{"id":145336,"date":"2026-09-03T16:29:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:29:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145336"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:53:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:53:16","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145336\" class=\"elementor elementor-145336 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, b\u016fh mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je b\u016fh mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p><strong>B\u016fh Slunce, str\u00e1\u017ece spravedlnosti, sv\u011btlo nade v\u0161\u00edm.<\/strong> Shamash (sumersky Utu) je jedn\u00edm z nejhloub\u011bji uct\u00edvan\u00fdch boh\u016f Mezopot\u00e1mie, nikoli jako divok\u00fd ohen, ale jako z\u00e1\u0159iv\u00e1, st\u00e1l\u00e1 s\u00edla \u0159\u00e1du. Denn\u011b proj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed sv\u00fdm vozem po nebi, vid\u00ed v\u0161e, co lid\u00e9 konaj\u00ed ve skrytu, a p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed to v\u0161e p\u0159ed soud. P\u0159ed Shamashem nez\u016fstane \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nespravedlnost nez\u016fstane nepotrest\u00e1na.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145109\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00e9bka dolo\u017een\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, As\u00fdrie (p\u0159ibl. 3500 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 330 p\u0159. n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147589\" alt=\"Shamash \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rychl\u00fd p\u0159ehled: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed bo\u017estvo, b\u016fh Slunce a Bo\u017esk\u00fd soudce<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn v\u0161ech boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Sumer (jako Utu), Akkad\/Babylon\/A\u0161\u0161ur (jako \u0160ama\u0161)<br>Funkce: slunce, denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo, pr\u00e1vo, spravedlnost, pravda<br>Hlavn\u00ed atributy: ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed disk, pila (p\u0159e\u0159ez\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161e fale\u0161n\u00e9), h\u016fl a kruh<br>Hlavn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsta: Sippar (hlavn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto, chr\u00e1m E-babbar), Larsa, Ur, Ninive<br>Sourozenci: S\u00edn (M\u011bs\u00edc) jako otec, Inanna\/I\u0161tar jako sestra<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/\u0160ama\u0161 je dolo\u017een ji\u017e od ran\u011b sumersk\u00e9 doby (3. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.), slune\u010dn\u00ed b\u016fh byl hlavn\u00edm bo\u017estvem Sipparu a Larsy. Hlavn\u00ed rozkv\u011bt tradice \u0160ama\u0161e nastal ve starobabylonsk\u00e9 dob\u011b (Chammurapiho st\u00e9la zobrazuje \u0160ama\u0161e jako Bo\u017esk\u00e9ho soudce, kter\u00fd Chammurapimu p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kon\u00edk).<\/p><p>V novobabylonsk\u00e9 a asyrsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 i nad\u00e1le \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postavou. S \u00fapadkem babylonsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e (1. stolet\u00ed n. l.) kult zanik\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsta: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (dne\u0161n\u00ed Tell Ab\u00fa Habba, severn\u011b od Babylonu) se slune\u010dn\u00edm chr\u00e1mem <em>E-babbar<\/em> (\u201eB\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm\u201c), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (na jihu, rovn\u011b\u017e s chr\u00e1mem E-babbar), Babylon, Ninive, Mari. Popelnat\u00e9 milodary v tis\u00edc\u00edch babylonsko-asyrsk\u00fdch hrob\u016f dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed rozsah kultu. V biblick\u00fdch textech je zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n jako <em>\u0160eme\u0161<\/em> (B\u00e9t-\u0161eme\u0161 = \u201ed\u016fm Slunce\u201c).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed prameny: <em>Chammurapiho st\u00e9la<\/em> (kolem 1750 p\u0159. n. l., \u0160ama\u0161 p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kon), prolog <em>Chammurapiho z\u00e1kon\u00edku<\/em>, velk\u00fd <em>\u0160ama\u0161\u016fv hymnus<\/em> (starobabylonsk\u00fd), deska Nab\u00fa-apla-iddina (9. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., vyobrazen\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed disk \u0160ama\u0161e), zakl\u00ednac\u00ed tabulky. Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatura: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010den\u00ed a zp\u016fsoby psan\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 je zobrazov\u00e1n jako vzne\u0161en\u00fd mu\u017e se z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00edm diad\u00e9mem nebo slune\u010dn\u00ed korunou, \u010dasto s diskem slunce nad hlavou. Sed\u00ed na tr\u016fnu nebo stoj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m voze, ta\u017een\u00e9m dv\u011bma \u017ehnouc\u00edmi ko\u0148mi.<\/p><p>N\u011bkdy m\u00e1 plamennou auru nebo je obklopen paprsky sv\u011btla. Osmic\u00edp\u00fd hv\u011bzdn\u00fd disk (<em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> \u0160ama\u0161e<\/em>) je jeho pozn\u00e1vac\u00edm znamen\u00edm. Doprov\u00e1zet ho m\u016f\u017ee soudcovsk\u00e1 h\u016fl nebo me\u010d spravedlnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 je bohem slunce a spravedlnosti, dvou \u00fazce propojen\u00fdch sil. Soudci se k n\u011bmu modlili p\u0159ed soudem, aby vynesli spravedliv\u00e9 rozsudky. Nemocn\u00ed ho vz\u00fdvali za uzdraven\u00ed, nebo\u0165 slunce l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed a o\u010di\u0161\u0165uje. B\u016fh \u0159ek (Ea\/Enki) je pod \u0160ama\u0161ov\u00fdm dohledem, voda toti\u017e pot\u0159ebuje slune\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo, aby byla plodn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Jeho hlavn\u00edm chr\u00e1mem byl <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (D\u016fm lesku) v Sipparu, proslul\u00e9 centrum astronomie a pr\u00e1va. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed denn\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli ob\u011bti p\u0159i v\u00fdchodu slunce a modlili se za jeho n\u00e1vrat. \u0160ama\u0161 nebyl jen uct\u00edv\u00e1n, ale i milov\u00e1n jako nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ze v\u0161ech boh\u016f.<\/p><h3>Vzhled a symbolika<\/h3><p><em>\u0160ama\u0161<\/em> b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n jako vousat\u00fd mu\u017e ve slune\u010dn\u00edm disku nebo obklopen\u00fd z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00edm sv\u011btlem. \u010casto nos\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd od\u011bv a korunu p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed disk. V ruce n\u011bkdy dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eezlo spravedlnosti nebo plameny slunce.<\/p><p>Jeho t\u011blo je zlat\u00e9 a z\u00e1\u0159iv\u00e9. Jeho posv\u00e1tn\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty b\u00fdvaj\u00ed n\u011bkdy b\u00fdk nebo k\u016f\u0148, proto\u017ee n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed slunce. <em>\u0160ama\u0161<\/em> je \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1n s k\u0159\u00eddly nebo sv\u011btelnou aurou. \u010cty\u0159i slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky jsou jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty Shamashe na prvn\u00ed pohled. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pole shrnuj\u00ed p\u016fvod, funkci, vzhled, uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, symboly a paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturn\u00ed kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je synem m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho boha <em>Sina<\/em> (Nanny) a <em>Ningal<\/em>, bratrem bohyn\u011b l\u00e1sky a v\u00e1lky <em>Inanny\/I\u0161tar<\/em>. Man\u017eel <em>Ayy<\/em> (bohyn\u011b sv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed). V teogonick\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du druh\u00e9 generace babylonsk\u00e9ho panteonu. V novobabylonsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni jako Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159edm\u011bt p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u016fh Slunce a bo\u017esk\u00fd soudce. Jeho oko vid\u00ed v\u0161e, proto dohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na zlo\u010diny a spravedlnost. P\u0159\u00edsahy se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed \u201ep\u0159ed Shamashem\u201c; soudn\u00ed rozsudky jsou <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (rozsudky Shamashe). Spole\u010dn\u011b s Adadem (bohem po\u010das\u00ed) je hlavn\u00edm hlasatelem bo\u017esk\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v (v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00e9 texty). Patron poutn\u00edk\u016f (zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b za dne), v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e9 praxe. Ochr\u00e1nce bezbrann\u00fdch: vdov, sirotk\u016f, otrok\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfn\u011b zobrazov\u00e1n jako vousat\u00e1 mu\u017esk\u00e1 postava s vysokou \u010delenkou (\u010dasto se slune\u010dn\u00edm kotou\u010dem), v dlouh\u00e9m v\u00edcevrstevn\u00e9m rouchu. Charakteristick\u00e9 atributy: <em>slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z ramen<\/em> (nebo nasazen\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d), <em>pila<\/em> (v ruce, kterou roz\u0159ez\u00e1v\u00e1 nespravedlnost), <em>h\u016fl a kruh<\/em> (insignie soudu).<\/p><p>\u010casto sed\u00ed na tr\u016fnu se slune\u010dn\u00edmi paprsky. Na Chammurapiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00ed popsan\u00e1 nebo zdoben\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9le<\/span> je obr\u00e1cen k kr\u00e1li a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 mu z\u00e1kon\u00edk. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje n\u011bjakou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span>: ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsoben\u00ed \u0160ama\u0161e<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsobnosti:<\/strong> \u0160ama\u0161e vz\u00fdvali soudci, poutn\u00edci, v\u011b\u0161tci a v\u0161ichni, kdo hledali spravedlnost. P\u0159ed soudn\u00edmi jedn\u00e1n\u00edmi se mu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely ob\u011bti. Ve v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hr\u00e1l z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli: prohl\u00eddka jater (haruspicium) a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed znamen\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem pozn\u00e1n\u00ed skryt\u00e9ho nebo budouc\u00edho.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/span> z oleje na vod\u011b (lekanomantie) pat\u0159ily k praktik\u00e1m spojen\u00fdm se \u0160ama\u0161em. Osobn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva \u010di moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>: p\u0159ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi rozhodnut\u00edmi, na cest\u00e1ch, p\u0159i soudn\u00edch \u017ealob\u00e1ch. Sippar byl poutn\u00edm c\u00edlem pro v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e9 a soudn\u00ed prosebn\u00edky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prost\u0159edky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z ramen, ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d, pila (roz\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nespravedlnost), h\u016fl a kruh (soudn\u00ed insignie), vysok\u00e1 \u010delenka, dlouh\u00e9 roucho, b\u00fdk (druhotn\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e). Rostliny: tamary\u0161ek. Svat\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo: 20. Svat\u00fd sm\u011br: v\u00fdchod (v\u00fdchod slunce).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumersky, p\u0159edch\u016fdce), <em>\u0160eme\u0161<\/em> (hebrejsky), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egypt, hlavn\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed b\u016fh), <em>H\u00e9lios<\/em> (\u0158ecko), <em>Sol<\/em> (\u0158\u00edm), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (pozdn\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd), <em>S\u00farja<\/em> (hinduismus), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Japonsko, \u017eensk\u00e1 slune\u010dn\u00ed bohyn\u011b), <em>Mithra<\/em> (Persie, b\u016fh slunce a spravedlnosti). Funk\u010dn\u011b: v\u0161ichni bo\u017e\u0161t\u00ed soudci (Jama, Anubis, aspekty H\u00e1da) sd\u00edlej\u00ed \u0160ama\u0161ovy funkce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktick\u00e1 ochrana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Ritu\u00e1ly uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3><p>\u0160ama\u0161, b\u016fh slunce a spravedlnosti, m\u011bl sv\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed centrum v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> E-babbar v Sipparu (a v Larse). Denn\u00ed ob\u011bti p\u0159i v\u00fdchodu slunce (\u201enu\u1e2batim\u201c, pe\u010den\u00e9 chleby, datle, pivo) byly povinnost\u00ed kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>Letn\u00ed slavnost <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">proces\u00edm<\/span> sochy boha k b\u0159ehu Eufratu je dosv\u011bd\u010dena u\u017e od dob Chammurapiho (18. stol. p\u0159. n. l.); i samotn\u00fd Chammurapiho z\u00e1kon\u00edk za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva \u010di moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm<\/span> \u0160ama\u0161e jako z\u00e1ruky spravedlnosti (srov. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed a hymny<\/h3><p>\u201eVelk\u00fd \u0160ama\u0161\u016fv hymnus\u201c (BWL 121-138, Lambert), dlouh\u00fd p\u0159es 200 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f, je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hymnick\u00fdch text\u016f akkadsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Denn\u00ed rann\u00ed vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednalo slovy \u201e\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u201c (\u0160ama\u0161, vl\u00e1dce \u010dty\u0159 sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran). P\u0159ed soudn\u00edmi \u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi byl \u0160ama\u0161 vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jako sv\u011bdek.<\/p><h3>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/h3><p>Slune\u010dn\u00ed symboly (ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d, \u010dty\u0159c\u00edp\u00e1 hv\u011bzda v kruhu) se vyskytuj\u00ed na babylonsk\u00fdch pe\u010detn\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch (srov. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Slune\u010dn\u00ed plakety z karneolu nebo k\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lu se nosily jako ochrana p\u0159ed nemoc\u00ed a bezpr\u00e1v\u00edm. Slune\u010dn\u00ed kruh s dvan\u00e1cti paprsky (Babylon, 7. stol. p\u0159. n. l.) symbolizuje v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomnost \u0160ama\u0161e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160ama\u0161, paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 se podob\u00e1 egyptsk\u00e9mu Ra nebo Atonovi, oba jsou slune\u010dn\u00ed bohov\u00e9 s v\u0161eobecn\u00fdm zrakem. S \u0159eck\u00fdm Apoll\u00f3nem sd\u00edl\u00ed aspekty \u0159\u00e1du a l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed. Hebrejsk\u00fd B\u016fh je n\u011bkdy popisov\u00e1n s funkcemi podobn\u00fdmi \u0160ama\u0161ovi, jako v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd pozorovatel a soudce.<\/p><p>V indick\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch se podob\u00e1 S\u00farjovi, slune\u010dn\u00edmu bohu, nebo Mitrovi, bohu smluv a spravedlnosti. \u0160ama\u0161 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ve v\u0161ech kultur\u00e1ch \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postavou \u0159\u00e1du a sv\u011btla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chammurapiho z\u00e1kon\u00edk a slunce jako soudce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spojen\u00ed mezi \u0160ama\u0161em a kr\u00e1lovskou soudn\u00ed pravomoc\u00ed ukazuje reli\u00e9f v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00ed popsan\u00e1 nebo zdoben\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9ly<\/span> <em>Chammurapiho z\u00e1kon\u00edku<\/em>, dnes ulo\u017een\u00e9 v Louvru. Zobrazen je babylonsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Chammurapi, stoj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ed tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00edm bohem.<\/p><p>Star\u0161\u00ed badatel\u00e9 postavu dlouho vykl\u00e1dali jako \u0160ama\u0161e, proto\u017ee bohu vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z ramen paprsky a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 kr\u00e1li kruh a h\u016fl, insignie, kter\u00e9 v mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di byly spojov\u00e1ny s ud\u011blen\u00edm pr\u00e1vn\u00ed moci. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 alternativn\u011b navrhovali Marduka, av\u0161ak atributy paprsk\u016f sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e pro \u0160ama\u0161e.<\/p><p>Obsahov\u011b sc\u00e9na odpov\u00edd\u00e1 vlastn\u00edmu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed textu. V prologu a epilogu z\u00e1kon\u00edku se Chammurapi opakovan\u011b odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 na to, \u017ee v zemi nastolil pr\u00e1vo, a \u0160ama\u0161 se tam objevuje jako b\u016fh, kter\u00fd zaru\u010duje pr\u00e1vo a spravedlnost.<\/p><p>Slune\u010dn\u00ed b\u016fh vid\u00ed v\u0161e, co se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 za dne, a tato v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 viditelnost z n\u011bj v mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b u\u010dinila p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho ru\u010ditele p\u0159\u00edsahy, smlouvy a rozsudku.<\/p><p>Tato role je star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Chammurapi. Ji\u017e v sumersk\u00fdch hymnech na Utua, p\u0159edch\u016fdce \u0160ama\u0161e, je b\u016fh vz\u00fdv\u00e1n, aby odhaloval bezpr\u00e1v\u00ed a st\u00e1l p\u0159i utla\u010dovan\u00e9m. V soudn\u00edch dokumentech a p\u0159\u00edse\u017en\u00edch formul\u00edch druh\u00e9ho a prvn\u00edho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed se jeho jm\u00e9no objevuje pravideln\u011b. Kdo poru\u0161il p\u0159\u00edsahu u\u010din\u011bnou p\u0159i \u0160ama\u0161i, vystavoval se jeho trestu.<\/p><p>Spojen\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 metafory s my\u0161lenkou pr\u00e1va, tedy sv\u011btla, kter\u00e9 p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed skryt\u00e9 na denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo, je v pramenech provedeno tak d\u016fsledn\u011b, \u017ee je lze pova\u017eovat za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rys mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o bohu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 to ukazuje, jak \u00fazce byla v t\u00e9to kultu\u0159e propojena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologie<\/span> a spole\u010densk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar a Larsa: velk\u00e1 kultovn\u00ed centra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 m\u011bl dva hlavn\u00ed chr\u00e1my, oba nesly jm\u00e9no <em>E-babbar<\/em>, \u201ez\u00e1\u0159iv\u00fd\u201c nebo \u201eb\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm\u201c. Jeden st\u00e1l v Sipparu na severu Babylonie, druh\u00fd v Larse na jihu. Ob\u011b m\u011bsta byla po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1na za centr\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00edsta slune\u010dn\u00edho kultu, a jejich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> obnovovali a vybavovali mnoz\u00ed panovn\u00edci.<\/p><p>Pro Sippar je pramenn\u00e1 situace obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 dobr\u00e1. Vykop\u00e1vky p\u0159inesly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 archivy ze starobabylonsk\u00e9 i novobabylonsk\u00e9 doby, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nahl\u00e9dnout do hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, spr\u00e1vy a person\u00e1lu svatyn\u011b. \u010casto citovan\u00fdm objektem je takzvan\u00e1 Slune\u010dn\u00ed deska Nabu-apla-iddiny, kamenn\u00e1 deska z dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p><p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plasticky vystupuj\u00edc\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed vypracovan\u00e9 z plochy.\" tabindex=\"0\">reli\u00e9fu<\/span> zobrazuje tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00edho \u0160ama\u0161e a v textu popisuje, jak kr\u00e1l nechal po dlouh\u00e9m obdob\u00ed zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zhotovit nov\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed bo\u017estva uct\u00edvan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1mu nebo svatyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultovn\u00ed obraz<\/span> boha, pot\u00e9 co byl nalezen star\u00fd hlin\u011bn\u00fd model. Text tak dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 i starost o spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 obnoven\u00ed ztracen\u00e9ho kultovn\u00edho obrazu.<\/p><p>V Larse za\u017eil \u0160ama\u0161\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> rozkv\u011bt za vl\u00e1dy kr\u00e1l\u016f jako Rim-Sin. I zde panovn\u00edci nech\u00e1vali E-babbar obnovovat, a stavebn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed jejich dary. Kontinuita je pozoruhodn\u00e1: je\u0161t\u011b novobabylonsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Nabonid, jinak zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm podporou boha m\u011bs\u00edce Sina, se staral o slune\u010dn\u00ed chr\u00e1my obou m\u011bst.<\/p><p>Zdvojen\u00ed kultovn\u00edch center na severu a jihu odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zem\u011bpisnou strukturu Babylonie a zaji\u0161\u0165ovalo bohu slunce celost\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost, kter\u00e1 ho p\u0159esahovala nad r\u00e1mec lok\u00e1ln\u00edch vazeb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160ama\u0161 ve v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a v Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Krom\u011b sv\u00e9 role soudce byl \u0160ama\u0161 bohem vnitro\u00fastrojn\u00e9 v\u011b\u0161tby a or\u00e1kuln\u00ed praxe. Mezopotamsk\u00e1 jatern\u00ed v\u011b\u0161tba, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed \u010detli znamen\u00ed z jater ob\u011btn\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at, sm\u011b\u0159ovala sv\u00e9 dotazy \u010dasto k \u0160ama\u0161ovi spole\u010dn\u011b s bohem po\u010das\u00ed Adadem.<\/p><p>Takzvan\u00e9 ob\u011bti-v\u011b\u0161tn\u00e9 modlitby, ve v\u00fdzkumu \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako texty <em>tamitu<\/em> nebo dotazy na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto nebo instituce, kde se z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1kulum<\/span>, formulovaly konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, nap\u0159\u00edklad zda se povede ta\u017een\u00ed, a prosily boha, aby svou odpov\u011b\u010f zapsal do vnit\u0159nost\u00ed. \u0160ama\u0161 tak nebyl jen ten, kdo odhaloval existuj\u00edc\u00ed nespravedlnost, ale i ten, kdo sd\u011bloval skryt\u00e9 v\u011bci o budoucnosti.<\/p><p>V <em>Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi<\/em> vystupuje \u0160ama\u0161 jako ochrann\u00fd b\u016fh hrdin\u016f. P\u0159ed ta\u017een\u00edm proti Chumbabovi, str\u00e1\u017eci cedrov\u00e9ho lesa, se Gilgame\u0161 obrac\u00ed k bohu slunce a pros\u00ed o pomoc. \u0160ama\u0161 pak vys\u00edl\u00e1 vichry, kter\u00e9 Chumbabu sr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed a poskytuj\u00ed hrdinovi rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdhodu.<\/p><p>Kdy\u017e pozd\u011bji Enkidu le\u017e\u00ed na smrteln\u00e9m lo\u017ei a pron\u00e1\u0161\u00ed svou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e1 formule, j\u00ed\u017e se m\u00e1 osob\u011b nebo v\u011bci p\u0159ivodit ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">kletbu<\/span> na nev\u011bstku, kter\u00e1 ho p\u0159ivedla do civilizace, je to \u0160ama\u0161, kdo ho napom\u00edn\u00e1 a p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 mu dobro, kter\u00e9 mu bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no. Enkidu pot\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e1 formule, j\u00ed\u017e se m\u00e1 osob\u011b nebo v\u011bci p\u0159ivodit ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">kletbu<\/span> odvol\u00e1.<\/p><p>Tyto epizody ukazuj\u00ed \u0160ama\u0161e jako uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed, m\u00edrn\u00edc\u00ed instanci uvnit\u0159 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed. Nezasahuje sv\u00e9voln\u011b, ale podporuje ty, kdo se k n\u011bmu obr\u00e1t\u00ed, a vol\u00e1 k rozvaze, kde hroz\u00ed nem\u00edrnost. T\u00edm se jeho role v epose zapad\u00e1 do celkov\u00e9ho obrazu, kter\u00fd kresl\u00ed hymny a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed texty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od Utua k \u0160ama\u0161ovi: etymologie a sumersk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no \u0160ama\u0161 je akkadsk\u00e9 slovo pro slunce a pat\u0159\u00ed ke spole\u010dn\u00e9mu semitsk\u00e9mu slovn\u00edmu ko\u0159eni, kter\u00fd se v p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 podob\u011b objevuje i v hebrej\u0161tin\u011b jako <em>\u0161eme\u0161<\/em>, v arab\u0161tin\u011b jako <em>\u0161ams<\/em> a v dal\u0161\u00edch semitsk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch. B\u016fh a nebesk\u00e9 t\u011bleso tedy nesou stejn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, co\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje t\u011bsnou souvislost mezi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm jevem a bo\u017eskou osobou.<\/p><p>Sumersk\u00fd p\u0159edch\u016fdce se jmenoval Utu. Se splynut\u00edm sumersk\u00e9ho a akkadsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu t\u0159et\u00edho a druh\u00e9ho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed byli Utu a \u0160ama\u0161 z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ztoto\u017en\u011bni, ani\u017e by star\u0161\u00ed postava zcela zmizela. V dvojjazy\u010dn\u00fdch textech stoj\u00ed ob\u011b jm\u00e9na vedle sebe.<\/p><p>Utu byl ji\u017e v sumersk\u00e9 dob\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za syna boha m\u011bs\u00edce Nanny a Ningal a za bratra Inanny, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed I\u0161tar. Tyto rodinn\u00e9 vztahy byly p\u0159evzaty i v akkadsk\u00fdch textech: \u0160ama\u0161 je synem Sina a bratrem I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>Pozoruhodn\u00e9 je postaven\u00ed slunce jako d\u00edt\u011bte m\u011bs\u00edce. V mnoha jin\u00fdch mytologi\u00edch plat\u00ed naopak slunce za nad\u0159azen\u00e9 nebo star\u0161\u00ed t\u011bleso. Mezopotamsk\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se \u010dasto vysv\u011btluje t\u00edm, \u017ee b\u016fh m\u011bs\u00edce v Uru m\u011bl obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 star\u00fd a presti\u017en\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>.<\/p><p>Genealogie tak odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e d\u011bjiny kultovn\u00edch center ne\u017e systematickou astronomii. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je i z\u00e1pis jm\u00e9na: slune\u010dn\u00ed znak mohl b\u00fdt \u010dten jak sumersky jako Utu, tak akkadsky jako \u0160ama\u0161, tak\u017ee texty \u010dasto nech\u00e1vaj\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9, jakou jazykovou formu m\u011bl p\u00edsa\u0159 na mysli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce: b\u016fh slunce v bad\u00e1n\u00ed o star\u00e9m Orientu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 pat\u0159\u00ed k bo\u017estv\u016fm, kter\u00e1 se d\u00edky rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kl\u00ednov\u00e9ho p\u00edsma v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed vr\u00e1tila do pov\u011bdom\u00ed odborn\u00edk\u016f pom\u011brn\u011b brzy.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>St\u00e9la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 nebo d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska s n\u00e1pisem \u010di reli\u00e9fem.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span> <em>Codexu Hammurapi<\/em>, objeven\u00e1 v letech 1901 a 1902 francouzskou expedic\u00ed v S\u00fas\u00e1ch, proslavila zobrazen\u00ed sed\u00edc\u00edho boha s paprsky vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi z ramen jako jedno z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vyobrazen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho Orientu. Objevuje se v bezpo\u010dtu odborn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edru\u010dek a dodnes utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed popul\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159edstavu o mezopotamsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p>Ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 diskusi dlouho st\u00e1la v pop\u0159ed\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, jak \u00fazce byl mezopotamsk\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed kult spojen s pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi p\u0159edstavami a zda tato souvislost ovlivnila i sousedn\u00ed kultury.<\/p><p>Religionist\u00e9 diskutovali paralely s pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi metaforami sv\u011btla v z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00fdch a biblick\u00fdch textech, nap\u0159\u00edklad tam, kde je spravedlnost a sp\u00e1sa p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1na k vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmu slunci. Takov\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159eba prov\u00e1d\u011bt opatrn\u011b, proto\u017ee podobn\u00e9 metafory mohou vznikat nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b, av\u0161ak mezopotamsk\u00fd n\u00e1lez je d\u00edky mno\u017estv\u00ed pramen\u016f obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b dob\u0159e dolo\u017een.<\/p><p>Pro modern\u00ed zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00ed jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed edice hymn\u016f a modliteb, mezi nimi velk\u00e1 \u0160ama\u0161ova hymna, dochovan\u00e1 v n\u011bkolika textov\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00edch, kter\u00e1 boha ob\u0161\u00edrn\u011b op\u011bvuje jako v\u0161evidouc\u00edho str\u00e1\u017ece spravedlnosti.<\/p><p>Byla opakovan\u011b p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1na a komentov\u00e1na a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jeden z nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f Mezopot\u00e1mie. Kdo se zaj\u00edm\u00e1 o mezopotamsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>, m\u016f\u017ee od \u0160ama\u0161e p\u0159ej\u00edt k p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm postav\u00e1m, nap\u0159\u00edklad k jeho otci <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145562\">Sinovi<\/a> nebo k jeho sest\u0159e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145326\">I\u0161tar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145326\">I\u0161tar, sestra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145242\">Marduk, nad\u0159azen\u00fd v novobabylonsk\u00e9m panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145109\">Mezopot\u00e1mie, p\u0159ehled panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145234\">Vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estva, podkategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145205\">Bohov\u00e9, p\u0159ehled t\u0159\u00edd<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo \u201eShamash\u201c).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 b\u016fh Slunce a str\u00e1\u017ece spravedlnosti","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fd b\u016fh Slunce a str\u00e1\u017ece spravedlnosti. 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