor<\/em> se pojil s pomstou za zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed Caesara a s navr\u00e1cen\u00edm bojov\u00fdch odznak\u016f uko\u0159ist\u011bn\u00fdch Parthy.<\/p><p>Martovi zasv\u011bcen\u00fd datel, <em>picus Martius<\/em>, a vlk pat\u0159ili ke zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm, jejich\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm b\u016fh p\u016fsobil v zakladatelsk\u00e9 pov\u011bsti. Tak\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edc b\u0159ezen, latinsky <em>Martius<\/em>, nese jeho jm\u00e9no a ve star\u00e9m \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i platil za po\u010d\u00e1tek roku i za za\u010d\u00e1tek v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 sez\u00f3ny.<\/p><p>Propleten\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span>, kalend\u00e1\u0159e a politick\u00fdch d\u011bjin d\u011bl\u00e1 z Marta boha, jeho\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch ob\u0159ad\u016f k bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl \u00fazce spjat s identitou m\u011bsta. Na rozd\u00edl od mnoh\u00fdch jin\u00fdch bo\u017estev jde v jeho p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nad r\u00e1mec uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e k samotn\u00e9mu vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o p\u016fvodu spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb74b0a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb74b0a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d5d03e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1d5d03e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Saliov\u00e9 a kult svat\u00fdch \u0161t\u00edt\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe517ad6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe517ad6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9594cbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9594cbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K nejn\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm instituc\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho kultu Marta pat\u0159ili Saliov\u00e9, kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fd sbor dvan\u00e1cti mu\u017e\u016f, otev\u0159en\u00fd v\u00fdhradn\u011b patrici\u016fm. Jejich jm\u00e9no se odvozuje od latinsk\u00e9ho <em>salire<\/em>, sk\u00e1kat nebo tan\u010dit, nebo\u0165 jejich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> spo\u010d\u00edval podstatn\u011b ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m tanci skrze m\u011bsto.<\/p><p>Saliov\u00e9 proch\u00e1zeli \u0158\u00edmem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v b\u0159eznu, m\u011bs\u00edci Marta, v archaick\u00e9m od\u011bvu: s bronzovou helmou, kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm me\u010dem, malovan\u00fdm rouchem a svat\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem na pa\u017ei.<\/p><p>Tyto \u0161t\u00edty, <em>ancilia<\/em>, st\u00e1ly ve st\u0159edu rit\u00e1lu. Podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> jeden z nich spadl z nebe jako z\u00e1ruka trv\u00e1n\u00ed \u0158\u00edma. Aby nemohl b\u00fdt uloupen, dal legend\u00e1rn\u00ed kr\u00e1l Numa Pompilius zhotovit jeden\u00e1ct stejn\u00fdch napodobenin.<\/p><p>Saliov\u00e9 uchov\u00e1vali dvan\u00e1ct \u0161t\u00edt\u016f a nosili je p\u0159i sv\u00fdch pr\u016fvodech. Tanec doprov\u00e1zel zp\u011bv <em>carmen Saliare<\/em>, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho Arvalsk\u00e9mu zp\u011bvu, textu tak starobyl\u00e9ho, \u017ee mu u\u017e \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 klasick\u00e9 doby t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nerozum\u011bli.<\/p><p>Saliov\u00e9 ozna\u010dovali za\u010d\u00e1tek a konec v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 sez\u00f3ny. Jejich ob\u0159ady v b\u0159eznu zahajovaly dobu, kdy bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00e9st v\u00e1lku, dal\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> v \u0159\u00edjnu ji uzav\u00edral. Toto zapojen\u00ed do ro\u010dn\u00edho kolob\u011bhu op\u011bt ukazuje, jak Mars st\u00e1l mezi v\u00e1le\u010dnickou a zem\u011bd\u011blskou sf\u00e9rou.<\/p><p>Pro badatele jsou Saliov\u00e9 cenn\u00ed, proto\u017ee zachovali velmi star\u00fd kus \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, konzervovan\u00fd v jazyce i form\u011b. Mnoh\u00e9 z jejich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">rit\u00e1lu<\/span> z\u016fstalo nejasn\u00e9 i antick\u00fdm autor\u016fm, co\u017e odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem \u010din\u00ed prameny \u00fatr\u017ekovit\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd54e62c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd54e62c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6a874e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6a874e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Svatyn\u011b, Martovo pole a sv\u00e1tky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp556b925 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp556b925\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp06323e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp06323e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Topografick\u00e9 ukotven\u00ed Marta v \u0158\u00edm\u011b bylo neobvykl\u00e9. Jeho nejstar\u0161\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto le\u017eelo podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> mimo vlastn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed m\u011bsta, na <em>Campus Martius<\/em>, Martov\u011b poli v ohybu Tibery. Tato poloha m\u011bla posv\u00e1tn\u011b-pr\u00e1vn\u00ed d\u016fvod: ozbrojenci a vojsko nesm\u011bli p\u0159ekro\u010dit pomerium, posv\u00e1tnou hranici m\u011bsta.<\/p><p>Martovo pole proto slou\u017eilo jako m\u00edsto pro odvody, vojensk\u00fd v\u00fdcvik, lidov\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v jeho bojov\u00e9 podob\u011b a pro census. Teprve Augustus vystav\u011bn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> <em>Mars Ultor<\/em> na sv\u00e9m f\u00f3ru demonstrativn\u011b p\u0159enesl boha do centra.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed kalend\u00e1\u0159 Marta se soust\u0159edil na b\u0159ezen a \u0159\u00edjen. V b\u0159eznu se konalo n\u011bkolik slavnost\u00ed, mezi nimi ko\u0148sk\u00e9 z\u00e1vody a slavnost <em>Quinquatrus<\/em>, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se mimo jin\u00e9 \u010distily posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 zbran\u011b.<\/p><p>\u0158\u00edjen uzav\u00edral <em>October equus<\/em>, ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed kon\u011b, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e byl Martovi ob\u011btov\u00e1n prav\u00fd k\u016f\u0148 v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9ho sp\u0159e\u017een\u00ed. Jeho ocas byl rychle donesen do Regie, starobyl\u00e9 budovy na F\u00f3ru, kde m\u011bla krev odkap\u00e1vat na ohni\u0161t\u011b. O p\u0159esn\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu tohoto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd, opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u00fakon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u0159adu<\/span> se p\u0159eli u\u017e anti\u010dt\u00ed u\u010denci.<\/p><p>V Regii byly rovn\u011b\u017e uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny <em>hastae Martiae<\/em>, posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 Martova kop\u00ed. Vojev\u016fdce se jich podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> dot\u00fdkal p\u0159ed odchodem do pole se slovy, aby b\u016fh bd\u011bl.<\/p><p>Pokud se kop\u00ed pohnula sama od sebe, pova\u017eovalo se to za hroziv\u00e9 znamen\u00ed. Toto propojen\u00ed kultovn\u00edho p\u0159edm\u011btu, m\u00edsta a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd, opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u00fakon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u0159adu<\/span> ukazuje, \u017ee kult Marta v \u0158\u00edm\u011b nebyl abstraktn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem v\u00edry, n\u00fdbr\u017e byl pevn\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1n na m\u00edsta a p\u0159edm\u011bty, je\u017e spoluur\u010dovaly ve\u0159ejn\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf5ff2a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf5ff2a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8a78867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8a78867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars v provinci\u00edch a splynut\u00ed s m\u00edstn\u00edmi bohy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0c42560 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0c42560\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0be426b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0be426b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se \u0161\u00ed\u0159il i kult Marta, ov\u0161em jen z\u0159\u00eddka z\u016fstal beze zm\u011bny. V provinci\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na v Galii, Brit\u00e1nii a v Por\u00fdn\u00ed, se Mars \u010dasto spojoval s m\u00edstn\u00edmi bo\u017estvy.<\/p><p>Tento postup, badateli ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako <em>interpretatio Romana<\/em>, vedl k velk\u00e9mu mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddomk\u016f Marta, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed na votivn\u00edch n\u00e1pisech. Uve\u010fme nap\u0159\u00edklad <em>Mars Lenus<\/em> v Trev\u00edru, <em>Mars Camulus<\/em> v keltsk\u00e9 oblasti nebo <em>Mars Thingsus<\/em> v Brit\u00e1nii, spojovan\u00e9ho s germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span>.<\/p><p>N\u00e1padn\u00e9 je, \u017ee provinci\u00e1ln\u00ed Mars vystupuje \u010dasto sp\u00ed\u0161e jako b\u016fh uzdraven\u00ed a ochrany ne\u017e jako b\u016fh v\u00e1lky. <em>Mars Lenus<\/em> byl nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdm bo\u017estvem s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm chr\u00e1mov\u00fdm okrskem.<\/p><p>Tento posun d\u016frazu se vysv\u011btluje jednak vlastnostmi m\u00edstn\u00edch boh\u016f, s nimi\u017e byl Mars ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n, jednak ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bnou \u0161irokou ochrannou funkc\u00ed staroitalsk\u00e9ho Marta samotn\u00e9ho. B\u016fh nab\u00edzel sty\u010dn\u00fd bod, proto\u017ee nebyl vymezen \u010dist\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dnicky.<\/p><p>Provinci\u00e1ln\u00ed kulty jsou pro b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee ukazuj\u00ed, jak \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed fungovalo ve styku s m\u00edstn\u00edmi tradicemi. Ne\u0161lo o strnul\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd by byl jednodu\u0161e vnucen shora, ale o syst\u00e9m, jen\u017e umo\u017e\u0148oval oslovovat existuj\u00edc\u00ed bo\u017estva v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Po\u010detn\u00e9 votivn\u00ed olt\u00e1\u0159e, n\u00e1pisy a chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 okrsky, kter\u00e9 archeologov\u00e9 odkryli zejm\u00e9na v severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, tvo\u0159\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou pramennou z\u00e1kladnu. Ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee jedin\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Mars mohlo v praxi zahrnovat cel\u00fd svazek region\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159edstav o bohu. Jednotnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> provinci\u00e1ln\u00edho Marta z toho odvodit nelze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b1a899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b1a899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9c89b19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9c89b19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed: Mars v astrologii, um\u011bn\u00ed a modern\u00ed kultu\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe0e252 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfe0e252\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp92dc409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp92dc409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nad r\u00e1mec <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9ho<\/span> n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u017eil Mars d\u00e1l p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako planet\u00e1rn\u00ed b\u016fh. Na\u010dervenal\u00e1 planeta nese jeho jm\u00e9no od <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span> a v astrologick\u00e9 tradici, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159es pozdn\u011b antick\u00e9 a arabsk\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkovatele dostala do st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evropy, platil Mars za hv\u011bzdu v\u00e1lky, agrese a \u017eeleza.<\/p><p>V t\u00e9to funkci se objevuje na nes\u010detn\u00fdch st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch a ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad na obrazech planetov\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, jac\u00ed lid\u00e9 a \u010dinnosti byli Martovi p\u0159i\u0159azeni, mimo jin\u00e9 voj\u00e1ci, kov\u00e1\u0159i a \u0159ezn\u00edci.<\/p><p>Ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed renesance a baroka byl Mars zobrazov\u00e1n v\u011bt\u0161inou podle vzoru \u0159eck\u00e9ho Area, \u010dasto ve spojen\u00ed s Venu\u0161\u00ed.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motiv<\/span> <em>Mars a Venu\u0161e<\/em>, vykl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed zkrocen\u00ed v\u00e1lky l\u00e1skou, nalezneme mimo jin\u00e9 u Botticelliho, Veroneseho a Rubense. Tato obrazov\u00e1 tradice se op\u00edr\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b o staroitalsk\u00e9ho ochrann\u00e9ho boha ne\u017e o liter\u00e1rn\u00ed splynut\u00ed s \u0159eck\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtem<\/span>.<\/p><p>I jazykov\u011b je Mars p\u0159\u00edtomen dodnes. P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no martial (bojovn\u00fd) je odvozeno od n\u011bj, stejn\u011b jako n\u00e1zev m\u011bs\u00edce b\u0159ezen v mnoha evropsk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch. V modern\u00ed popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e se Mars objevuje jako planeta i jako postava v literatu\u0159e, filmu a hr\u00e1ch, \u010dasto z\u00fa\u017een na aspekt v\u00e1lky.<\/p><p>Toto z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159eck\u00e9mu Areovi ne\u017e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu origin\u00e1lu. Kdo chce porozum\u011bt historick\u00e9mu Martovi, mus\u00ed se proto vr\u00e1tit p\u0159ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed recepci a nahl\u00ed\u017eet boha v jeho staroitalsk\u00e9m kontextu, v n\u011bm\u017e v\u00e1lka a ochrana pol\u00ed byly dv\u011bma str\u00e1nkami t\u00e9\u017ee obrann\u00e9 moci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145122\">\u0158\u00edm, kultura<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatura\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome. A History<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Scheid, John: <em>An Introduction to Roman Religion<\/em>. Edinburgh University Press, 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dum\u00e9zil, Georges: <em>Archaic Roman Religion. Volume One<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, 1970.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kajanto, Iiro: <em>The God Mars in Connection with War and Death<\/em>. In: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e1 s\u00edla spojen\u00e1 s ur\u010dit\u00fdm m\u00edstem nebo p\u0159edm\u011btem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Numen<\/span> 14, 1967.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1646,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mars","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mars \u2013 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh v\u00e1lky","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"P\u00edsemn\u00e9 doklady o Martovi sahaj\u00ed n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed do minulosti, s velkou 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