{"id":145256,"date":"2026-09-03T16:28:34","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:28:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145256"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:51:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:51:07","slug":"glosar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/glosar\/","title":{"rendered":"Glos\u00e1\u0159"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145256\" class=\"elementor elementor-145256 elementor-1922 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroff44d80 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"heroff44d80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimgea37f28 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimgea37f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3414\" alt=\"Glos\u00e1\u0159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-h1-1922 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-h1-1922\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-h1w-1922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-h1w-1922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Glos\u00e1\u0159, pojmy t\u0159\u00edd bytost\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00e9<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-restoreh-glossar e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"restoreh-glossar\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-restorei-glossar elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"restorei-glossar\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"442\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-1024x566.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2272\" alt=\"Hintergrund-Kachel f\u00fcr Goetter-Pages, 1200x661 als Tile\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-1024x566.webp 1024w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-300x166.webp 300w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-768x424.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym.webp 1196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-s0 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x404b-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-h0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x404b-h0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Glos\u00e1\u0159<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-s0-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x404b-s0-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-t0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x404b-t0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glos\u00e1\u0159 shroma\u017e\u010fuje kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na iWell Guard, t\u0159\u00eddy bytost\u00ed, subkategorie, metodick\u00e9 koncepty a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed praktick\u00e9 pojmy tradice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> a ochrany. Je zam\u00fd\u0161len jako p\u0159\u00edru\u010dn\u00ed slovn\u00edk, nikoli jako historie pojm\u016f; pokud maj\u00ed pojmy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch tradic\u00edch odli\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy, je zde vyzna\u010den v\u00fdznam z\u00e1vazn\u00fd pro iWell Guard.<\/p><p>Kdo v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku naraz\u00ed na n\u011bjak\u00fd pojem a nev\u00ed, co je j\u00edm m\u00edn\u011bno, najde zde stru\u010dnou definici s odkazem na podrobn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pojmy jsou rozd\u011bleny do t\u0159\u00ed oblast\u00ed: <strong>t\u0159\u00eddy bytost\u00ed<\/strong>, <strong>subkategorie<\/strong> a <strong>praktiky<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Glos\u00e1\u0159 vysv\u011btluje kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy t\u0159\u00edd bytost\u00ed.<\/p><div><h3>Metodick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed glos\u00e1\u0159e<\/h3><p>Glos\u00e1\u0159 na iWell Guard nen\u00ed pouh\u00fdm seznamem pojm\u016f, ale metodick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje religionistick\u00e9 srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dokumentovan\u00fdch bytost\u00ed a praktik. Ka\u017ed\u00fd pojem m\u00e1 jasn\u011b vymezenou defini\u010dn\u00ed funkci: vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed r\u00e1mec za\u0159azen\u00ed, do kter\u00e9ho lze zahrnout jednotliv\u00e9 podrobn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky.<\/p><p>Tvorba pojm\u016f se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed dv\u011bma z\u00e1sadami: zaprv\u00e9 religionistickou tradic\u00ed (Burkert pro \u0159eckou religiozitu, Bott\u00e9ro pro mezopot\u00e1mskou, Schimmel pro isl\u00e1mskou, Eliade pro srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed koncepty), zadruh\u00e9 klasifika\u010dn\u00ed logikou specifickou pro iWell Guard (t\u0159\u00eddy bytost\u00ed, tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0161t\u00edtky, vrstvy ochrann\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, kter\u00e1 se opakovan\u011b pron\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v hinduismu a buddhismu.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantry<\/span>).<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s0 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-h0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-glossar-h0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u0159\u00eddy bytost\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s0-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s0-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-t0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-glossar-t0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b:<\/strong> Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> dan\u00e9 kultury. Bohov\u00e9 maj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9no, definovan\u00e9 p\u016fsobnosti (nebe, v\u00e1lka, smrt, l\u00e1ska, stvo\u0159en\u00ed), pevn\u00e9 atributy (zv\u00ed\u0159ata, rostliny, n\u00e1stroje) a jsou za\u0159azeni v hierarchick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Na iWell Guard je pojem b\u016fh vyhrazen pro vrchol p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice; ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 bytosti jsou klasifikov\u00e1ny jako d\u00e9moni, duchov\u00e9 nebo bytosti sv\u011btla. Viz p\u0159ehled <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145205\">Bohov\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00e9mon<\/span>:<\/strong> Nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 bytost postaven\u00e1 n\u00ed\u017ee ne\u017e bohov\u00e9, v u\u017e\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenskov\u011bdn\u00e9m smyslu zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na \u0161kodu. Pojem pro\u0161el s\u00e9mantick\u00fdm posunem: v \u0159eck\u00e9m <em>daimonion<\/em> byl p\u016fvodn\u011b ambivalentn\u00ed nebo neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed (takto se naz\u00fdval i vnit\u0159n\u00ed hlas S\u00f3krata), v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> a jej\u00edm p\u0159ejat\u00e9m pojet\u00ed je v\u00fdhradn\u011b negativn\u011b zabarven.<\/p><p>Pojem pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me v modern\u00edm, v\u011bdecky b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m smyslu, bytost zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na \u0161kodu, a v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 posuny v\u00fdslovn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00edme v jednotliv\u00fdch popisech. Viz p\u0159ehled <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145108\">D\u00e9moni<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">Duch<\/span>:<\/strong> Bytost spojen\u00e1 se zesnul\u00fdmi, s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi m\u00edsty nebo s prahov\u00fdmi zku\u0161enostmi. Duchov\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto v\u00e1z\u00e1ni na m\u00edsto (pramen, les, h\u0159bitov) nebo na \u010das (hodinov\u00ed duchov\u00e9). Tato t\u0159\u00edda zahrnuje jak zjeven\u00ed zesnul\u00fdch (Yuurei, Edimmu, Preta), tak p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a \u017eiveln\u00e9 bytosti (Rusalka, Kappa, Kobold). Viz p\u0159ehled <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145204\">Duchov\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Bytost sv\u011btla:<\/strong> Duchovn\u00ed pomocn\u00e1 postava z\u00e1padn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrnn\u00fd pojem pro u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed skryt\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 jen zasv\u011bcen\u00fdm.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteriky<\/span>, teosofick\u00e9ho a new-age korpusu, archand\u011bl\u00e9, vzestoupen\u00ed mist\u0159i, vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed bytosti. Tato t\u0159\u00edda je n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historicky mlad\u00e1; star\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti (judaisticko-k\u0159es\u0165ansko-isl\u00e1msk\u00e1 hierarchie archand\u011bl\u016f) jsou zpracov\u00e1ny s plnou pramennou z\u00e1kladnou, nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti (vzestoupen\u00ed mist\u0159i) s explicitn\u00edm upozorn\u011bn\u00edm na teosoficko-modern\u00ed p\u016fvod. Viz p\u0159ehled <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145206\">Bytosti sv\u011btla<\/a>.<\/p><div><h3>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 definice t\u0159\u00edd bytost\u00ed<\/h3><p><strong>Vzestoupen\u00ed mist\u0159i<\/strong>. Souhrnn\u00fd pojem teosoficko-americk\u00e9 tradice lightworker\u016f pro transcendentn\u00ed u\u010ditelsk\u00e9 postavy, kter\u00e9 byly ve 20. stolet\u00ed vypracov\u00e1ny jako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda d\u00edky Helen\u011b Petrovn\u011b Blavatsk\u00e9, Charlesu Webster Leadbeaterovi, Guy Ballardovi a Elizabeth Clare Prophetov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159edstaviteli jsou Saint Germain, El Morya, Kuthumi, Sananda, Maitreya. Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska je tato t\u0159\u00edda modern\u00ed; spojuje v\u00fdchodn\u00ed p\u0159edstavy o b\u00f3dhisattvech se z\u00e1padn\u00ed naukou o and\u011blech a hermetickou alchymi\u00ed do vlastn\u00ed synt\u00e9zy.<\/p><p><strong>Archand\u011bl\u00e9<\/strong>. V judaisticko-k\u0159es\u0165ansko-isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradici nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Bo\u017e\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011bl\u016f<\/span> s vlastn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem. Kanonick\u00fdmi \u010dty\u0159mi jsou Michael, Gabriel, Rafael, Uriel; ve v\u00fdchodopravoslavn\u00e9 a koptsk\u00e9 tradici se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 sedm archand\u011bl\u016f (nav\u00edc Selafiel, Jehudiel, Barachiel).<\/p><p>V judaistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystice<\/span> vystupuje Metatron jako zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postava nad t\u0159\u00eddou archand\u011bl\u016f. V ritualn\u011b-magick\u00e9 tradici jsou archand\u011bl\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0159azeni \u010dty\u0159em sv\u011btov\u00fdm stran\u00e1m, podle tradice Zlat\u00e9ho \u00fasvitu Michael jihu, Gabriel severu, Rafael v\u00fdchodu, Uriel z\u00e1padu.<\/p><p><strong>Lwa a Ori\u0161ov\u00e9<\/strong>. Lwa jsou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchovn\u00ed<\/span> bytosti haitsk\u00e9 vod\u00fa tradice, rozd\u011blen\u00e9 do panteon\u016f Rada (chladn\u00ed, z\u00e1padoafricko-fonsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu) a Petro (horc\u00ed, kreolsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu). Strukturn\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed jsou Ori\u0161ov\u00e9 yorubsk\u00e9 tradice z\u00e1padn\u00ed Afriky a jejich afrobrazilsk\u00e1 adaptace jako Orix\u00e1 v tradici candombl\u00e9.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-glossar-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Podkategorie (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s1-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s1-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-glossar-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estva: Vrcholn\u00e1 bo\u017estva dan\u00e9ho panteonu, Zeus v olympsk\u00e9m, \u00d3din v germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9m, An v sumersk\u00e9m, Re nebo Amon v egyptsk\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estva jsou zpravidla patriline\u00e1rn\u00ed, spojen\u00e1 s atributy nebe a hromu, \u010dasto se stvo\u0159itelskou nebo \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed funkc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Bo\u017estva podsv\u011bt\u00ed: Vl\u00e1dci podsv\u011bt\u00ed, H\u00e1des, Osiris, Hel, Jama. Bo\u017estva podsv\u011bt\u00ed jsou z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 konstantn\u00ed; mnoh\u00e9 kultury rozli\u0161uj\u00ed mezi bo\u017estvem podsv\u011bt\u00ed (s vlastn\u00ed vlada\u0159skou hodnost\u00ed v podsv\u011bt\u00ed) a duchy zem\u0159el\u00fdch (samotn\u00fdmi mrtv\u00fdmi).<\/p><p>Ochrann\u00e1 bo\u017estva: Str\u00e1\u017eci a ochr\u00e1nci osob, m\u00edst, \u0159emesel, Bes jako ochr\u00e1nce t\u011bhotn\u00fdch \u017een v Egypt\u011b, Tych\u00e9\/Fortuna jako ochrann\u00e1 bohyn\u011b m\u011bsta v hel\u00e9nisticko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m prostoru, Inari jako ochrana r\u00fd\u017eov\u00fdch p\u011bstitel\u016f v Japonsku.<\/p><p>Antibohov\u00e9: S\u00edly chaosu a protivn\u00edci, \u010dasto jako protip\u00f3l nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch bo\u017estev, Tiamat v babylonsk\u00e9m m\u00fdtu o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, Apop jako had\u00ed protivn\u00edk Rea, Loki v germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>, M\u00e1ra v buddhistick\u00e9m korpusu.<\/p><p>Duchov\u00e9 zem\u0159el\u00fdch: Duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch, Edimmu (mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fd), Y\u016brei (japonsk\u00fd), Preta (buddhistick\u00fd), Bans\u0161\u00ed (irsk\u00fd). Tato kategorie je nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kulturami zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 bohat\u011b dokumentovan\u00e1.<\/p><p>Vodn\u00ed duchov\u00e9, lesn\u00ed duchov\u00e9, m\u011b\u0148avci: Duchov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody v\u00e1zan\u00ed na ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Vodn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto \u017een\u0161t\u00ed (Rusalka, Nixa, Mami Wata), spojen\u00ed s prameny, \u0159ekami nebo jezery. Lesn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 maj\u00ed \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00edsto ve slovansk\u00fdch a germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch tradic\u00edch (Le\u0161ij, lesn\u00ed panny); m\u011b\u0148avci tvo\u0159\u00ed samostatnou a zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 rozvinutou kategorii v keltsk\u00e9, japonsk\u00e9 a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradici.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Bo\u017e\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">And\u011bl\u00e9<\/span> a archand\u011bl\u00e9: Poslov\u00e9 a hierarchick\u00e9 postavy \u017eidovsko-k\u0159es\u0165ansko-isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice; na iWell Guard jsou vedeni pod bytostmi sv\u011btla, se \u010dty\u0159mi archand\u011bly Michaelem, Gabrielem, Rafaelem, Urielem a Metatronem jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi postavami.<\/p><div><h3>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 podkategorie<\/h3><p><strong>Goetia<\/strong>. Tradice ritu\u00e1ln\u011b-magick\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo vz\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva \u010di mocnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> 72 d\u00e9mon\u016f z Lemegetonu (Mal\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d Salomon\u016fv). Historicky evropsk\u00e1, ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e1, s judaisticko-apokryfn\u00edmi, hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdmi a arabsk\u00fdmi ko\u0159eny.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi edicemi jsou Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (Weyer 1577), Discoverie of Witchcraft (Scot 1584), The Goetia (Mathers\/Crowley 1904) a The Lesser Key of Solomon (Peterson 2001). Podrobn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed nab\u00edz\u00ed souhrnn\u00e1 str\u00e1nka <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145396\">\/goetia\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Vod\u00fan<\/strong>. Haitsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 synt\u00e9za ze z\u00e1padoafrick\u00fdch tradic Fon a Yoruba s kreolsko-karibsk\u00fdmi prvky, vznikl\u00e1 v ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9 diaspo\u0159e otroctv\u00ed. Strukturn\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 jsou santer\u00eda (Kuba), candombl\u00e9 (Braz\u00edlie) a lukum\u00ed (diaspora).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm akademick\u00fdm zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm jsou Maya Deren, <em>Divine Horsemen<\/em> (1953), Karen McCarthy Brown, <em>Mama Lola<\/em> (1991), Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, <em>Haiti and the Truth of Vodou<\/em> (2006). Podrobn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed nab\u00edz\u00ed souhrnn\u00e1 str\u00e1nka <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145392\">\/vodou\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Goetia \/ Lemegeton<\/strong>. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9: Lemegeton ozna\u010duje cel\u00e9 sborn\u00edkov\u00e9 d\u00edlo z p\u011bti knih (Goetia, Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, Ars Notoria); Goetia ozna\u010duje v u\u017e\u0161\u00edm smyslu pouze prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st. V popul\u00e1rn\u00edm pojet\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00ed oba pojmy \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako synonyma, co\u017e je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska nep\u0159esn\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>\u0160emhamfora\u0161<\/strong>. V \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sm\u011br zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystice<\/span> 72m\u00edstn\u00e9 Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no, odvozen\u00e9 ze t\u0159\u00ed ver\u0161\u016f Exodus 14,19 a 21 (ka\u017ed\u00fd ver\u0161 72 p\u00edsmen). Ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sm\u011br \u017eidovsk\u00e9 mystiky s hlavn\u00edmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira a Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">kabale<\/span> (Sefer Raziel ha-Malach, Zohar) je k on\u011bm 72 ver\u0161\u016fm p\u0159i\u0159azeno 72 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Bo\u017e\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011bl\u016f<\/span>, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou v ritu\u00e1ln\u011b-magick\u00e9 tradici (Athanasius Kircher, Eliphas L\u00e9vi, Hermetick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d Zlat\u00e9ho \u00fasvitu) postaveni jako ochrann\u00e1 vrstva proti 72 goetick\u00fdm d\u00e9mon\u016fm.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-glossar-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktiky (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s2-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s2-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-glossar-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Goetie: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> 72 \u0160alamounov\u00fdch d\u00e9mon\u016f podle ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9ho grimo\u00e1ru <em>Lemegeton<\/em>. Goetie je ritu\u00e1ln\u011b magick\u00e1 praxe, kter\u00e1 svou dnes b\u011b\u017enou podobu z\u00edskala v 16.\/17. stolet\u00ed; navazuje na star\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 a arabsk\u00e9 vzory. Podrobn\u011bji viz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145396\">Goetie<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Nekromancie:<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> mrtv\u00fdch za \u00fa\u010delem v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nebo dotazov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tato praxe je dolo\u017eena t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech starov\u011bk\u00fdch st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch (Saul a \u017eena z Endor v 1. Samuelov\u011b, Odysseovo dotazov\u00e1n\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch v Odysseji), proch\u00e1z\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdmi prom\u011bnami a v ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span> je vedena jako samostatn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>\u0160kodliv\u00e1 magie:<\/strong> Lidov\u00e1 magick\u00e1 praxe s c\u00edlem u\u0161kodit jin\u00e9 osob\u011b. P\u0159edstavy jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech kultur\u00e1ch podobn\u00e9 (kletba, svazov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kody prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sympatetick\u00e9 praxe); pr\u00e1vn\u011bhistorick\u00fd a soci\u00e1ln\u011bhistorick\u00fd v\u00fdznam je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b bohat\u011b zdokumentov\u00e1n v evropsk\u00e9m komplexu \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00fdch proces\u016f.<\/p><p><strong>Milostn\u00e1 magie:<\/strong> Lidov\u00e1 magick\u00e1 praxe s c\u00edlem p\u0159im\u011bt jinou osobu k l\u00e1sce nebo k t\u011blesn\u00e9mu spojen\u00ed. I zde jsou praktiky nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kulturami podobn\u00e9 (n\u00e1poj, sv\u00e1zan\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>). Viz p\u0159ehled <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145261\">Milostn\u00e1 magie<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145416\">Sp\u00e1nkov\u00e1 paral\u00fdza<\/a>:<\/strong> Nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kulturami dolo\u017een\u00fd fyziologick\u00fd jev, kter\u00fd je v medijn\u00ed a lidov\u00e9 interpretaci spojov\u00e1n se zjeven\u00edmi inkuba, sukuba nebo m\u00fary. Fenom\u00e9n popisujeme v jednotliv\u00fdch heslech s v\u00fdslovn\u00fdm odkazem na sp\u00e1nkov\u011b medic\u00ednsk\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed i historickou tradici v\u00fdkladu. Viz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145397\">Sukubus<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145398\">Inkubus<\/a>, m\u016fra (v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145141\">Germ\u00e1nsk\u00e1 tradice<\/a>).<\/p><p><strong>Medijn\u00ed informace:<\/strong> Na iWell Guard ozna\u010den\u00ed pro obsahy vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nepoch\u00e1zej\u00ed z historick\u00fdch pramen\u016f, ale byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny medijn\u011b pracuj\u00edc\u00edmi prakti\u010dkami. Tato informace je v\u017edy transparentn\u011b ozna\u010dena jako takov\u00e1 a nikdy se nem\u00eds\u00ed s v\u00fdroky pramen\u016f. Viz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145252\">Medijn\u00ed informace<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Energetick\u00e1 diagnostika:<\/strong> Metodick\u00fd postup pro medijn\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed osoby, m\u00edsta nebo p\u0159edm\u011btu. Metodu popisujeme pod heslem <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145253\">Prov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/a>; nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdecky ov\u011b\u0159ena, ale v r\u00e1mci medijn\u00ed praxe je zaveden\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem.<\/p><p>Schutzanh\u00e4nger: P\u0159enosn\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt k odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdch vliv\u016f. Do t\u00e9to kategorie pat\u0159\u00ed i iWell Guard; podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty existuj\u00ed v mnoha kultur\u00e1ch (p\u0159\u00edv\u011bsek s Pazuzuem proti Lama\u0161tu v Mezopot\u00e1mii, amulety s okem proti u\u0159knut\u00ed ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, mezuzah v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradici). Viz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145209\">O iWell Guard<\/a>.<\/p><p>Kosmick\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed pole: Na iWell Guard ozna\u010den\u00ed pro souhrn medijn\u011b vn\u00edmateln\u00fdch vztah\u016f mezi osobami, m\u00edsty a bytostmi. Pojem nelze ch\u00e1pat p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u011b fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b, ale jako metodick\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro za\u0159azen\u00ed medijn\u00edch vjem\u016f. Viz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145251\">Kosmick\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed pole<\/a>.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe: Souhrnn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, jimi\u017e se \u010dlov\u011bk chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi vlivy, od no\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edv\u011bsku p\u0159es stanoven\u00ed energetick\u00fdch hranic a\u017e po c\u00edlen\u00e9 vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch bytost\u00ed. Ochrannou praxi popisujeme metodicky a bez slib\u016f uzdraven\u00ed; zku\u0161enosti uveden\u00e9 v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145208\">Zku\u0161enosti<\/a> dokumentuj\u00ed rozmanitost jej\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>: Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo meditativn\u00ed praxe p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho osloven\u00ed bytosti, a\u0165 u\u017e je to b\u016fh, archand\u011bl, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo protikladn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> nebo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span>. Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm prvkem t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic i ritu\u00e1ln\u011b magick\u00e9 praxe. Popisujeme je fenomenologicky, ani\u017e bychom je doporu\u010dovali nebo hodnotili; jejich praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u011bc\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotlivce.<\/p><p>Afirmace: Na iWell Guard ozna\u010den\u00ed pro jazykov\u00e9 sebe-p\u0159isouzen\u00ed v r\u00e1mci ochrann\u00e9 praxe (nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201eJsem chr\u00e1n\u011bn\/a&#8220;, \u201eJsem nesen\/a&#8220;). Pojem poch\u00e1z\u00ed z modern\u00ed psychologie a v medijn\u00ed praxi se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako n\u00e1stroj vnit\u0159n\u00edho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Viz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145401\">Afirmace<\/a>.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e1 bibliografie ke glos\u00e1\u0159i:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Eliade, Mircea (Ed.)<\/strong>: <em>The Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan, New York 1987 (16 vols.).<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"font-size:0.9em;opacity:0.85\"><em>Pozn\u00e1mka:<\/em> Tento v\u00fdb\u011br slou\u017e\u00ed k orientaci; podrobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vlastn\u00edm, kur\u00e1torsky sestaven\u00fdm seznamem pramen\u016f.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\n<h2 id=\"fachbegriffe-und-methoden\">Odborn\u00e9 pojmy a metody<\/h2>\n<p>Tato sekce dopl\u0148uje glos\u00e1\u0159 t\u0159\u00edd bytost\u00ed o metodick\u00fd, religionistick\u00fd a odborn\u00fd apar\u00e1t, s n\u00edm\u017e pracuj\u00ed podrobn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky webu. Hesla jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na podle tematick\u00fdch okruh\u016f. Kdo naraz\u00ed na pojem zobrazen\u00fd jako tooltip v textu podrobn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky a chce se dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edc, najde zde podrobn\u00e9 heslo s odkazy na d\u00edla a k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 odkazy.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"quellen-korpus\">Korpus pramen\u016f<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>Lemegeton<\/strong>. Lemegeton, tak\u00e9 <em>Mal\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d \u0160alamoun\u016fv<\/em>, je sborn\u00edkov\u00fd rukopis ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ln\u011b magick\u00e9 tradice ze 17. stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Zahrnuje p\u011bt knih: <em>Goetie<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> 72 d\u00e9mon\u016f), <em>Theurgia-Goetia<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00edch duch\u016f sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran), <em>Ars Paulina<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00e1 poselsk\u00e1 bytost Bo\u017e\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011blsk\u00e1<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> podle planet\u00e1rn\u00edch hodin), <em>Ars Almadel<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> u voskov\u00e9 desti\u010dky) a <em>Ars Notoria<\/em> (pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 praxe, nejstar\u0161\u00ed vrstva ze 13. stolet\u00ed).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Standardn\u00edmi vyd\u00e1n\u00edmi jsou Joseph Peterson, <em>The Lesser Key of Solomon<\/em> (Weiser, 2001), a Stephen Skinner \/ David Rankine, <em>The Goetia of Dr Rudd<\/em> (Golden Hoard Press, 2007). Podrobn\u00fd v\u00fdklad goetick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti najdete na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145396\">\/goetia\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Pseudomonarchia Daemonum<\/strong>. P\u0159\u00edloha k hlavn\u00edmu d\u00edlu Johanna Weyera <em>De praestigiis daemonum<\/em> (Basilej, 1577). Nejstar\u0161\u00ed systematick\u00fd seznam 72 duch\u016f, kter\u00fd pozd\u011bji ve\u0161el do Lemegetonu.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Reginald Scot jej roku 1584 p\u0159elo\u017eil do angli\u010dtiny ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Discoverie of Witchcraft<\/em>. Historick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum (Owen Davies, <em>Grimoires<\/em>, Oxford 2009) vid\u00ed ve Weyerov\u011b seznamu spojnici mezi st\u0159edov\u011bce klerik\u00e1ln\u00ed a ran\u011b novov\u011bce m\u011b\u0161\u0165anskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi\u00ed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145415\">Malleus Maleficarum<\/a> (<a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145415\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Malleus Maleficarum (1486\/87) Heinricha Kramera; u\u010debnice pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic s asi 28 vyd\u00e1n\u00edmi do roku 1669.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Kladivo na \u010darod\u011bjnice<\/a>)<\/strong>. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u\u010debnice ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9ho pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic, sepsan\u00e1 roku 1487 Heinrichem Kramerem (Institorisem) a Jakobem Sprengerem. T\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti: teoretick\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed, praktick\u00e9 pokyny pro inkvizici a syst\u00e9m trest\u016f.<\/p><p>Historick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum (Wolfgang Behringer, Brian Levack) podrobn\u011b zpracoval vliv d\u00edla na st\u0159edov\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00e1 pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pro teologii sukuba a inkuba je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm pramenn\u00fdm textem.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Sefer Jecira<\/strong>. Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 mystick\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradice, vznikl\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mezi 2. a 6. stolet\u00edm n. l. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed text <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Proud \u017eidovsk\u00e9 mystiky s hlavn\u00edmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira a Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">kabaly<\/span> a zav\u00e1d\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed o 22 hebrejsk\u00fdch p\u00edsmenech a 10 sefirot\u00e1ch. Do modern\u00edch jazyk\u016f je p\u0159elo\u017eili a komentovali Ariel Bension, Aryeh Kaplan a Gershom Scholem.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Apokryfon Jan\u016fv<\/strong>. Gnostick\u00fd spis z knihovny v Nag Hamm\u00e1d\u00ed (Codex II,1, Codex III,1, Codex IV,1, Codex Berolinensis 8502). Seps\u00e1n pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ve 2. stolet\u00ed n. l. Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklad gnostick\u00e9 teologie archont\u016f a postavy Jaldabaotha.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed: <em>Nag Hammadi Deutsch<\/em> (Schenke \/ Bethge \/ Kaiser, 2 svazky, de Gruyter, 2001, 2003). Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed o archontech na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto textu najdete na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145224\">\/archonten\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Garuda pur\u00e1na<\/strong>. Hinduistick\u00e1 pur\u00e1na z 8. 10. stolet\u00ed. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd text pro topografii \u0159\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00fdch, jamaduty a karmick\u00fd syst\u00e9m pekel. V hinduistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed praxi se recituje p\u0159i procesu um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. Standardn\u00ed p\u0159eklad: Ernest Wood \/ S. V. Subrahmanyam, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (Sacred Books of the Hindus, 1911).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Atharvav\u00e9da<\/strong>. \u010ctvrt\u00e1 v\u00e9da, asi 1000 p\u0159. n. l. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed systematick\u00fd sborn\u00edk ochrann\u00fdch a zakl\u00ednac\u00edch text\u016f indick\u00e9 tradice. Obsahuje ochrann\u00e9 mantry, l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 formule a ritu\u00e1ly proti nemocn\u00fdm d\u00e9mon\u016fm. Maurice Bloomfield (<em>Hymns of the Atharva Veda<\/em>, 1897) a Klaus Mylius (<em>Geschichte der Literatur im alten Indien<\/em>, 1983) jsou standardn\u00ed reference.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>S\u00e1ga o lidech z Eyru<\/strong>. Islandsk\u00e1 s\u00e1ga ze 13. stolet\u00ed. Jeden z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f k tradici o draugrech s podrobn\u00fdmi epizodami o o\u017eivl\u00fdch mrtv\u00fdch. S\u00e1ga pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o rodinn\u00fdch konfliktech na poloostrov\u011b Sn\u00e6fellsnes v 10. stolet\u00ed a l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f o\u017eivl\u00fdch mrtv\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 je nutn\u00e9 ukon\u010dit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k ust\u00e1len\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu postupu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1ln\u011b<\/span> nebo soudn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Kon\u017eaku monogatari<\/strong>. Japonsk\u00e1 sb\u00edrka p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f z 12. stolet\u00ed (1120, 1140). P\u0159es 1000 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed z indicko-buddhistick\u00e9, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 a japonsk\u00e9 tradice. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd ran\u00fd pramen pro klasifikaci tengu, j\u00farei a j\u00f3kai. Standardn\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd p\u0159eklad Klause M\u00fcllera (Iudicium, 2001).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo rab\u00ednsk\u00e9ho judaismu s v\u00fdkladem n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, Mi\u0161na, Zohar<\/strong>. T\u0159i vrstvy \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradice. <em>Mi\u0161na<\/em> (redigovan\u00e1 kolem roku 200 n. l. Jehudou ha-Nasim) je nejstar\u0161\u00ed kodifikace \u00fastn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u011bt knih Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161ov\u00fdch, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed soubor spis\u016f judaismu.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00f3ry<\/span>. <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo rab\u00ednsk\u00e9ho judaismu s v\u00fdkladem n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span><\/em> v babylonsk\u00e9 a jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 verzi ji dopl\u0148uje o v\u00fdklady gemary (4. 6. stol.).<\/p><p><em>Zohar<\/em> (13. stolet\u00ed, \u0160pan\u011blsko, p\u0159ipisovan\u00fd Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161i de Le\u00f3novi) je hlavn\u00edm d\u00edlem st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd proud kladouc\u00ed d\u016fraz na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystiky<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"schluesselbegriffe-fachsprache\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy odborn\u00e9ho jazyka<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145414\">Teurgie<\/a><\/strong>. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u011b magick\u00e1 praxe spojen\u00ed s bohy nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi duchy. Iamblichos ji vymezil v d\u00edle <em>De mysteriis<\/em> (asi 300 n. l.) proti ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed <em>goetii<\/em>. <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145414\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u011b magick\u00e1 praxe spojen\u00ed s bohy nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi duchy; v novoplatonismu (Iamblichos) jako protipojem k ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed goetii.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Teurgie<\/a> pracuje s vz\u00fdvac\u00edmi formulemi, ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010distotou a u\u010den\u00edm o sf\u00e9r\u00e1ch vzestupu. V renesanci ji znovu recipoval Marsilio Ficino a v 19. stolet\u00ed Zlat\u00fd \u00fasvit.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145405\">Sigila<\/a><\/strong>. Magick\u00fd znak, kter\u00fd graficky zhu\u0161\u0165uje ducha, z\u00e1m\u011br nebo energii.<\/p><p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed doklad: \u017eidovsk\u00e1 literatura hekhalot, pozd\u011bji rozpracovan\u00e1 ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00e1 poselsk\u00e1 bytost Bo\u017e\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011blsk\u00e9<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span>. V tradici Lemegetonu m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd ze 72 duch\u016f vlastn\u00ed <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145405\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Magick\u00fd znak, kter\u00fd graficky zhu\u0161\u0165uje ducha nebo z\u00e1m\u011br; kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v goetii, Sparov\u011b tradici a chaosmagii.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">sigilu<\/a>; v chaosmagii podle Sparea a Carrolla se metoda sigil pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako v\u011bdom\u00e9 kan\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p><em>\u0160emhamfora\u0161<\/em>. V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Proud \u017eidovsk\u00e9 mystiky s hlavn\u00edmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira a Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">kabale<\/span> 72m\u00edstn\u00e9 Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no, odvozen\u00e9 ze t\u0159\u00ed ver\u0161\u016f Exodus 14,19, 21 (ka\u017ed\u00fd ver\u0161 72 p\u00edsmen).<\/p><p>Ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd proud kladouc\u00ed d\u016fraz na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystice<\/span> je 72 ver\u0161\u016fm p\u0159i\u0159azeno 72 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00e1 poselsk\u00e1 bytost Bo\u017e\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011bl\u016f<\/span> (Sefer Raziel HaMalach), kte\u0159\u00ed jsou zase postaveni jako ochrann\u00e1 vrstva proti 72 goetick\u00fdm d\u00e9mon\u016fm. Toto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je historicky pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed synt\u00e9za, av\u0161ak v tradici lightworker\u016f zaveden\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Tetragrammaton, sefiroty, klipoty<\/strong>. T\u0159i kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd proud kladouc\u00ed d\u016fraz na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystiky<\/span>. <em>Tetragrammaton<\/em> JHVH je svat\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159p\u00edsmenn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Bo\u017e\u00ed. Deset <em>sefirot<\/em> tvo\u0159\u00ed kabalistick\u00fd strom \u017eivota, od Keter (koruny) po Malchut (kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed). <em>Klipoty<\/em> (sko\u0159\u00e1pky) luri\u00e1nsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Proud \u017eidovsk\u00e9 mystiky s hlavn\u00edmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira a Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">kabaly<\/span> jsou projevy zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 energie, kter\u00e9 je nutn\u00e9 v praxi tikkun osvobodit.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Apofatika<\/strong>. Teologick\u00fd zp\u016fsob mluvy, kter\u00fd popisuje Boha nebo Absolutno pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm negace (\u201eB\u016fh nen\u00ed otec v lidsk\u00e9m smyslu&#8220;). Klasicky u Pseudo-Dionysia Areopagity (<em>De mystica theologia<\/em>), v n\u011bmeck\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd proud kladouc\u00ed d\u016fraz na bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed zku\u0161enost Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystice<\/span> Mistra Eckharta a v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 apofatice Maimonida. Pojem je religionisticky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee ozna\u010duje celou teologickou metodu.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">Synkretismus<\/span><\/strong>. Splynut\u00ed prvk\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kult\u016f v nov\u00e9 sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 formy. Klasick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady: haitsk\u00e9 vod\u00fa (lwa a katoli\u010dt\u00ed svat\u00ed), latinskoamerick\u00fd kult Panny Marie s azt\u00e9ckou vrstvou Tonantzin, japonsk\u00e1 tradice \u0161inbucu-\u0161\u00fag\u00f3 s dvoj\u00ed buddhistickou a \u0161intoistickou vrstvou. Religionisticky neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed pojem, nezam\u011b\u0148ovat s eklekticismem.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145416\">Sp\u00e1nkov\u00e1 paral\u00fdza<\/a><\/strong>. Stav vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy se v\u011bdom\u00ed probouz\u00ed, ale t\u011blo je kv\u016fli REM atonii je\u0161t\u011b ochromen\u00e9. Kulturn\u011bhistoricky je spojov\u00e1na se sukubem, inkubem, m\u016frou, alpem a fenom\u00e9nem \u201eold hag&#8220;.<\/p><p>David Hufford ve sv\u00e9 knize <em>The Terror that Comes in the Night<\/em> (1982) dolo\u017eil fenomenologickou st\u00e1lost nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kulturami; Owen Davies (<em>Paranormal<\/em>, 2009) zpracoval folkloristick\u00fd kontext pro anglicky mluv\u00edc\u00ed oblast.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Aretalogie<\/strong>. Starov\u011bk\u00fd chvalozp\u011bvn\u00fd text, kter\u00fd vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdkony a z\u00e1zraky n\u011bjak\u00e9ho bo\u017estva. V helenistick\u00fdch magick\u00fdch papyrech byl zaveden jako forma vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed. Struktur\u00e1ln\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e1 aretalogie p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee mluv\u010d\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b zn\u00e1 funkce bo\u017estva; je tak z\u00e1rove\u0148 u\u010debn\u00edm textem s ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed funkc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Limin\u00e1ln\u00ed, limin\u00e1ln\u00ed f\u00e1ze<\/strong>. Pojem antropologie (Arnold van Gennep, <em>Les rites de passage<\/em>, 1909; Victor Turner, <em>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Process<\/em>, 1969). Ozna\u010duje prahovou f\u00e1zi p\u0159echodu mezi dv\u011bma stavy, nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi \u017eivotem a smrt\u00ed, bd\u011bn\u00edm a snem, d\u011btstv\u00edm a dosp\u011blost\u00ed. Historicky relevantn\u00ed pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159echod, j\u00edm\u017e je n\u011bkdo p\u0159ijat do nov\u00e9ho statusu nebo spole\u010denstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci<\/span>, poh\u0159eb, \u0161amansk\u00fd tanec.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Soteriologie<\/strong>. Nauka o sp\u00e1se nebo osvobozen\u00ed du\u0161e. V k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradici sp\u00e1sa skrze Kristovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span>; v buddhistick\u00e9 tradici osvobozen\u00ed ze sams\u00e1ry skrze osv\u00edcen\u00ed; v hinduistick\u00e9 tradici m\u00f3k\u0161a skrze pozn\u00e1n\u00ed (d\u017e\u0148\u00e1na), oddanost (bhakti) nebo skutky (karma). Soteriologick\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed stanovuj\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00fd c\u00edl byt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"personen-religionswissenschaft\">Osobnosti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>Mircea Eliade (1907, 1986)<\/strong>. Rumunsko-americk\u00fd religionista. Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edla: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e specialist\u00e9 komunikuj\u00ed s duchovn\u00edm sv\u011btem.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160amanismus<\/span> a archaick\u00e9 techniky ext\u00e1ze<\/em> (1951), <em>Posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 a prof\u00e1nn\u00ed<\/em> (1949), <em>D\u011bjiny n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed<\/em> (4 svazky, 1976, 1991). Eliade formoval fenomenologickou metodu s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi pojmy hierofanie, axis mundi, illud tempus. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b je kriticky reflektov\u00e1no jeho politicko-fa\u0161istick\u00e9 zapleten\u00ed ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Walter Burkert (1931, 2015)<\/strong>. N\u011bmeck\u00fd religionista a klasick\u00fd filolog. Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edla: <em>Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche<\/em> (Kohlhammer, 1977), <em>Homo Necans<\/em> (1972), <em>Anthropologie des religi\u00f6sen Opfers<\/em> (1984). Standardn\u00ed reference pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdob\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antickou<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Carl Gustav Jung (1875, 1961)<\/strong>. \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd hlubinn\u00fd psycholog, zakladatel analytick\u00e9 psychologie. Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edla o archetypech (<em>\u00dcber die Archetypen des kollektiven Unbewussten<\/em>, 1934), st\u00ednu (<em>Aion<\/em>, 1951), individuaci a synchronicit\u011b. Nad\u00e1le z\u00e1sadn\u00ed reference pro fenomenologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad sn\u016f, viz\u00ed a medijn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Wouter Hanegraaff (nar. 1961)<\/strong>. Nizozemsk\u00fd badatel v oboru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrnn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro nauky, kter\u00e9 si n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed skryt\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 pouze zasv\u011bcen\u00fdm.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteriky<\/span>, vedouc\u00ed katedry \u201eHistory of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents&#8220; na Amsterdamsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b. Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edla: <em>New Age Religion and Western Culture<\/em> (Brill, 1996), <em>Esotericism and the Academy<\/em> (Cambridge UP, 2012). Spoluzakladatel ESSWE (European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Helena Petrovna Blavatsk\u00e1 (1831, 1891)<\/strong>. Rusko-americk\u00e1 esoteri\u010dka, spoluzakladatelka Teosofick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti (New York, 1875). Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edla: <em>Isis Unveiled<\/em> (1877), <em>The Secret Doctrine<\/em> (1888). Zakladatelka modern\u00ed teosoficko-esoterick\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy z v\u00fdchodn\u00ed moudrosti, <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145419\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka a praxe komunikace se zesnul\u00fdmi prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00ed; vznikla roku 1848 v Hydesville\/USA, kodifikov\u00e1na Allanem Kardecem.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">spiritismu<\/a> a z\u00e1padn\u00edho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zab\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed se skryt\u00fdmi silami a praktikami mimo uzn\u00e1vanou v\u011bdu.\" tabindex=\"0\">okultismu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Aleister Crowley (1875, 1947)<\/strong>. Britsk\u00fd m\u00e1g, spisovatel a horolezec. Zakladatel thel\u00e9msk\u00e9 tradice (<em>Liber AL vel Legis<\/em>, 1904) a vydavatel anglick\u00e9ho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Goetie (1904, spolu s Mathersem). Velmi kontroverzn\u00ed postava z\u00e1padn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrnn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro nauky, kter\u00e9 si n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed skryt\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 pouze zasv\u011bcen\u00fdm.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteriky<\/span>, se spornou osobnost\u00ed a velk\u00fdm vlivem na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u011b magickou tradici.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Jeffrey Burton Russell (nar. 1934)<\/strong>. Americk\u00fd historik n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. \u010cty\u0159d\u00edln\u00e1 studie o d\u011bjin\u00e1ch \u010f\u00e1bla: <em>The Devil. Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity<\/em> (1977), <em>Satan. The Early Christian Tradition<\/em> (1981), <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em> (1984), <em>Mephistopheles. The Devil in the Modern World<\/em> (1986). Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 d\u00e9monologie.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Annemarie Schimmelov\u00e1 (1922, 2003)<\/strong>. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 islamolo\u017eka. Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo: <em>Mystick\u00e9 dimenze isl\u00e1mu<\/em> (Diederichs, 1985, n\u011bmeck\u00fd p\u0159eklad d\u00edla <em>Mystical Dimensions of Islam<\/em>, 1975). P\u0159edn\u00ed badatelka o s\u00fafismu v n\u011bmecky mluv\u00edc\u00edm prostoru, dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta vyu\u010dovala v Bonnu a na Harvardu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Janagita Kunio (1875, 1962)<\/strong>. Japonsk\u00fd folklorista, zakladatel modern\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 folkloristiky (<em>minzokugaku<\/em>). Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo: <em>Tono monogatari<\/em> (1910), sb\u00edrka lidov\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed z regionu Tono. Klasifik\u00e1tor tradice j\u00f3kai se standardn\u00edmi d\u00edly o region\u00e1ln\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kappy, tengu\u016f, j\u00farei a dal\u0161\u00edch bytost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Lafcadio Hearn (1850, 1904)<\/strong>. Irsko-americk\u00fd spisovatel, od roku 1890 usazen\u00fd v Japonsku. Sb\u00edral a liter\u00e1rn\u011b zpracov\u00e1val japonsk\u00e9 stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy v knize <em>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things<\/em> (1904). Trvale utv\u00e1\u0159el z\u00e1padn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed jukiony, j\u00farei a japonsk\u00e9 estetiky stra\u0161idelna.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"esoterische-schulen\">Esoterick\u00e9 \u0161koly a proudy<\/h3>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Teosofick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost<\/strong>. Zalo\u017eena roku 1875 v New Yorku Helenou Petrovnou Blavatskou, Henrym Steelem Olcottem a Williamem Quanem Judgem. T\u0159i deklarovan\u00e9 c\u00edle: vytvo\u0159en\u00ed j\u00e1dra univerz\u00e1ln\u00edho bratrstv\u00ed, studium srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a filosofie, zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed nevysv\u011btlen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f a latentn\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p>Dodnes aktivn\u00ed se sekcemi po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed s\u00eddlo v Adyaru (Indie). Religionisticky rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pro zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edch moudrostn\u00edch tradic Z\u00e1padu.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Zlat\u00fd \u00fasvit (Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn)<\/strong>. Tajn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd 1887\/88 v Lond\u00fdn\u011b Samuelem Liddellem MacGregorem Mathersem, Williamem Wynnem Westcottem a Williamem Robertem Woodmanem. Integroval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Proud \u017eidovsk\u00e9 mystiky s hlavn\u00edmi d\u00edly Sefer Jecira a Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">kabalu<\/span>, enochi\u00e1nskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span> Johna Deea, tarot, egyptsk\u00e1 myst\u00e9ria a alchymii do komplexn\u00edho inicia\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mezi \u010dleny pat\u0159ili mimo jin\u00e9 William Butler Yeats, Arthur Machen, Aleister Crowley a Dion Fortune. Navzdory ran\u00fdm rozkol\u016fm (1900) z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Zlat\u00fd \u00fasvit nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u011b magickou \u0161kolou 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Chaosmagie<\/strong>. Britsk\u00fd proud konce 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed, zalo\u017een\u00fd Peterem Carrollem a Rayem Sherwinem. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 texty: Carroll, <em>Liber Null<\/em> (1978) a <em>Psychonaut<\/em> (1982).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Metodicky radik\u00e1ln\u011b pluralistick\u00fd: praktikuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bdom\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed mezi paradigmaty a pracuj\u00ed se sigilami, servitory, invokac\u00ed a p\u0159esouv\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed (belief shifting). P\u0159edch\u016fdcem je sigilov\u00e1 magie Austina Osmana Sparea (1886, 1956). Organizace: <em>Illuminates of Thanateros<\/em> (IOT, 1978).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Vad\u017eraj\u00e1na a mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/strong>. Dv\u011b ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch v\u011btv\u00ed buddhismu. <em>Mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/em> (Velk\u00fd v\u016fz) vznikla od 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. s b\u00f3dhisattvovsk\u00fdm ide\u00e1lem a rozpracovanou filosofickou reflex\u00ed (madhjamaka, j\u00f3ga\u010d\u00e1ra).<\/p><p><em>Vad\u017eraj\u00e1na<\/em> (Diamantov\u00fd v\u016fz) je tantrick\u00e1 forma, usazen\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tibetu, s prax\u00ed jidam\u016f, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 slabika nebo formule opakovan\u011b pron\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 v hinduismu a buddhismu.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantrickou<\/span> technikou a naukou o \u010dty\u0159ech t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch tanter. Padmasambhava (8. stol.) je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za toho, kdo vad\u017eraj\u00e1nu p\u0159inesl do Tibetu.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B\u00f6n<\/strong>. P\u0159edbuddhistick\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tradice Tibetu. Pracuje s klasifikac\u00ed tsen, \u0148en, lu, d\u00fc jako hierarchi\u00ed bytost\u00ed nelidsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. V 7. 11. stolet\u00ed byla \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ekryta buddhismem, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b se v\u0161ak udr\u017eela jako samostatn\u00e1 tradice. Dnes je institucion\u00e1ln\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako \u201eJungdrung B\u00f6n&#8220; s vlastn\u00edmi kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edmi strukturami.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>S\u00fafismus<\/strong>. Mystick\u00fd proud isl\u00e1mu. Pracuje s <em>zikrem<\/em> (upom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm na Boha), <em>sam\u00e1<\/em> (poslechovou hudbou) a naukou o cest\u011b \u017e\u00e1ka pod veden\u00edm <em>\u0161ejcha<\/em>. Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edla: R\u00fam\u00ed (<em>Mathnav\u00ed<\/em>, 13. stol.), Ibn Arab\u00ed (<em>Al-Fut\u00fah\u00e1t al-Makk\u00edja<\/em>, 13. stol.), al-Hall\u00e1d\u017e. Annemarie Schimmelov\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011b zp\u0159\u00edstupnila tuto tradici n\u011bmecky mluv\u00edc\u00edmu prostoru.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145418\">Gnose<\/a> a novoplatonismus<\/strong>. Dva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, zhruba 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u011b antick\u00e9<\/span> filosoficko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 proudy, kter\u00e9 vedle sebe existovaly ve 2. a 3. stolet\u00ed n. l. a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se ovliv\u0148ovaly.<\/p><p><em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pozdn\u011b antick\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd proud, kter\u00fd u\u010dil sp\u00e1su skrze zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed sp\u00e1sn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Gnose<\/span><\/em> (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v seti\u00e1nsk\u00e9 a valentini\u00e1nsk\u00e9 \u0161kole) u\u010d\u00ed dualistickou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span> s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi archonty a osvobozuj\u00edc\u00edm pozn\u00e1n\u00edm (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pozdn\u011b antick\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd proud, kter\u00fd u\u010dil sp\u00e1su skrze zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed sp\u00e1sn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">gn\u00f3s\u00ed<\/span>). <em>Novoplatonismus<\/em> (Pl\u00f3t\u00ednos, Iamblichos, Proklos) u\u010d\u00ed odstup\u0148ovanou emanaci z Jednoho a integruje teurgickou praxi jako metodu vzestupu.<\/p>\n\n<hr \/>\n\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">Seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3414,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"glos\u00e1\u0159","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Glos\u00e1\u0159 \u2013 pojmy t\u0159\u00edd bytost\u00ed a praktik","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Glos\u00e1\u0159 iWell Guard: t\u0159\u00eddy bytost\u00ed, subkategorie a magick\u00e9 praktiky stru\u010dn\u011b vysv\u011btlen\u00e9, od goetie po sp\u00e1nkovou paral\u00fdzu, s odkazy na souvisej\u00edc\u00ed t\u00e9mata.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145256","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Glos\u00e1\u0159 \u2013 pojmy t\u0159\u00edd bytost\u00ed a praktik<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Glos\u00e1\u0159 iWell Guard: t\u0159\u00eddy bytost\u00ed, subkategorie a magick\u00e9 praktiky stru\u010dn\u011b vysv\u011btlen\u00e9, od goetie po sp\u00e1nkovou paral\u00fdzu, s odkazy na souvisej\u00edc\u00ed t\u00e9mata.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/glosar\/\" 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