{"id":145300,"date":"2026-09-03T16:29:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145300"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:52:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:52:19","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145300\" class=\"elementor elementor-145300 elementor-2006 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, soudce zatracen\u00fdch a vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma O je b\u016fh japonsk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p><strong>Soudce zatracen\u00fdch, vl\u00e1dce buddhistick\u00e9ho podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ Bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu dan\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00fd prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145186\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japon\u0161t\u00ed \u0161intoisti\u010dt\u00ed kami a buddhistick\u00fd sv\u011bt y\u014dkai.\">Japonsko<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145235\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bohov\u00e9 podsv\u011bt\u00ed a smrti, vl\u00e1dci onoho sv\u011bta, soudci mrtv\u00fdch, pr\u016fvodci du\u0161\u00ed.\">Bo\u017estvo smrti<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1732\" alt=\"Enma-o\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prvn\u00ed pohled: Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d je v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e1 podoba indick\u00e9ho Jamy, kter\u00fd se p\u0159es \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1nga dostal do \u0161koly tendai. V v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9m buddhismu je dokumentov\u00e1n zhruba od 8. stolet\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky \u0161kol\u00e1m tendai a \u0161ingon. Jako p\u0159edseda deseti pekeln\u00fdch soudc\u016f (J\u016b\u014d) rozhoduje sedm\u00fd den po smrti o osudu du\u0161e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 prameny o Enma-\u014d poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z konce 8. a po\u010d\u00e1tku 9. stolet\u00ed a jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159enosu buddhistick\u00fdch pekeln\u00fdch kosmologi\u00ed z \u010c\u00edny. D\u00edlo <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (asi 822) obsahuje ran\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, v nich\u017e Enma-\u014d vysl\u00fdch\u00e1 zem\u0159el\u00e9.<\/p><p>Ve 12. stolet\u00ed se ustaluje syst\u00e9m deseti pekeln\u00fdch soudc\u016f s Enma-\u014d v \u010dele; standardn\u00ed ikonografick\u00fd reperto\u00e1r (koruna, temn\u00e1 k\u016f\u017ee, zrcadlo, psac\u00ed deska) vznik\u00e1 v obdob\u00ed Kamakura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Enma-\u014d bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno po cel\u00e9m buddhistick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, od velk\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch m\u011bst Kj\u00f3to a Nara a\u017e po venkovsk\u00e1 poutn\u00ed m\u00edsta.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00fd byl jeho obraz v buddhistick\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch s\u00edn\u00edch, kde m\u011bly sochy pekeln\u00e9ho soudce v\u00e9st \u017eiv\u00e9 k etick\u00e9 sebereflexi. Lidov\u00e9 divadlo si tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> osvojilo od 14. stolet\u00ed; Enma-\u014d se pravideln\u011b objevuje ve hr\u00e1ch n\u00f3 a kabuki jako postava ne\u00faplatn\u00e9ho soudu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religionistick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum Enma-\u014d vych\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0161irok\u00e9 pramenn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny: kanonick\u00fdch buddhistick\u00fdch s\u00fater v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu, tendai-buddhistick\u00fdch sb\u00edrek setsuwa, ikonografick\u00fdch obrazov\u00fdch tabul\u00ed (J\u016b\u014d-zu) a lidov\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed otogi-z\u014dshi. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla vznikaj\u00ed v r\u00e1mci region\u00e1ln\u00ed religi\u00f3zn\u00ed etnologie a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho buddhologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu; kur\u00e1torovan\u00e1 bibliografie k jednotliv\u00fdm postav\u00e1m je v lexikonu pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b dopl\u0148ov\u00e1na.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d je zobrazov\u00e1n jako obrovsk\u00e1, svalnat\u00e1 postava s temn\u011b rudou nebo modro\u010dernou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed. Jeho vlasy ho\u0159\u00ed plamenem, o\u010di mu \u017ehnou jako rozp\u00e1len\u00e9 uhl\u00edky. Nos\u00ed roucho zdoben\u00e9 brok\u00e1tem a sed\u00ed na vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9m tr\u016fnu.<\/p><p>V rukou dr\u017e\u00ed soudcovsk\u00fd me\u010d (<em>kensaku<\/em>) a \u010dasto velk\u00fd rejst\u0159\u00edk nebo svitek se z\u00e1pisem karmy ka\u017ed\u00e9 du\u0161e. Symboly jsou pekeln\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci (<em>oni<\/em>), \u0159eka zatracen\u00fdch a r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b podsv\u011bt\u00ed pod jeho vl\u00e1dou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povahov\u00e9 rysy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 ka\u017edou du\u0161i bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po smrti. V posmrtn\u00e9m soudu vystupuj\u00ed jako \u017ealobci lai\u010dt\u00ed duchovn\u00ed nebo vlastn\u00ed zl\u00e9 skutky zem\u0159el\u00e9ho, zat\u00edmco rejst\u0159\u00edk nel\u017ee. Enma-\u014d nevyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1, pouze vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 rozsudek. Jeho rozhodnut\u00ed ur\u010duje dal\u0161\u00ed znovuzrozen\u00ed v r\u00e1mci \u0161esti oblast\u00ed existence (<em>Rokud\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>Jeho panstv\u00ed nen\u00ed pouh\u00fdm trestem, n\u00fdbr\u017e karmick\u00fdm vyrovn\u00e1n\u00edm: kamenit\u00e1 cesta, vrouc\u00ed olej nebo n\u00e1vrat v podob\u011b hladov\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezt\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">ducha<\/span>. Ve \u0161kole tendai jsou v m\u00edstn\u00edch chr\u00e1mech udr\u017eov\u00e1ny mal\u00e9 svatyn\u011b zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 Enma-\u014d, \u010dasto se sochami <em>Jiz\u014d<\/em> vedle nich, kter\u00e9 symbolizuj\u00ed pomoc zatracen\u00fdm d\u011btem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O je v japonsk\u00e9m buddhismu soudcem mrtv\u00fdch, kter\u00fd posuzuje zem\u0159el\u00e9 podle jejich skutk\u016f. B\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n jako hn\u011bviv\u00fd hodnost\u00e1\u0159 v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9m od\u011bn\u00ed se soudcovskou \u010dapkou a \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed deskou. Jeho podoba spojuje indick\u00e9, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 a japonsk\u00e9 vrstvy tradice do samostatn\u00e9 postavy lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry a chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fvod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O je japonsko-buddhistickou adaptac\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Yanluo, jeho\u017e ko\u0159eny sahaj\u00ed k indick\u00e9mu <em>Yamovi<\/em>, v\u00e9dsk\u00e9mu bohu smrti a prvn\u00edmu smrteln\u00edkovi (Rgv\u00e9d 10.14). S \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhismu p\u0159es st\u0159edn\u00ed Asii se koncept Yamy dostal v 6.\u20138. stolet\u00ed do \u010c\u00edny, kde se d\u00e1le rozvinul v Yanluo Wanga, kr\u00e1le deseti pekel.<\/p><p>V 9.\u201310. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ejal japonsk\u00fd buddhismus tento syst\u00e9m s <em>J\u016b\u014d<\/em> (deseti kr\u00e1li). Enma-O v t\u00e9to \u0159ad\u011b zauj\u00edm\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska se zde spojila indick\u00e1 karmick\u00e1 nauka, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd koncept \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed byrokracie a japonsk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O se v Japonsku v\u011bnovali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se ob\u00e1vali o osud zem\u0159el\u00fdch a cht\u011bli si prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f a vzpom\u00ednkov\u00fdch slavnost\u00ed vymoci p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd rozsudek. Jeho postava z\u00e1rove\u0148 slou\u017eila mravn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b: rodi\u010de a chr\u00e1my stav\u011bli d\u011btem p\u0159ed o\u010dima p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9ho soudce, nap\u0159\u00edklad prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00e9 hrozby, \u017ee Enma vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1 lh\u00e1\u0159\u016fm jazyk. Chr\u00e1my se sochami Enma, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Kj\u00f3tu a Tokiu, byly a st\u00e1le jsou m\u00edstem, kam lid\u00e9 chod\u00ed prosit za zem\u0159el\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikonograficky je Enma-O zobrazov\u00e1n jako d\u011bsiv\u00fd star\u00fd mu\u017e s dlouh\u00fdm \u010dern\u00fdm vousem, temnou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed a ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edma o\u010dima. Nos\u00ed roucho \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka z dynastie Tang s c\u00edsa\u0159skou korunou (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>V rukou dr\u017e\u00ed Zlatou knihu \u017eivota (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), v n\u00ed\u017e jsou zaznamen\u00e1ny v\u0161echny karmick\u00e9 skutky, a \u017eezlo nebo psac\u00ed \u0161t\u011btec. P\u0159ed jeho tribun\u00e1lem stoj\u00ed poslov\u00e9 <em>Ni\u016b-T\u014d<\/em> (B\u00fd\u010d\u00ed hlava) a <em>Ba-Mien<\/em> (Ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159) i p\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd sekret\u00e1\u0159. Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 malby (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em> z obdob\u00ed Edo) jej zobrazuj\u00ed obklopen\u00e9ho pekeln\u00fdmi v\u00fdjevy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsobnost<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsobnosti:<\/strong> Enma-O je univerz\u00e1ln\u00edm soudcem v\u0161ech zem\u0159el\u00fdch, sedm\u00fd z 49 dn\u016f po smrti (49. den po smrti) je dnem, kdy p\u0159ed jeho tribun\u00e1lem prob\u00edh\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed karmy. Rozhoduje o znovuzrozen\u00ed v jednom ze \u0161esti sv\u011bt\u016f (bohov\u00e9, polobozi, lid\u00e9, zv\u00ed\u0159ata, hladov\u00ed duchov\u00e9, pekla).<\/p><p>Jeho rozsudek nen\u00ed sv\u00e9voln\u00fd, ale striktn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 karm\u011b (<em>dharmatick\u00fd<\/em>). \u017div\u00ed ho uct\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 kv\u016fli zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed karmy zem\u0159el\u00fdch. V zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch oblastech Japonska je uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako ochrann\u00fd b\u016fh p\u0159ed ne\u010dekanou smrt\u00ed a jako pomocn\u00edk p\u0159i komplikovan\u00fdch porodech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Symboly: Zlat\u00e1 kniha \u017eivota (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), psac\u00ed brk, me\u010d, zrcadlo pravdy (<em>j\u014dhari no kagami<\/em>), v tomto zrcadle se zobraz\u00ed v\u0161echny \u017eivotn\u00ed skutky jako obrazy. Jeho apotropaikon: konjakov\u00e9 pokrmy jsou mu nab\u00edzeny jako obl\u00edben\u00e9 j\u00eddlo (edsk\u00e1 tradice); Enma-omamori z \u010derven\u00e9ho hedv\u00e1b\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed ne\u010dekanou smrt\u00ed a karmick\u00fdmi nemocemi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely Enmy-O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum popisuje Enmu-O jako japonskou podobu soudn\u00ed postavy, kter\u00e1 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila p\u0159es Indii a \u010c\u00ednu. Ve v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch textech je Jama prvn\u00edm smrteln\u00edkem a p\u00e1nem \u0159\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00fdch, v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m buddhismu se z n\u011bj st\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u00e1t\u00fd z Deseti pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f. Japonsko p\u0159evzalo tento soudn\u00ed model spolu s p\u0159edstavou mezistav\u016f po smrti, v nich\u017e mohou poz\u016fstal\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pam\u011btn\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f zas\u00e1hnout ve prosp\u011bch zem\u0159el\u00fdch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apotropaick\u00e9 a devo\u010dn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-\u00f3 (jap. \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) je japonsko-buddhistickou adaptac\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Jen-luoa a indick\u00e9ho Jamy. Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 v mnoha japonsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch Enmovi (Genkaku-d\u017ei v Tokiu, Inn-d\u017ei v Kj\u00f3tu, Enn\u00f3-d\u017ei v Kamaku\u0159e). Hlavn\u00edm dnem praxe je 16. den 1. a 7. m\u011bs\u00edce (<em>Enmasai<\/em>), kter\u00fd je branou do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd podnik\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensky motivovanou cestu na svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">Poutn\u00edci<\/span> p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed pokrmy z konjaku (Enmovo obl\u00edben\u00e9 j\u00eddlo podle tradice z obdob\u00ed Edo), modlitby za zesnul\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 a prosby o zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed karmy (srov. Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>S\u00fatry a vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p><em>D\u017e\u00fa\u00f3-kj\u00f3<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu nau\u010dn\u00fd text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> deseti kr\u00e1l\u016f) je hlavn\u00ed liturgick\u00fd text. Buddhisti\u010dt\u00ed mni\u0161i recituj\u00ed Srdcovou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu nau\u010dn\u00fd text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatru<\/span> se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00faklonami v\u011bnovan\u00fdmi Enmovi. V obdob\u00ed Edo (17.\u201319. stol.) se uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Enmy v lidov\u00e9m buddhismu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo d\u00edky obr\u00e1zkov\u00fdm knih\u00e1m (<em>jigoku-z\u00f3\u0161i<\/em>, svitky pekla).<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-omamori (ochrann\u00e9 amulety s Enmov\u00fdm obrazem) z Enmov\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f, obvykle z \u010derven\u00e9 l\u00e1tky se zlatou v\u00fd\u0161ivkou. Go\u00f3h\u00f3in (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 s\u00edly Buddhy Jaku\u0161iho) se nos\u00ed proti nemocem zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm karmou. Ikonografick\u00e1 tabule deseti pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f (<em>D\u017e\u00fa\u00f3-zu<\/em>) se zav\u011b\u0161uje na buddhistick\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed olt\u00e1\u0159e jako p\u0159\u00edprava na smrt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O poch\u00e1z\u00ed z indick\u00e9ho boha smrti Jamy, kter\u00fd se s buddhismem dostal do \u010c\u00edny, kde byl jako Jan-luo Wang za\u0159azen do syst\u00e9mu Deseti pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f. Tato \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 podoba p\u0159i\u0161la s buddhistick\u00fdmi \u0161kolami do Japonska a stala se tam Enmou-O. Podobn\u00e9 soudn\u00ed postavy z\u00e1hrob\u00ed znaj\u00ed i jin\u00e9 kultury, nap\u0159\u00edklad egyptsk\u00fd Osiris p\u0159i posmrtn\u00e9m soudu nebo korejsk\u00fd Yeomra, kter\u00fd poch\u00e1z\u00ed z t\u00e9\u017ee buddhistick\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cesta indick\u00e9ho bo\u017estva do Japonska<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-o, vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed a soudce mrtv\u00fdch v japonsk\u00e9m buddhismu, je kone\u010dn\u00fdm \u010dl\u00e1nkem dlouh\u00e9 pouti. Jeho p\u016fvod le\u017e\u00ed ve v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 Indii, kde byl <em>Jama<\/em> uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako prvn\u00ed smrteln\u00edk a t\u00edm i jako kr\u00e1l mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm buddhismu se tato postava dostala do \u010c\u00edny, kde byla jako <em>Jan-luo<\/em> zabudov\u00e1na do syst\u00e9mu podsv\u011btn\u00edch soud\u016f, a odtud p\u0159es Koreu do Japonska. Japonsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no <em>Enma<\/em> je hlasovou adaptac\u00ed sanskrtsk\u00e9ho <em>Jama<\/em>, p\u0159\u00edpona <em>o<\/em> znamen\u00e1 kr\u00e1l.<\/p><p>S ka\u017edou zast\u00e1vkou se postava prom\u011b\u0148ovala. Indick\u00fd Jama byl p\u016fvodn\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e vl\u00e1dcem \u0159\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00fdch ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdm soudcem.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00edn\u011b se slou\u010dil s byrokratickou p\u0159edstavou z\u00e1hrobn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, kter\u00e1 prov\u011b\u0159uje \u017eivot ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zem\u0159el\u00e9ho, vy\u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1v\u00e1 jej a rozhoduje o jeho znovuzrozen\u00ed. Toto \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 pojet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zobrazuje z\u00e1hrob\u00ed jako \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed apar\u00e1t s akty, p\u00edsa\u0159i a soudn\u00edmi dvory, japonsk\u00fd buddhismus z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159evzal.<\/p><p>V Japonsku byl Enma-o pevn\u011b zapojen do lidov\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">zbo\u017enosti<\/span>. Objevuje se v k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00edch, v chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 malb\u011b a v u\u010debn\u00edch textech jako instance, p\u0159ed n\u00ed\u017e mus\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk po smrti slo\u017eit po\u010det. Na rozd\u00edl od abstraktn\u00edho pojmu karmick\u00e9 odplaty mu dal tv\u00e1\u0159, konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed, oslovitelnou a d\u011bsivou postavu.<\/p><p>V\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdznam t\u00e9to pouti spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee na Enmovi-o lze sledovat, jak se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed p\u0159es jazykov\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed hranice a p\u0159i tom se poka\u017ed\u00e9 znovu zabarvuje. Japonsk\u00fd soudce mrtv\u00fdch v sob\u011b nese vrstvy t\u0159\u00ed kultur, indick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 byrokratizace a japonsk\u00e9ho lidov\u011b-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deset kr\u00e1l\u016f podsv\u011bt\u00ed a posmrtn\u00fd soud<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V \u010d\u00ednsky ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m buddhismu, kter\u00fd se dostal do Japonska, nen\u00ed Enma-o jedin\u00fdm vl\u00e1dcem posmrtn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, ale je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kolegia.<\/p><p>Syst\u00e9m deseti kr\u00e1l\u016f podsv\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl vypracov\u00e1n v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bku a do Japonska se dostal prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obrazov\u00fdch svitk\u016f a text\u016f, p\u0159i\u0159azuje ka\u017ed\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr a ur\u010dit\u00fd okam\u017eik po smrti. Zem\u0159el\u00fd proch\u00e1z\u00ed t\u011bmito dvory v pevn\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m sledu, v ur\u010dit\u00e9 dny po smrti a p\u0159i v\u00fdro\u010d\u00edch.<\/p><p>Enma-o zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v tomto syst\u00e9mu v\u00fdsadn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. B\u00fdv\u00e1 zpravidla p\u00e1t\u00fdm z deseti kr\u00e1l\u016f, jeho soud se kon\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fd p\u00e1t\u00fd den po smrti a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z nich. P\u0159ed jeho tribun\u00e1lem jsou \u010diny zem\u0159el\u00e9ho zkoum\u00e1ny zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fkladn\u011b.<\/p><p>K v\u00fdbav\u011b jeho soudu pat\u0159\u00ed pevn\u00e9 ikonografick\u00e9 prvky. Enma-o vede rejst\u0159\u00edky, v nich\u017e je zaznamen\u00e1n ka\u017ed\u00fd dobr\u00fd i \u0161patn\u00fd skutek. Po jeho boku stoj\u00ed pomocn\u00edci, japonsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> zn\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad postavu, kter\u00e1 nese na ty\u010d\u00edch lidem podobn\u00e9 hlavy, jednu s hn\u011bviv\u00fdm a jednu s klidn\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem, je\u017e ukazuj\u00ed povahu zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.<\/p><p>Slavn\u00fdm rekvizitou je zrcadlo du\u0161e, v n\u011bm\u017e mrtv\u00fd spat\u0159\u00ed sv\u016fj \u017eivot a sv\u00e9 h\u0159\u00edchy nezkreslen\u011b odra\u017een\u00e9, tak\u017ee le\u017e je nemo\u017en\u00e1.<\/p><p>Tento soudn\u00ed syst\u00e9m m\u011bl z\u0159etelnou pastor\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci. Zakl\u00e1dal praxi vzpom\u00ednkov\u00fdch ob\u0159ad\u016f za mrtv\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se konaj\u00ed v pevn\u00fdch intervalech po smrti.<\/p><p>Poz\u016fstal\u00ed mohli ob\u0159ady a p\u0159enosem z\u00e1sluh ovlivnit p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b pr\u016fchod zem\u0159el\u00e9ho skrze deset dvor\u016f. Enma-o tak nebyl jen postavou hr\u016fzy, ale byl uzlov\u00fdm bodem cel\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiky mezi \u017eiv\u00fdmi a mrtv\u00fdmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografie a chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 obrazy soudc\u016f pekla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed Enma-\u00f3a se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed pevnou konvenc\u00ed odvozenou z \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho vzoru. Objevuje se jako kr\u00e1l nebo vysok\u00fd \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk, \u010dasto v \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9m rouchu \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho hodnost\u00e1\u0159e s charakteristickou korunou nebo pokr\u00fdvkou hlavy, na n\u00ed\u017e se \u010dasto vyskytuje znak pro slovo kr\u00e1l.<\/p><p>Jeho tv\u00e1\u0159 b\u00fdv\u00e1 zpravidla hn\u011bviv\u011b zrudl\u00e1, s vyt\u0159e\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdma o\u010dima a temn\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem, jen\u017e vyjad\u0159uje nesmi\u0159itelnou p\u0159\u00edsnost.<\/p><p>Takov\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v mnoha japonsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech, \u010dasto jako sochy um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 ve vlastn\u00ed s\u00edni, tzv. Enmov\u011b s\u00edni. Slavn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edklady jsou sochy Enmy v chr\u00e1mech v okol\u00ed Kj\u00f3ta a Kamakury.<\/p><p>Enma-\u00f3 je \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1n obklopen ostatn\u00edmi dev\u00edti kr\u00e1li nebo zasazen do rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edho vyobrazen\u00ed pekla. Japonsk\u00e1 obrazov\u00e1 tradice <em>jigoku-e<\/em>, tedy obraz\u016f pekla, zobrazuje drastick\u00fdmi sc\u00e9nami tresty podsv\u011bt\u00ed a stav\u00ed Enma-\u00f3a na jejich po\u010d\u00e1tek jako soud\u00edc\u00ed instanci.<\/p><p>Ikonograficky v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 tradice spojuje Enma-\u00f3a s b\u00f3dhisattvou D\u017eiz\u00f3em. V japonsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">zbo\u017enosti<\/span> plat\u00ed D\u017eiz\u00f3 za milosrdn\u00e9ho zachr\u00e1nce, kter\u00fd stoj\u00ed p\u0159i bytostech v pekle.<\/p><p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 texty a obrazy dokonce ch\u00e1pou Enma-\u00f3a a D\u017eiz\u00f3a jako dva aspekty t\u00e9\u017ee skute\u010dnosti, p\u0159\u00edsnou a milosrdnou str\u00e1nku, kter\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed, aby p\u0159ivedly zesnul\u00e9ho k n\u00e1prav\u011b a p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9mu znovuzrozen\u00ed. Toto spojen\u00ed zm\u00edr\u0148uje d\u011bsivou povahu soudce a zasazuje jej do sp\u00e1sn\u011b orientovan\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>.<\/p><p>Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 obrazy m\u011bly v\u00fdchovnou funkci. Kazatel\u0161t\u00ed mni\u0161i je pou\u017e\u00edvali, aby laik\u016fm uk\u00e1zali n\u00e1sledky \u0161patn\u00fdch skutk\u016f. Zrudl\u00fd, hn\u011bviv\u00fd Enma-\u00f3 tak slou\u017eil jako u\u010debn\u00ed pom\u016fcka, kter\u00e1 abstraktn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed o karm\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bla do v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho, d\u011bsiv\u00e9ho obrazu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e a v modern\u00ed kultu\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-o se stal, nad r\u00e1mec kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f, pevnou postavou japonsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry. Jeho jm\u00e9no se dostalo do ust\u00e1len\u00fdch r\u010den\u00ed a v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch napomenut\u00ed.<\/p><p>Rodi\u010de varovali d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 lhaly, \u017ee jim Enma-o vytrhne jazyk, hrozba, kterou znaly mnoh\u00e9 oblasti Japonska. Soudce mrtv\u00fdch se tak stal instanc\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed mravn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e d\u00edt\u011b v\u016fbec vstoupilo do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budova, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span>.<\/p><p>V ur\u010dit\u00e9 dny v roce, tradi\u010dn\u011b na ja\u0159e a v pozdn\u00edm l\u00e9t\u011b, se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech konaly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pobo\u017enosti p\u0159ed sochami Enmy, p\u0159i nich\u017e se otev\u00edraly chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 s\u00edn\u011b a v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed mohli spat\u0159it jinak uzam\u010den\u00e9 sochy. Takov\u00e9 zvyky dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Enma-o nebyl jen liter\u00e1rn\u00ed nebo doktrin\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou, ale p\u0159edm\u011btem \u017eiv\u00e9ho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a strachu.<\/p><p>V modern\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Enma-o mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd. Objevuje se v mang\u00e1ch, anim\u011b, videohr\u00e1ch a filmech, jednou jako d\u011bsiv\u00fd protivn\u00edk, jinde v komick\u00e9m pojet\u00ed jako p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00fd \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Toto popul\u00e1rn\u011b kulturn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u00e1do zd\u016fraz\u0148uje pr\u00e1v\u011b byrokratickou str\u00e1nku postavy, kr\u00e1le, kter\u00fd spolu se spisy, raz\u00edtky a pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdmi vede obrovsk\u00fd posmrtn\u00fd spr\u00e1vn\u00ed apar\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Tato trvalost je v\u011bdecky zaj\u00edmav\u00e1. Enma-o dok\u00e1zal p\u0159ej\u00edt od n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00fdchovn\u00e9 postavy k obecn\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed postav\u011b, ani\u017e by ztratil svou podstatu. I v humorn\u00e9m zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u00edm, kdo rozhoduje o pr\u00e1vu a bezpr\u00e1v\u00ed pro\u017eit\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Tato postava dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, jak hluboko se buddhistick\u00e1 p\u0159edstava soudu mrtv\u00fdch vryla do japonsk\u00e9 kultury a jak se nech\u00e1 znovu a znovu vypr\u00e1v\u011bt, od chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 s\u00edn\u011b a\u017e po d\u011btskou knihu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145295\">Jama, v\u00e9dsk\u00fd p\u0159edch\u016fdce<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145303\">Jama (buddhismus), p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edch\u016fdce<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145299\">Jan-luo Wang, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd p\u0159edch\u016fdce<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145304\">Yeomra, korejsk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\">Buddhistick\u00e1 tradice, celkov\u00fd kontext<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Japonska, charakteristick\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160intoismu<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (Hg.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Enma-O, soudce mrtv\u00fdch","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d \u2013 soudce mrtv\u00fdch v japonsk\u00e9m buddhismu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vl\u00e1dce japonsk\u00e9ho podsv\u011bt\u00ed Jigoku, spr\u00e1vce karmy a soudce mrtv\u00fdch v buddhistick\u00e9 mytologii Japonska.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145300","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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