{"id":145242,"date":"2026-09-03T16:28:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:28:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145242"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:50:46","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:50:46","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145242\" class=\"elementor elementor-145242 elementor-1880 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, b\u016fh mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00ed b\u016fh Babylonu a \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd b\u016fh babylonsk\u00e9ho panteonu, kter\u00fd se vypracoval z m\u00edstn\u00edho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho boha na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017eskou autoritu. Marduk stoj\u00ed ve st\u0159edu mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed boh\u016f jako v\u00edt\u011bz v boji proti chaosu a stvo\u0159itel uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p><p>Jeho vzestup od m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho boha Babylonu k babylonsk\u00e9mu nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu bohu odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed politickou expanzi Babylonu za Chammurapiho a je liter\u00e1rn\u011b zakotven v En\u00fama eli\u0161, babylonsk\u00e9m eposu o stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p><p>Marduk je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zkrotitele chaosu v mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v pantheonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00fd prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145109\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00e9bka dolo\u017een\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, As\u00fdrie (asi 3500 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 330 p\u0159. n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145234\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bohov\u00e9 pantheonu, kosmick\u00e1 svrchovanost, aspekt tv\u016frce nebo vl\u00e1dce.\">Vrcholn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147591\" alt=\"Marduk - bohov\u00e9 z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stru\u010dn\u00fd profil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed bo\u017estvo, \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd b\u016fh Babylonu<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f dan\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Babylon (hlavn\u00ed b\u016fh babylonsk\u00e9ho panteonu), A\u0161\u0161ur (druhotn\u011b jako Bel)<br>Funkce: stvo\u0159en\u00ed, kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, bou\u0159e, spravedlnost, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<br>Hlavn\u00ed atributy: ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fd drak (Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u), r\u00fd\u010d (marru), vysok\u00fd klobouk-diad\u00e9m<br>Hlavn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsta: Babylon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Esagila se zikkuratem Etemenanki), Borsippa (syn Nabu)<br>Astronomick\u00e1 identifikace: Jupiter (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk je dolo\u017een jako m\u00edstn\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9 bo\u017estvo Babylonu ji\u017e od starobabylonsk\u00e9 doby (po\u010d\u00e1tek 2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.). K jeho hlavn\u00edmu vzestupu na \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 bo\u017estvo do\u0161lo za vl\u00e1dy Chammurapiho (kolem 1750 p\u0159. n. l.). V novobabylonsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i (Nabopolassar, Neb\u00fakadnesar II.) se stal absolutn\u00edm hlavn\u00edm bohem.<\/p><p><em>En\u00fama eli\u0161<\/em> (babylonsk\u00fd chvalozp\u011bv o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, 12. stol. p\u0159. n. l.) ustavuje Marduka jako stvo\u0159itele sv\u011bta z chaosu draka Tiamat. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mov\u00fd<\/span> komplex <em>Esagila<\/em> se zikkuratem <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (\u201eBabylonsk\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e\u201c) pat\u0159il mezi divy starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm kultovn\u00edm st\u0159ediskem byl <strong>Babylon<\/strong> s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> a zikkuratem <em>Etemenanki<\/em>. D\u00e1le pak Borsippa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> jeho syna Nabua), Sippar a Ninive (druho\u0159ad\u011b).<\/p><p>Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed <em>ak\u00edtu<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">proces\u00ed<\/span> (novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek v m\u011bs\u00edci nisanu) bylo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed babylonskou lidovou slavnost\u00ed. Marduk p\u0159i n\u00ed proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bl slavnostn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">pr\u016fvodem<\/span> m\u011bstem a kr\u00e1l tak obnovoval sv\u016fj mand\u00e1t. S achaimenovskou a seleukovskou dobou nastal \u00fapadek; v 1. stol. n. l. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zanik\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 prameny: <em>En\u00fama eli\u0161<\/em> (epos o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, 7 tabulek), <em>Chammurapiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svisle stoj\u00edc\u00ed popsan\u00e1 nebo zdoben\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span><\/em> (ud\u011blen\u00ed moci Marduka), epos <em>Erra<\/em>, novobabylonsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy (Nabopolassar, Nebukadnesar II., Nabonid). Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatura: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010den\u00ed a zp\u016fsoby psan\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Akkadsky:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK v kl\u00ednov\u00e9m p\u00edsmu), mo\u017en\u00fd p\u016fvod: \u201etele boha Utu\u201c nebo \u201esyn sv\u011btla\u201c, etymologie je sporn\u00e1. P\u0159\u00eddomky: <em>Bel<\/em> (\u201ep\u00e1n\u201c, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 f\u00e1zi), <em>Merodach<\/em> (\u0159eck\u00e1 transliterace), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (sumersk\u00fd ekvivalent: \u201ekr\u00e1l boh\u016f zem\u011b\u201c).<\/p><p>Teologick\u00fdch 50 jmen: V En\u00fama eli\u0161 je Mardukovi prop\u016fj\u010deno 50 jmen, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 funkce jin\u00e9ho babylonsk\u00e9ho boha a je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> jeho nad\u0159azenosti. Biblick\u00e1 recepce: \u201eBel\u201c u Jeremi\u00e1\u0161e a Daniele; \u201eMerodach\u201c jako jm\u00e9no modly v hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdch pramenech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zjev<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk je typicky zobrazov\u00e1n jako zral\u00fd, vousat\u00fd mu\u017e, sed\u00edc\u00ed na tr\u016fnu nebo kr\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00ed, v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m rouchu. Rohatou korunu (<em>agus<\/em>) nos\u00ed jako znamen\u00ed sv\u00e9 bo\u017eskosti. Kolem hlavy jej obklopuje svatoz\u00e1\u0159 paprsk\u016f.<\/p><p>V rukou dr\u017e\u00ed r\u00fd\u010d <em>Marru<\/em>, n\u00e1stroj stvo\u0159en\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du, nebo \u017eezlo. Drak Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u (t\u00e9\u017e naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Sirru\u0161), sedmihlav\u00e1 potvora s p\u0159edn\u00edma nohama lva a zadn\u00edma nohama kachny, mu slou\u017e\u00ed jako j\u00edzdn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e nebo ochrann\u00fd duch.<\/p><p><strong>Podstata a p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk nen\u00ed prvotn\u00edm stvo\u0159itelem, n\u00fdbr\u017e t\u00edm, kdo uspo\u0159\u00e1dal chaos. V En\u00fama eli\u0161 bojuje proti prabohyni Tiamat, por\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ji a z jej\u00edho t\u011bla stvo\u0159\u00ed nebe a zemi. T\u00edm zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 kosmick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d sv\u011bta.<\/p><p>Je str\u00e1\u017ecem spravedlnosti, soudcem boh\u016f a ochranitelem lidsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Jako m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Babylonu formoval ve\u0159ejn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span>, zejm\u00e9na novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek Akitu, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e byla jeho svrchovanost ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b obnovov\u00e1na.<\/p><p><strong>Zjev a symbolika<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Marduk<\/em> je zobrazov\u00e1n jako mocn\u00fd, vousat\u00fd mu\u017e s vysokou korunou (<em>Marru<\/em>) a rouchy, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed jeho kr\u00e1lovskou autoritu. Nese zlat\u00e9 \u017eezlo a b\u00fdv\u00e1 obklopen zlatou nebo st\u0159\u00edbrnou aurou.<\/p><p>Po boku nos\u00ed planouc\u00ed me\u010d nebo jin\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zbran\u011b. Ve sv\u00e9 tvo\u0159iv\u00e9 podob\u011b je \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1n s jak\u00fdmsi tvo\u0159iv\u00fdm sv\u011btlem nebo energi\u00ed. Jeho svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je drak <em>Tiamat<\/em> (nebo p\u011btihlav\u00fd drak <em>U\u0161um<\/em>), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> jeho vl\u00e1dy nad chaotickou silou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rysy Marduka na prvn\u00ed pohled. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pole shrnuj\u00ed p\u016fvod, funkci, zjev, uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, symboly a paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradice<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk je synem <em>Eay<\/em> (Enkiho, boha vody) a <em>Damkiny<\/em>. V <em>En\u00fama eli\u0161<\/em> je hrdinou mlad\u0161\u00ed generace boh\u016f, kter\u00fd bojuje proti prabohyni <em>Tiamat<\/em> (chaotick\u00e9mu draku) a por\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ji, z jej\u00edho t\u011bla stvo\u0159\u00ed nebe a zemi.<\/p><p>Otec <em>Nabua<\/em> (boha p\u00edsma), man\u017eel <em>Sarpanity<\/em>. P\u0159i sv\u00e9m vzestupu na \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 bo\u017estvo obdr\u017e\u00ed <em>50 jmen<\/em>, kter\u00e1 mu p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed funkce v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch boh\u016f (theogonick\u00e1 konsolidace).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mardukova funkce<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd b\u016fh Babylonu, ka\u017ed\u00fd kr\u00e1l p\u0159ij\u00edmal svou moc z Mardukovy ruky. Stvo\u0159itel sv\u011bta (v En\u00fama eli\u0161), garant kosmick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Patron hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a blahobytu Babylonu. B\u016fh bou\u0159e a po\u010das\u00ed (ve sv\u00e9 star\u00e9 lok\u00e1ln\u00ed roli). V osobn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> byl tak\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n<\/span> o ochranu p\u0159ed nemoc\u00ed, zlo\u010dinem a d\u00e9monick\u00fdm napaden\u00edm, jeho hv\u011bzda (Jupiter) byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zobrazen\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfn\u011b zobrazen jako vousat\u00e1 mu\u017esk\u00e1 postava s vysok\u00fdm diad\u00e9mov\u00fdm kloboukem a dlouh\u00fdm v\u00edcevrstv\u00fdm rouchem. Charakteristick\u00e9 atributy: <em>r\u00fd\u010d<\/em> (marru, jeho insignie, p\u016fvodn\u011b selsk\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, pozd\u011bji <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> stvo\u0159itele), luk, \u0161\u00edpy, me\u010d. Doprovodn\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e: drak <em>Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost, kter\u00e1 v sob\u011b spojuje znaky r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 bytost<\/span> hada, lva a pt\u00e1ka), nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Marduk\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> na I\u0161ta\u0159in\u011b br\u00e1n\u011b Babylonu. Na novobabylonsk\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech je \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1n stoj\u00edc\u00ed s r\u00fd\u010dem v ruce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mardukovo uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>P\u016fsobnost:<\/strong> Marduk byl jako hlavn\u00ed b\u016fh Babylonu vz\u00fdv\u00e1n ve v\u0161ech oblastech, od kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu p\u0159es ro\u010dn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">proces\u00ed<\/span> Akitu a\u017e po osobn\u00ed ochranu. Esagila byla c\u00edlem pout\u00ed z cel\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p><p>Kr\u00e1l z\u00edsk\u00e1val potvrzen\u00ed sv\u00e9 moci ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lem<\/span> Akitu: byl poko\u0159en velekn\u011bzem, pot\u00e9 byl Mardukovou rukou znovu uveden do sv\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed osobn\u00ed ob\u0159ady: prosebn\u00e9 modlitby v nemoci, ochrann\u00e9 modlitby v osobn\u00ed krizi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mardukovy symboly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R\u00fd\u010d (marru), vysok\u00fd diad\u00e9mov\u00fd klobouk, luk, \u0161\u00edpy, me\u010d, drak Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u (doprovodn\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budova slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Esagila, zikkurat Etemenanki, ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d (v n\u011bkter\u00fdch tradic\u00edch). Svat\u00e1 rostlina: tamary\u0161ek. Svat\u00e1 hv\u011bzda: Jupiter. Svat\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo: 50 (Mardukova jm\u00e9na).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Srovnateln\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>B\u00e9l<\/em> (asyrsk\u00e9 osloven\u00ed, znamen\u00e1 prost\u011b \u201ep\u00e1n\u201c), <em>A\u0161\u0161ur<\/em> (As\u00fdrie, asyrsk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek jako \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd b\u016fh), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mezopot\u00e1mie, star\u0161\u00ed otec panteonu), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (\u0158\u00edm, astronomicky ztoto\u017en\u011bn s Jupiterem), <em>Zeus<\/em> (\u0158ecko, paralela \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho boha a boha hromu), <em>Indra<\/em> (hinduismus, kr\u00e1l boh\u016f s hromem a bleskem), <em>Thor<\/em> (germ\u00e1nsk\u00fd, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (Mezopot\u00e1mie, aspekt boha po\u010das\u00ed).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk byl prim\u00e1rn\u011b bohem st\u00e1tn\u00edho kultu, nikoli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span> osobn\u00ed sp\u00e1sy nebo myst\u00e9ri\u00ed. Ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostoru byla jeho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00e1: kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy se odvol\u00e1valy na Marduka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159isl\u00edben\u00ed blaha a ochrany, \u010dasto v ust\u00e1len\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>, smlouvy se uzav\u00edraly pod Marduka dohledem a p\u0159\u00edse\u017en\u00e9 formule ho jmenovaly jako str\u00e1\u017ece.<\/p><p>V dom\u00e1cnostech hr\u00e1l Marduk m\u00e9n\u011b \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli. Osobn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe jednotlivce.\" tabindex=\"0\">zbo\u017enost<\/span> se sp\u00ed\u0161e obracela k ochrann\u00fdm duch\u016fm, bohyni I\u0161tar nebo l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9mu bo\u017estvu Gule.<\/p><p>P\u0159esto mnoho Babylo\u0148an\u016f neslo jm\u00e9na obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed \u201eMarduk&#8220; (nap\u0159. Merodach-Baladan: \u201eMarduk dal syna&#8220;), co\u017e byl v\u00fdraz teologick\u00e9ho prosazen\u00ed Marduka do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed. P\u0159i sv\u00e1tku Ak\u00edtu, novoro\u010dn\u00ed slavnosti, oslavovaly m\u011bsto i zem\u011b obnovu Marduka vl\u00e1dy nad sv\u011btem; \u00fa\u010dast na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">proces\u00ed<\/span> byla povinnost\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho Babylo\u0148ana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0158eck\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong> Zeus jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estvo a vl\u00e1dce nebes a \u0159\u00e1du. Oba nejsou prvotn\u00edmi stvo\u0159iteli, n\u00fdbr\u017e ty, kdo uspo\u0159\u00e1dali chaos po boji s Tit\u00e1ny. Funkce hromokl\u00ednu je u Zeuse v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale aspekt kosmick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du je ob\u011bma spole\u010dn\u00fd.<\/p><p><strong>V\u00e9dsk\u00e1 a hinduistick\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong> Indra jako b\u016fh hromu a v\u016fdce D\u00e9v\u016f. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motiv<\/span> boje s drakem (Indra proti Vrit\u0159e) je z\u00e1sadn\u00edm paraleln\u00edm prvkem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span>. Indra tak\u00e9 nos\u00ed hromokl\u00edn (Vad\u017eru) a je str\u00e1\u017ecem kosmick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du (Rta).<\/p><p><strong>Egyptsk\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong> Ra jako slune\u010dn\u00ed b\u016fh a ochr\u00e1nce Maat (sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du). Zat\u00edmco Marduk krot\u00ed chaos formou vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed o boji, u Ra se to d\u011bje v cyklick\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00ed plavb\u011b (boj proti hadu Apofisovi). Teologick\u00fd model, bo\u017estvo stvo\u0159itele jako uspo\u0159adatele, je podobn\u00fd.<\/p><p><strong>Hetitsk\u00e1 tradice:<\/strong> Te\u0161\u0161ub jako b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estvo, zn\u00e1m\u00fd z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o Kumarbim, sd\u00edl\u00ed s Mardukem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> boje s drakem. Te\u0161\u0161ub\u016fv boj proti hadu Illujankovi je paralelou k <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o Tiamat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enuma Eli\u0161: babylonsk\u00fd epos o stvo\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramenem pro Marduka postaven\u00ed je babylonsk\u00fd epos o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, nazvan\u00fd podle sv\u00fdch \u00favodn\u00edch slov <em>Enuma Eli\u0161<\/em> (&#8222;Kdy\u017e naho\u0159e&#8220;). Je dochov\u00e1n na sedmi hlin\u011bn\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z knihovny asyrsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le A\u0161\u0161urbanipala v Ninive, ale zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed star\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1l.<\/p><p>O p\u0159esn\u00e9 dob\u011b vzniku se vedou spory; mnoh\u00e9 nasv\u011bd\u010duje seps\u00e1n\u00ed ve druh\u00e9m tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, mo\u017en\u00e1 ve starobabylonsk\u00e9 nebo st\u0159edobabylonsk\u00e9 dob\u011b.<\/p><p>Epos popisuje, jak z prvotn\u00edch vod, zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00fdch <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145333\">Tiamat<\/a> a Apsuem, vznikaj\u00ed bohov\u00e9. Kdy\u017e Tiamat vyhl\u00e1s\u00ed v\u00e1lku mlad\u0161\u00edm boh\u016fm a postav\u00ed vojsko monster, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd ze star\u00fdch boh\u016f se j\u00ed neodv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed postavit. Marduk se nab\u00eddne, ale jako odm\u011bnu \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kr\u00e1lovskou hodnost mezi bohy.<\/p><p>Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed boh\u016f mu toto postaven\u00ed ud\u011bl\u00ed. Marduk poraz\u00ed Tiamat v souboji, rozpolt\u00ed jej\u00ed t\u011blo a z jeho polovin vytvo\u0159\u00ed nebe a zemi. Z krve v\u016fdce protistrany, Kingua, je stvo\u0159en \u010dlov\u011bk, aby slou\u017eil boh\u016fm. Na z\u00e1v\u011br postav\u00ed bohov\u00e9 Mardukovi m\u011bsto Babyl\u00f3n s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slouz\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> Esagila.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Eli\u0161<\/em> je tak m\u00e9n\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00edm l\u00ed\u010den\u00edm stvo\u0159en\u00ed a v\u00edce teologick\u00fdm zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm prvenstv\u00ed Babyl\u00f3nu a Marduka. Vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d je sv\u011bt uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n tak, jak je, a pro\u010d m\u00e1 b\u00fdt pr\u00e1v\u011b Babyl\u00f3n jeho st\u0159edem.<\/p><p>Sedm\u00e1 tabulka se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b z litanie pades\u00e1ti jmen Marduka, v n\u00ed\u017e jsou mu p\u0159isuzov\u00e1ny funkce jin\u00fdch boh\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila a Etemenanki: Mardukovy chr\u00e1my a babylonsk\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl m\u00edstn\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1n na Babylon. Jeho hlavn\u00ed chr\u00e1m se jmenoval <em>Esagila<\/em>, \u201eD\u016fm, jeho\u017e vrchol je vysok\u00fd\u201c. Vedle n\u011bj st\u00e1la stup\u0148ovit\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, \u201eD\u016fm z\u00e1kladu nebe a zem\u011b\u201c, zikkurat, kter\u00fd byl ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako spojen\u00ed mezi sf\u00e9rami.<\/p><p><em>Etemenanki<\/em> je podle badatel\u016f pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm skute\u010dn\u00fdm vzorem pro biblick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o babylonsk\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ei.<\/p><p>Archeologick\u00e9 poz\u016fstatky jsou siln\u011b zni\u010deny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00fdm<\/span> odt\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm a modern\u00edmi z\u00e1sahy, av\u0161ak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9<\/span> popisy, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Herodota, a kl\u00ednopisn\u00e9 texty umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed jejich p\u0159ibli\u017enou rekonstrukci. Babylonsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Nebukadnezar II. dal are\u00e1l ve 6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem velkoryse roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it.<\/p><p>V Esagile st\u00e1la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zpodobn\u011bn\u00ed bo\u017estva, kter\u00e9 je uct\u00edv\u00e1no v chr\u00e1mu nebo svatyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultovn\u00ed socha<\/span> Marduka. Tento obraz byl s identitou m\u011bsta spojen tak \u00fazce, \u017ee jeho odvle\u010den\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1teli, nap\u0159\u00edklad Hetity a pozd\u011bji Asy\u0159any, bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za n\u00e1rodn\u00ed katastrofu; jeho navr\u00e1cen\u00ed bylo triumfem.<\/p><p>Socha nebyla pouh\u00fdm zobrazen\u00edm, ale byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za skute\u010dnou p\u0159\u00edtomnost boha, o ni\u017e se pe\u010dovalo, kterou se obl\u00e9kalo a krmilo.<\/p><p>Babylon m\u011bl nav\u00edc <em>Procesn\u00ed cestu<\/em>, kter\u00e1 vedla p\u0159es slavnou I\u0161tarskou br\u00e1nu, oblo\u017eenou glazovan\u00fdmi cihlami a figurami zv\u00ed\u0159at. Po t\u00e9to cest\u011b se b\u011bhem novoro\u010dn\u00edho sv\u00e1tku pohyboval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">pr\u016fvod<\/span> bo\u017e\u00edch so\u0161ek. Monument\u00e1ln\u00ed architektura Babylonu tak byla jevi\u0161t\u011bm a kulisou Mardukova kultu, nikoli pouh\u00fdm pozad\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek Akitu: ritu\u00e1l, kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a kosmick\u00e1 obnova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm cyklem Mardukova kultu bylo <em>ak\u00edtu<\/em>, babylonsk\u00fd novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek, kter\u00fd se slavil na ja\u0159e po dobu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jeden\u00e1cti dn\u016f. Z pozdn\u00ed doby se dochovaly ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed texty popisuj\u00edc\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 denn\u00ed \u00fakony, by\u0165 s mezerami.<\/p><p>K dolo\u017een\u00fdm sou\u010d\u00e1stem pat\u0159ila recitace <em>En\u00fama eli\u0161<\/em> p\u0159ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed bo\u017estva uct\u00edvan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1mu nebo svatyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultovn\u00ed sochou<\/span> Marduka. T\u00edm se liturgicky zp\u0159\u00edtom\u0148ovalo v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed boha nad chaosem: sv\u00e1tek opakoval a upev\u0148oval sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Zn\u00e1ma je i sc\u00e9na, kdy mus\u00ed kr\u00e1l p\u0159edstoupit p\u0159ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed bo\u017estva uct\u00edvan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1mu nebo svatyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultovn\u00ed sochu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kn\u011bz mu sejme kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 odznaky, ude\u0159\u00ed ho do tv\u00e1\u0159e a nech\u00e1 ho ujistit, \u017ee se nedopustil \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho bezpr\u00e1v\u00ed. Teprve pot\u00e9 mu jsou odznaky vr\u00e1ceny. Tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> v\u00e1zal pozemsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed na Marduka a pod\u0159izoval je bo\u017esk\u00e9 kontrole.<\/p><p>Dal\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed byl velk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">pr\u016fvod<\/span>, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e byly sochy boh\u016f z chr\u00e1m\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011bst p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny do Babylonu a do slavnostn\u00edho domu mimo m\u011bsto. Sv\u00e1tek tak z\u00e1rove\u0148 demonstroval prvenstv\u00ed Marduka a Babylonu nad ostatn\u00edmi kultovn\u00edmi st\u0159edisky Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/p><p>Star\u0161\u00ed b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 takzvanou \u0161kolou Myth-and-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>, ve sv\u00e1tku <em>ak\u00edtu<\/em> r\u00e1do spat\u0159ovalo drama um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho a znovuvzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho boha. Tento v\u00fdklad je dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u0159ehnan\u00fd a m\u00e1lo podlo\u017een\u00fd. St\u0159\u00edzliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklad zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee sv\u00e1tek spole\u010dn\u011b stvrzoval \u0159\u00e1d kosmu, postaven\u00ed Babylonu a legitimitu kr\u00e1le.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho boha k \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9mu bohu: Marduk\u016fv historick\u00fd vzestup<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk nebyl p\u016fvodn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span>. V nejstar\u0161\u00edch pramenech se objevuje jako m\u00edstn\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Babylonu, m\u011bsta, kter\u00e9 bylo v ran\u011b dynastick\u00e9 dob\u011b bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e9. Jeho vzestup je \u00fazce spojen s politick\u00fdm vzestupem Babylonu.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed impuls dala vl\u00e1da Hammurabiho ve 18. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, kdy se Babylon stal dominantn\u00ed mocnost\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mie. I pot\u00e9 z\u016fstal proces v pohybu.<\/p><p>Teologicky byl Marduk postupn\u011b vybavov\u00e1n funkcemi, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve n\u00e1le\u017eely jin\u00fdm boh\u016fm, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm star\u00e9mu sumersk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li boh\u016f <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145561\">Enlilovi<\/a> a bohu mudrosti <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145282\">Eovi<\/a>, kter\u00fd se v eposu objevuje jako Marduk\u016fv otec.<\/p><p>Seznam jmen na sedm\u00e9 tabulce <em>Enuma Elisch<\/em> je teologick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem tohoto p\u0159enosu: t\u00edm, \u017ee Marduk z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, a s nimi i vlastnosti jin\u00fdch boh\u016f, se st\u00e1v\u00e1 souhrnem panteonu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 mluv\u00ed o tendenci k monolatrii, ani\u017e by Babylon kdy dos\u00e1hl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edra v jedin\u00e9ho boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mardukov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edzviskem byl \u010dasto prost\u011b <em>Bel<\/em>, &#8222;p\u00e1n&#8220; titul, kter\u00fd se objevuje i v hebrejsk\u00e9 bibli jako <em>Bel<\/em>, nap\u0159\u00edklad u prorok\u016f Jeremi\u00e1\u0161e a Izai\u00e1\u0161e, kte\u0159\u00ed babylonsk\u00e9ho boha zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jeho synem byl b\u016fh p\u00edsa\u0159\u016f <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145335\">Nab\u00fb<\/a> z Borsippy, jeho\u017e vlastn\u00ed vzestup prov\u00e1zel vzestup Marduka. Historick\u00fd n\u00e1lez tak na p\u0159\u00edkladu ukazuje, jak \u00fazce byly v Mezopot\u00e1mii propleteny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> a mocensk\u00e1 politika.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145282\">Ea\/Enki, otec<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145335\">Nabu, syn<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145333\">Tiamat, p\u0159emo\u017een\u00e1 bohyn\u011b chaosu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145238\">Anu, star\u0161\u00ed otec panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145109\">Mezopot\u00e1mie, p\u0159ehled panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145234\">Vysok\u00e1 bo\u017estva, podkategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145205\">Bohov\u00e9, p\u0159ehled t\u0159\u00edd<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo \u201eMarduk\u201c).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla najdete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky k Mardukovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Kdo byl b\u016fh Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk byl hlavn\u00edm bohem babylonsk\u00e9ho panteonu a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stvo\u0159itele sv\u011bta podle babylonsk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy. En\u00fama eli\u0161, babylonsk\u00fd m\u00fdtus o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, jak Marduk porazil prvotn\u00ed mo\u0159skou dra\u010dici Tiamat a z jej\u00edho t\u011bla vytvo\u0159il nebe a zemi. V poakkadsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed Marduk p\u0159evzal funkci sumersk\u00e9ho Enlila.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Co je to sv\u00e1tek Marduka?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u00e1tkem Marduka byl akitu, babylonsk\u00fd novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek slaven\u00fd na ja\u0159e. P\u0159i n\u011bm byl ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161en m\u00fdtus o stvo\u0159en\u00ed En\u00fama eli\u0161, socha Marduka byla vynesena z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u00c5\u00be\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> Esagila a v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">proces\u00ed<\/span> provezena Babylonem a kr\u00e1l byl znovu potvrzen ve sv\u00e9m \u00fa\u0159adu. Akitu strukturovalo babylonsk\u00fd rok.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Kdo byl b\u016fh Marduk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Marduk byl hlavn\u00edm bohem babylonsk\u00e9ho panteonu a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stvo\u0159itele sv\u011bta podle babylonsk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy. En\u00fama eli\u0161, babylonsk\u00fd m\u00fdtus o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, jak Marduk porazil prvotn\u00ed mo\u0159skou dra\u010dici Tiamat a z jej\u00edho t\u011bla vytvo\u0159il nebe a zemi. V poakkadsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed Marduk p\u0159evzal funkci sumersk\u00e9ho Enlila.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Co je to sv\u00e1tek Marduka?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u00e1tkem Marduka byl akitu, babylonsk\u00fd novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek slaven\u00fd na ja\u0159e. P\u0159i n\u011bm byl ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161en m\u00fdtus o stvo\u0159en\u00ed En\u00fama eli\u0161, socha Marduka byla vynesena z chr\u00e1mu Esagila a v proces\u00ed provezena Babylonem a kr\u00e1l byl znovu potvrzen ve sv\u00e9m \u00fa\u0159adu. Akitu strukturovalo babylonsk\u00fd rok.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marduk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marduk \u2013 babylonsk\u00fd \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd b\u016fh a zkrotitel chaosu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vzestup od m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho boha k \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9mu bohu, v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad Tiamat, chr\u00e1m Esagila, sv\u00e1tek Akitu, 50 jmen, drak Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145242","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Marduk \u2013 babylonsk\u00fd \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd b\u016fh a zkrotitel chaosu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vzestup od m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho boha k \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9mu bohu, v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad Tiamat, chr\u00e1m Esagila, sv\u00e1tek Akitu, 50 jmen, drak Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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