{"id":145295,"date":"2026-09-03T16:28:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:28:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145295"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:52:11","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:52:11","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145295\" class=\"elementor elementor-145295 elementor-1997 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, b\u016fh hinduistick\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je b\u016fh hinduistick\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p><strong>Prvn\u00ed smrteln\u00edk, b\u016fh smrti a soudce du\u0161\u00ed.<\/strong> Yama je jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch indick\u00fdch bo\u017estev, nen\u00ed zl\u00fd, ale nevyhnuteln\u00fd jako smrt samotn\u00e1. Jako prvn\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd zem\u0159el, se stal vl\u00e1dcem z\u00e1hrob\u00ed, tzv. *Yamadharma*, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu povinnost a kosmick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d; v buddhismu u\u010den\u00ed Buddhy.\">dharmou<\/span> smrti.<\/p><p>Se svou hol\u00ed (*Danda*) a v\u011brn\u00fdm buvolem *Nandi* proch\u00e1z\u00ed Yama sv\u011bt, zachycuje du\u0161e um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch a p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed je p\u0159ed soud. V hinduismu nen\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9monem<\/span>, ale nezbytnou silou kosmick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury, s jasn\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145168\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduistick\u00e9 sv\u011bty boh\u016f, asur\u016f a ochrann\u00fdch bytost\u00ed, v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 a\u017e tantrick\u00e9.\">Hinduismus<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145235\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bohov\u00e9 podsv\u011bt\u00ed a smrti, vl\u00e1dci onoho sv\u011bta, soudci mrtv\u00fdch, pr\u016fvodci du\u0161\u00ed.\">B\u016fh smrti<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 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data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1731\" alt=\"Yama\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prvn\u00ed pohled: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> hlavn\u00ed hinduisticko-buddhistick\u00e9 bo\u017estvo, soudce mrtv\u00fdch a vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: hinduismus, buddhismus (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Funkce: prvn\u00ed smrteln\u00edk, kter\u00fd za\u017eil smrt; nyn\u00ed soudce v\u0161ech mrtv\u00fdch, p\u00e1n Naraky<br>Hlavn\u00ed atributy: \u010dern\u00fd buvol jako j\u00edzdn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e, kyj (Danda), smy\u010dka (Pasha), kniha mrtv\u00fdch<br>Hlavn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsta: Yamovy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> v Tamiln\u00e1du, tibetsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tery (tanec Cham), Japonsko (Enma-O)<br>Buddhistick\u00e1 identifikace: Yamaraja (i v Tibetu), Enma-O (Japonsko), Yeomra (Korea)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je v <em>Rigv\u00e9d\u011b<\/em> (1200\u2013900 p\u0159. n. l.) dolo\u017een jako prvn\u00ed smrteln\u00edk, ten, kdo jako prvn\u00ed vykro\u010dil na cestu do sv\u011bta mrtv\u00fdch a vl\u00e1dne v n\u011bm. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed epick\u00e9 tradici (<em>Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata<\/em>) se st\u00e1v\u00e1 stroh\u00fdm soudcem mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>V buddhismu byl p\u0159ejat jako <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, s roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm kosmem pekel. V Tibetu je od 8. stolet\u00ed n. l. zn\u00e1m jako Yama-Dharmaraja v panteonech hn\u011bviv\u00fdch bo\u017estev. Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii jako Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, v\u017edy s m\u00edstn\u00edmi \u00fapravami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V Indii jsou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 Jamovi vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, nebo\u0165 tento soudce mrtv\u00fdch je sp\u00ed\u0161e ob\u00e1v\u00e1n ne\u017e kultovn\u011b obl\u00edben. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou chr\u00e1m Jamadharma v Tamiln\u00e1du a Jama-mandiry v Nep\u00e1lu. V Tibetu zauj\u00edm\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00edsto v tane\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159edstaven\u00edch \u010dham v kl\u00e1\u0161terech \u0161koly Gelug (zejm\u00e9na v Depungu, Gand\u00e4nu a Se-\u0159e). V Japonsku stoj\u00ed na ka\u017ed\u00e9m buddhistick\u00e9m h\u0159bitov\u011b socha Enma-\u00f3. V Koreji je zn\u00e1m jako Jomna v \u0161amanistick\u00e9 tradici mu-sok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 prameny: <em>Rigv\u00e9da<\/em> X 14\u201318 (Yama jako prvn\u00ed mrtv\u00fd), <em>Atharvav\u00e9da<\/em>, <em>Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata<\/em> (kniha I, Sabh\u00e1-parva: popis Yama-sabh\u00e1), <em>Markandeja pur\u00e1na<\/em>, <em>Garuda pur\u00e1na<\/em> (popisy pekel). Buddhistick\u00e9: <em>Devadhamma-sutta<\/em>, tibetsk\u00e1 <em>Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/em>. Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatura: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je zobrazov\u00e1n jako zelenoko\u017e\u00fd nebo \u010dervenav\u00fd mu\u017e, \u010dasto v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 zbroji. Nos\u00ed h\u016fl (<em>Danda<\/em>), sv\u016fj atribut trestu a \u0159\u00e1du, a \u010dasto tak\u00e9 smy\u010dku (<em>Pasha<\/em>), kterou zachycuje du\u0161e.<\/p><p>Jeho buvol <em>Nandi<\/em> je jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem; n\u011bkdy jezd\u00ed i na kon\u00edch nebo se m\u00eds\u00ed mezi \u017eiv\u00e9. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ikonografick\u00fdch textech m\u00e1 zelenou nebo \u0161edo\u010dernou tv\u00e1\u0159.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je nezpochybniteln\u00fd soudce. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd podvod mu neujde. Kdy\u017e skon\u010d\u00ed \u017eivot, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed Yama osobn\u011b, nebo jeho posel \u010citragupta vede z\u00e1znamy, aby du\u0161i odvedl. Du\u0161e je pot\u00e9 p\u0159ivedena do <em>Yamal\u00f3ky<\/em>, kde jsou zv\u00e1\u017eeny jej\u00ed skutky (<em>karma<\/em>).<\/p><p>Podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu, buddhismu a d\u017einismu z\u00e1kon p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku skutk\u016f: ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch existenc\u00edch.\">karmy<\/span> n\u00e1sleduje trest (<em>Naraka<\/em>) nebo odm\u011bna (<em>Svarga<\/em>) p\u0159ed dal\u0161\u00edm znovuzrozen\u00edm. Ritu\u00e1ly za zem\u0159el\u00e9 (<em>\u0160raddha<\/em>) maj\u00ed Yamu usm\u00ed\u0159it a urychlit p\u0159echod du\u0161\u00ed do dal\u0161\u00edho \u017eivota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty Yamy na prvn\u00ed pohled. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pole shrnuj\u00ed p\u016fvod, funkci, vzhled, uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, symboly a paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yam\u016fv p\u016fvod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je synem slune\u010dn\u00ed bytosti Vivasvat (Surja) a Saranju, dvoj\u010de Jam\u00ed. V nejstar\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> je prvn\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem, kter\u00fd nalezl smrt, proto t\u00edm, kdo jako prvn\u00ed vykro\u010dil na cestu do sv\u011bta mrtv\u00fdch a nyn\u00ed v n\u011bm vl\u00e1dne.<\/p><p>V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tradic\u00edch \u017eenat\u00fd s Dh\u00famorn\u00e1, m\u00e1 dv\u011b fenky (potomky Saramy) jako str\u00e1\u017ekyn\u011b cesty. Jeho d\u016fm se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na jihu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamova c\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prvn\u00ed mrtv\u00fd, proto kr\u00e1l mrtv\u00fdch. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (kr\u00e1l povinnosti), soudce, kter\u00fd rozhoduje podle karmy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zesnul\u00e9ho. Spr\u00e1vce 21 pekel (Naraka) a nebesk\u00fdch odm\u011bn. V buddhismu form\u00e1ln\u011b str\u00e1\u017ece kosmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch u\u010den\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>) s ohledem na logiku p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku skutk\u016f. V Tibetu jako hn\u011bviv\u00e9 bo\u017estvo je tak\u00e9 ochr\u00e1ncem tradice \u0161koly proti negativn\u00edm sil\u00e1m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yam\u016fv vzhled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V hinduistick\u00e9 tradici: tmav\u00e1 (zelenomodro\u010dern\u00e1) postava s bohatou v\u00fdzdobou, v ruce <em>Danda<\/em> (kyj soudu) a <em>Pasha<\/em> (smy\u010dka, kterou zachycuje du\u0161e), jede na \u010dern\u00e9m buvolovi.<\/p><p>\u010cerven\u00fd od\u011bv. V Tibetu jako <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: hlava buvola, t\u0159i o\u010di, plamenn\u00e1 aureola, kost\u011bn\u00e9 ozdoby, zvln\u011bn\u00e1 koruna z vlas\u016f, v ruce lebe\u010dn\u00ed poh\u00e1r a me\u010d. Doprov\u00e1zen svou sestrou Yam\u00ed a slu\u017eebnickou arm\u00e1dou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsobnosti:<\/strong> V Indii je Yama z\u0159\u00eddka vz\u00fdv\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edmo o ochranu, je ob\u00e1v\u00e1n jako p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fd soudce. V poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ob\u0159adech je v\u0161ak kl\u00ed\u010dovou postavou, poz\u016fstal\u00ed ho pros\u00ed o m\u00edrn\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zesnul\u00fdm.<\/p><p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu p\u0159echodn\u00fd stav mezi dv\u011bma existencemi; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zi po smrti.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodol (Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch) se zesnul\u00e9mu zjevuje ve stavu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu p\u0159echodn\u00fd stav mezi dv\u011bma existencemi; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zi po smrti.\">Bardo<\/span> jako zkou\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed postava. V Japonsku je Enma-O hlavn\u00ed postavou buddhisticko-lidov\u00fdch poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f a je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed na ka\u017ed\u00e9m h\u0159bitov\u011b. V \u010dhamsk\u00fdch tanc\u00edch Tibetu vystupuje jako d\u011bsiv\u00e1 maskovan\u00e1 postava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prost\u0159edky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u010cern\u00fd buvol (j\u00edzdn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e), Danda (kyj), Pa\u0161a (smy\u010dka), Kniha mrtv\u00fdch, Zrcadlo karmy (Karma-Darpana), lebe\u010dn\u00ed poh\u00e1r (tibetsk\u00fd), buvol\u00ed hlava (tibetsk\u00e1), plamenn\u00e1 svatoz\u00e1\u0159, t\u0159et\u00ed oko. Rostliny: \u010dern\u00fd asfodel. Svat\u00fd sm\u011br: jih.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Srovnateln\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (buddhismus), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japonsko), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (\u010c\u00edna, prvn\u00ed z deseti pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f), <em>Hades<\/em> (\u0158ecko, kr\u00e1l podsv\u011bt\u00ed), <em>Pluto<\/em> (\u0158\u00edm), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egypt, pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch + soudce mrtv\u00fdch), <em>Hel<\/em> (germ\u00e1nsk\u00e1 mytologie, vl\u00e1dkyn\u011b podsv\u011bt\u00ed), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (azt\u00e9ck\u00fd). Indoevropsk\u00fd ko\u0159en je patrn\u00fd ve kmeni Yama-Yima-Yumis (v\u00e9dsk\u00fd Yama, avestsk\u00fd Yima, baltsk\u00fd Yumis).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama je uct\u00edv\u00e1n ve v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch dom\u00e1c\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech ob\u011btn\u00edmi dary (havis), ml\u00e9kem, m\u00e1slem a obil\u00edm p\u0159i sv\u00e1tc\u00edch uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f (pinda-d\u00e1n). Rigv\u00e9da 10.14 dokumentuje uct\u00edvac\u00ed formule pro d\u016fstojnou smrt. P\u0159i hinduistick\u00e9m poh\u0159ebn\u00edm ob\u0159adu se p\u0159ed \u017eehem recituje Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, kter\u00e1 se v hinduismu a buddhismu opakovan\u011b recituje.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>. Novodob\u00e1 praxe: meditace u l\u016f\u017eka um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho nebo p\u0159i sv\u00e1tc\u00edch uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f na po\u010dest kr\u00e1le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch u\u010den\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed a vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Klasick\u00e1 Yamova invokace z Rigv\u00e9dy 10.14.1-2: \u201eYame pathivratah &#8230; \u201c, \u201eKr\u00e1\u010det s Yamou ve smyslu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch u\u010den\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span> &#8230;\u201c. Mantry k p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed strachu ze smrti se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v Katha-upani\u0161ad\u011b (dialog Nachiseta s Yamou). Tibetsk\u00e1 tantrologie zahrnuje Yamantaku (p\u0159emo\u017een\u00ed Yamy) do vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed tot\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159esa\u017een\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/strong><\/p><p>Yamovy symboly jsou jako p\u0159enosn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nosen\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00e9mu je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n ochrann\u00fd, ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed odvracej\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, spojen\u00ed je sp\u00ed\u0161e konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed. Historick\u00e9 skarabey v Egypt\u011b, kter\u00e9 nesou paralely s bohem mrtv\u00fdch Anubisem, dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed kulturn\u00ed p\u0159esah. Archeologick\u00e9 doklady uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Yamy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ve v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch textech a n\u00e1pisech v indick\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech ze 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., nikoli jako p\u0159edm\u011btov\u00e9 amulety.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama se podob\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu H\u00e1dovi, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Dis Pater a egyptsk\u00e9mu Osirisovi, v\u0161em boh\u016fm podsv\u011bt\u00ed a soudu.<\/p><p>Se sv\u00fdm \u00fa\u010detn\u00edm \u010citraguptou p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 Yama k\u0159es\u0165anskou p\u0159edstavu svat\u00e9ho Petra s knihou du\u0161\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od z\u00e1padn\u00edch boh\u016f smrti v\u0161ak Yama nen\u00ed zl\u00fdm protivn\u00edkem, n\u00fdbr\u017e kosmick\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edkem, jeho\u017e soud je spravedliv\u00fd a nevyhnuteln\u00fd.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus o prvn\u00edm smrteln\u00edkovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed vrstva indick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> nezn\u00e1 Jamu jako trestaj\u00edc\u00edho soudce, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako prvn\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd zem\u0159el. Des\u00e1t\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kruhov\u00fd diagram, kter\u00fd v hinduismu a buddhismu zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje kosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> <em>Rgv\u00e9du<\/em> obsahuje n\u011bkolik hymn\u016f, kter\u00e9 tuto p\u0159edstavu nesou.<\/p><p>V <em>Rgv\u00e9du<\/em> 10.14 je Jama vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jako ten, kdo jako prvn\u00ed nalezl cestu na onen sv\u011bt a t\u00edm ji otev\u0159el v\u0161em potomk\u016fm. Je zde pova\u017eov\u00e1n za syna slune\u010dn\u00edho boha Vivasvanta, a tedy za p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho samotn\u00e9ho lidsk\u00e9ho rodu.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 hojn\u011b diskutovan\u00fdm hymnem je <em>Rgv\u00e9d<\/em> 10.10, dialog mezi Jamou a jeho dvoj\u010detem, sestrou Jam\u00ed. Jam\u00ed nal\u00e9h\u00e1 na Jamu, aby se s n\u00ed spojil, aby lidsk\u00fd rod p\u0159etrval, av\u0161ak Jama ji odm\u00edt\u00e1 s poukazem na z\u00e1kaz incestu mezi sourozenci a na bd\u00edc\u00ed bohy.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V\u00fdzkum, nap\u0159\u00edklad Stephanie Jamisonov\u00e1 a Joel Brereton ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu Rgv\u00e9du z roku 2014, \u010dte tento hymnus jako \u00favahu o hranic\u00edch dovolen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00fdch vztah\u016f, nikoli jako etiologii lidstva.<\/span><\/p><p>Pozoruhodn\u00e1 je jazykov\u00e1 bl\u00edzkost ke staro\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu Jimovi, kter\u00fd se v <em>Avest\u011b<\/em> rovn\u011b\u017e objevuje jako prvn\u00ed kr\u00e1l a p\u00e1n podzemn\u00edho \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b. Oba n\u00e1zvy vych\u00e1zej\u00ed ze spole\u010dn\u00e9ho indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho ko\u0159ene s v\u00fdznamem dvoj\u010de.<\/p><p>Srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed indoevropeistika, mimo jin\u00e9 v prac\u00edch Bruce Lincolna, v tom spat\u0159uje poz\u016fstatek spole\u010dn\u00e9ho stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9ho a smrteln\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu, v n\u011bm\u017e se prvn\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1rove\u0148 prvn\u00edm mrtv\u00fdm a vl\u00e1dcem p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p><p>Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Jama epos\u016f a pur\u00e1n, kter\u00fd disponuje pekly a veden\u00edm z\u00e1znam\u016f o skutc\u00edch, p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fdrazn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj t\u00e9to ran\u00e9 postavy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamovo kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a z\u00e1znam skutk\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V epick\u00e9 a pur\u00e1nsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se Jama prom\u011b\u0148uje z p\u00e1na bla\u017een\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f ve spr\u00e1vce diferenciovan\u00e9ho onoho sv\u011bta. Jeho s\u00eddlo, <em>Jamaloka<\/em> nebo <em>Jamapura<\/em>, se podle v\u011bt\u0161iny text\u016f nach\u00e1z\u00ed na jihu, proto jih plat\u00ed v ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed geografii za Jamovu sv\u011btovou stranu.<\/p><p><em>Garuda pur\u00e1na<\/em>, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd text pro p\u0159edstavy o smrti a cest\u011b du\u0161e, popisuje putov\u00e1n\u00ed zesnul\u00e9ho p\u0159es \u017ehnouc\u00ed \u0159eku <em>Vaitarani<\/em> a\u017e p\u0159ed Jam\u016fv tr\u016fn.<\/p><p>Po Jamov\u011b boku stoj\u00ed <em>\u010citragupta<\/em>, p\u00edsa\u0159, kter\u00fd zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd skutek \u010dlov\u011bka do registru.<\/p><p>Tato kniha, \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 <em>Agrasandhan\u00ed<\/em>, je p\u0159i smrti p\u0159e\u010dtena a podle jej\u00edho obsahu Jama rozhoduje o dal\u0161\u00ed cest\u011b du\u0161e. \u010citragupta se v severn\u00ed Indii stal praotcem p\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 kasty Kayasth\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed ho ct\u00ed jako sv\u00e9ho p\u0159edka. Zde se ukazuje, jak mytologick\u00e1 postava zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed identitu.<\/p><p>Tresty v Jamov\u00fdch peklech, <em>naraka<\/em>, jsou katalogizov\u00e1ny v <em>Garuda pur\u00e1n\u011b<\/em> a v \u010d\u00e1stech <em>Manusmriti<\/em> a p\u0159i\u0159azeny jednotliv\u00fdm h\u0159\u00edch\u016fm. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161ak je, \u017ee tato pekla podle klasick\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed nejsou v\u011b\u010dn\u00fdmi m\u00edsty.<\/p><p>Jsou to zast\u00e1vky v kolob\u011bhu znovuzrozen\u00ed, a po odpyk\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f \u0161patn\u00fdch skutk\u016f du\u0161e pokra\u010duje ve sv\u00e9 cest\u011b.<\/p><p>Jama je tak m\u00e9n\u011b bohem kone\u010dn\u00e9ho zatracen\u00ed ne\u017e funkcion\u00e1\u0159em kosmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Jeho p\u0159\u00edzvisko <em>Dharmar\u00e1d\u017ea<\/em>, kr\u00e1l <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch u\u010den\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span>, p\u0159esn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje toto: vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0159\u00e1d, nevym\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed ho.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jama v Bhagavadg\u00edt\u011b a Kath\u00f3pani\u0161ad\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dva klasick\u00e9 texty p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed Jamovi roli p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed pouh\u00e9 soudn\u00ed funkce. V <em>Kath\u00f3pani\u0161ad\u011b<\/em> je Jama u\u010ditelem. Mlad\u00fd br\u00e1hman N\u00e1\u010diketas je otcem ve hn\u011bvu zasl\u00edben smrti a t\u0159i dny \u010dek\u00e1 p\u0159ed Jamov\u00fdm domem.<\/p><p>Jako od\u010din\u011bn\u00ed mu Jama poskytne t\u0159i p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. T\u0159et\u00edm je ot\u00e1zka, co se s \u010dlov\u011bkem stane po smrti.<\/p><p>Jama se nejprve sna\u017e\u00ed N\u00e1\u010diketase odl\u00e1kat bohatstv\u00edm a dlouh\u00fdm \u017eivotem, ale jinoch trv\u00e1 na sv\u00e9m. Nakonec ho Jama u\u010d\u00ed rozli\u0161ovat mezi p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdm a prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm a pou\u010duje ho o nesmrteln\u00e9m J\u00e1, <em>\u00e1tmanu<\/em>. Zde je b\u016fh smrti paradoxn\u011b zprost\u0159edkovatelem pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 smrt p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p><p>V <em>Bhagavadg\u00edt\u011b<\/em>, v des\u00e1t\u00e9 kapitole, kde Kri\u0161na vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u00e9 bo\u017esk\u00e9 podoby, o sob\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee je Jamou mezi krotiteli neboli soudci.<\/p><p>T\u00edm je Jama za\u0159azen mezi nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavitele sv\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy. Tento v\u00fdrok zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee Jama v klasick\u00e9m hinduismu nen\u00ed d\u00e9monickou, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u0159\u00e1dnou a legitimn\u00ed moc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato textov\u00e1 tradice siln\u011b ovlivnila religionistick\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed Jamy. Zat\u00edmco popul\u00e1rn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed ho redukuj\u00ed na hr\u016fzu, indologov\u00e9 jako Wendy Doniger zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee Jama v sanskrtsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e vystupuje stejn\u011b tak jako u\u010ditel, jako spravedliv\u00fd a jako nezbytn\u00e1 instance. Smrt v tomto pojet\u00ed nen\u00ed opakem \u0159\u00e1du, n\u00fdbr\u017e jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografie a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed za hranice Indie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed je Jama zpravidla zobrazov\u00e1n s tmavou, \u010dasto zelenou nebo modravou plet\u00ed, od\u011bn\u00fd do \u010derven\u00e9, sed\u00edc\u00ed na buvolovi jako sv\u00e9m j\u00edzdn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159eti.<\/p><p>V rukou nese smy\u010dku, <em>p\u00e1\u0161u<\/em>, kterou vytahuje \u017eivotn\u00ed du\u0161i z t\u011bla, a \u010dasto tak\u00e9 h\u016fl nebo palici, <em>dandu<\/em>. Tyto atributy jsou v chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech a v miniaturn\u00ed malb\u011b st\u00e1l\u00e9 od st\u0159edov\u011bku.<\/p><p>Jako jeden z <em>lokap\u00e1l\u016f<\/em>, str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran, se Jama na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch st\u011bn\u00e1ch chr\u00e1m\u016f pravideln\u011b objevuje na ji\u017en\u00ed stran\u011b.<\/p><p>P\u0159es buddhismus se Jama dostal do Tibetu, \u010c\u00edny, Japonska a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie a p\u0159i tom se prom\u011b\u0148oval. V tibetsk\u00e9 tradici je jako <em>\u0160ind\u017ee<\/em> p\u00e1nem posledn\u00edho soudu nad mrtv\u00fdmi a z\u00e1rove\u0148 objektem vlastn\u00edho pou\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, v n\u011bm\u017e ho b\u00f3dhisattva Man\u0434\u0436u\u0161r\u00ed podma\u0148uje v podob\u011b <em>Jamantaky<\/em>, p\u0159emo\u017eitele Jamy.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00edn\u011b se z n\u011bj stal <em>Jen-luo<\/em>, p\u0159edstaven\u00fd deseti pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f (viz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145299\">Jen-luo<\/a>), v Japonsku <em>Enma<\/em>. Toto putov\u00e1n\u00ed ukazuje, jak se z indick\u00e9ho boha mohl st\u00e1t celoasijsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1zorn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> ne\u00faplatn\u00e9ho posledn\u00edho soudu.<\/p><p>V dne\u0161n\u00ed Indii \u017eije Jama d\u00e1l p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech, v literatu\u0159e o smrti a ve sv\u00e1tku <em>Jama Dvit\u00edja<\/em> neboli <em>Bhai D\u00fad\u017e<\/em>, kter\u00fd navazuje na vztah mezi Jamou a jeho sestrou Jam\u00ed.<\/p><p>Sestra host\u00ed bratra a pros\u00ed za jeho dlouh\u00fd \u017eivot. T\u00edm se v lidov\u00e9m zvyku vrac\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>, kter\u00fd byl zalo\u017een ji\u017e v nejstar\u0161\u00ed v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 hymn\u011b, v dialogu dvoj\u010dat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u011bjiny v\u00fdzkumu a spor o v\u00fdklad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u011bdeck\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed Jamy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v 19. stolet\u00ed evropsk\u00fdm zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00edm <em>Rigv\u00e9dy<\/em>. Ran\u00ed indologov\u00e9 jako Hermann Oldenberg a Abel Bergaigne se sporili o to, zda byl Jama p\u016fvodn\u011b zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm prvn\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem, nebo zda byl od po\u010d\u00e1tku bohem smrti.<\/p><p>Tato debata je \u00fazce spojena s ot\u00e1zkou, jak datovat a \u010d\u00edst hymny 10.10 a 10.14.<\/p><p>Ve 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159esunula srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed indoevropeistika pozornost na vztah mezi Jamou a \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fdm Jimou. Georges Dum\u00e9zil a po n\u011bm dal\u0161\u00ed badatel\u00e9 z toho rekonstruovali indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fd, mo\u017en\u00e1 i indoevropsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> o prvn\u00edm smrteln\u00edkovi, kter\u00fd se stal vl\u00e1dcem mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln ve sv\u00e9 knize <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> argumentoval, \u017ee za Jamou a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi postavami stoj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma stvo\u0159en\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e prvn\u00ed zabit\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u011bt.<\/p><p>Sporn\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, jak siln\u011b je t\u0159eba odd\u011blovat v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho Jamu od pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho pur\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho Jamy. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 vid\u00ed kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdvoj, jin\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed zlom mezi p\u0159edkem-kr\u00e1lem ran\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed a spr\u00e1vcem podsv\u011bt\u00ed klasick\u00fdch text\u016f.<\/p><p>Otev\u0159en\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tak\u00e9 p\u016fvod p\u00edsa\u0159e \u010citragupty, proto\u017ee v nejstar\u0161\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch chyb\u00ed a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159ibyl pozd\u011bji, mo\u017en\u00e1 pod vlivem konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch spole\u010densk\u00fdch skupin. Stav pramen\u016f zde nut\u00ed k opatrnosti: mnoh\u00e9, co je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za pevn\u011b ust\u00e1len\u00fd obraz Jamy, je v\u00fdsledkem stalet\u00e9ho vrstven\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch textov\u00fdch tradic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145246\">Jamar\u00e1d\u017ea, buddhistick\u00e9 p\u0159evzet\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145303\">Jama, soudce mrtv\u00fdch (buddhismus)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145300\">Enma-\u00f3, japonsk\u00e1 forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145304\">Yeomra, korejsk\u00e1 forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145243\">H\u00e1des, \u0159eck\u00e1 paralela<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145168\">Hinduismus, p\u0159ehled panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145235\">Bohov\u00e9 smrti, podkategorie<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&rsquo;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14&ndash;18 (\u010detn\u00e9 p\u0159eklady).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla naleznete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky k Jamovi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Kdo je Jama v buddhismu?<\/h3><p>Jama je v buddhismu vl\u00e1dcem pekeln\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e (Naraka) a soudcem zesnul\u00fdch. Na rozd\u00edl od z\u00e1padn\u00edho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed buddhistick\u00e9 peklo m\u00edstem v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho trestu, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u010dasov\u011b omezen\u00fdm m\u00edstem, kde se prob\u00edh\u00e1 znovuzrozen\u00ed, kdo tam od\u010dinil svou karmu, znovu se narod\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jama vysl\u00fdch\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zem\u0159el\u00e9ho ohledn\u011b jeho \u017eivotn\u00edch skutk\u016f, mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00fd buddhismus zn\u00e1 cel\u00fd dv\u016fr pekeln\u00fdch soudc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed mu pom\u00e1haj\u00ed. Jamovy \u0159\u00ed\u0161e jsou popisov\u00e1ny s nep\u0159edstavitelnou podrobnost\u00ed v buddhistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o struktu\u0159e a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span> (texty abhidharmy).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Jak se Jama v buddhismu li\u0161\u00ed od hinduistick\u00e9ho Jamar\u00e1d\u017ee?<\/h3><p>Ob\u011b postavy sd\u00edlej\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fd p\u016fvod ve v\u00e9dsk\u00e9m Jamovi (Rigv\u00e9da 10,14), prvn\u00edm smrteln\u00edkovi, kter\u00fd se z\u00e1rove\u0148 stal p\u00e1nem mrtv\u00fdch. V hinduismu z\u016fstal Jama centr\u00e1ln\u00edm bohem soudu, kter\u00fd p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 ka\u017edou du\u0161i.<\/p><p>V buddhismu se z Jamy stala mnohotv\u00e1rn\u00e1 postava: v th\u00e9rav\u00e1d\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e jako koncept, v mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u011b a zejm\u00e9na v tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu jako personifikovan\u00fd p\u00e1n pekel s komplexn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obrazov\u00fdch obsaz\u00edch a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi\u00ed<\/span> (\u010dasto s b\u00fd\u010d\u00ed hlavou, aspekt Jamy jako Dharmar\u00e1d\u017ea). V Tibetu b\u00fdvaj\u00ed putuj\u00edc\u00ed demoni\u010dt\u00ed tane\u010dn\u00edci (festival \u010cham) \u010dasto zobrazen\u00edm Jamy.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kdo je Jama v buddhismu?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Jama je v buddhismu vl\u00e1dcem pekeln\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e (Naraka) a soudcem zesnul\u00fdch. Na rozd\u00edl od z\u00e1padn\u00edho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed buddhistick\u00e9 peklo m\u00edstem v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho trestu, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u010dasov\u011b omezen\u00fdm m\u00edstem, kde se prob\u00edh\u00e1 znovuzrozen\u00ed, kdo tam od\u010dinil svou karmu, znovu se narod\u00ed.Jama vysl\u00fdch\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zem\u0159el\u00e9ho ohledn\u011b jeho \u017eivotn\u00edch skutk\u016f, mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00fd buddhismus zn\u00e1 cel\u00fd dv\u016fr pekeln\u00fdch soudc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed mu pom\u00e1haj\u00ed. 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V Tibetu b\u00fdvaj\u00ed putuj\u00edc\u00ed demoni\u010dt\u00ed tane\u010dn\u00edci (festival \u010cham) \u010dasto zobrazen\u00edm Jamy.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 b\u016fh smrti a soudce v hinduismu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, b\u016fh smrti a soudce v hinduismu. H\u016fl a buvol Nandi, Yamaloka, soud podle karmy a v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny. Otec lidsk\u00e9ho rodu.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"hinduismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145295","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama \u2013 b\u016fh smrti a soudce v hinduismu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama, b\u016fh smrti a soudce v hinduismu. H\u016fl a buvol Nandi, Yamaloka, soud podle karmy a v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny. 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