{"id":145179,"date":"2026-09-03T16:27:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145179"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:48:57","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:48:57","slug":"strazci-naraky","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/strazci-naraky\/","title":{"rendered":"Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145179\" class=\"elementor elementor-145179 elementor-1210\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky, d\u00e9mon buddhistick\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Str\u00e1\u017eci pekel osmi hork\u00fdch a osmi chladn\u00fdch narak.<\/strong><\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky jsou buddhisti\u010dt\u00ed hl\u00edda\u010di pekel pod veden\u00edm Jamy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9monka: Nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 bytost s p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00fdm nebo ambivalentn\u00edm p\u016fsoben\u00edm. Stoj\u00ed mezi bohy a lidmi, zp\u016fsobuje nemoc, poku\u0161en\u00ed nebo ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a je odh\u00e1n\u011bna zakl\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm, apotropaiky a ritu\u00e1ly.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 tradice s b\u00f3dhisattvy, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy, hladov\u00fdmi duchy a str\u00e1\u017eci pekel.\">Buddhismus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1677\" alt=\"Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky jsou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> buddhistick\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky (sanskrtsky <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>) jsou exekuto\u0159i buddhistick\u00fdch pekel. Abhidharmsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o struktu\u0159e a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologie<\/span> rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1 osm hork\u00fdch a osm chladn\u00fdch hlavn\u00edch narak, ka\u017edou s mnoha vedlej\u0161\u00edmi pekly; v ka\u017ed\u00e9 vl\u00e1dne specifick\u00e1 forma trestu, je\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed karmick\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek k p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9mu h\u0159\u00edchu. Str\u00e1\u017eci tyto tresty vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed, nikoli z krutosti, ale jako projev karmick\u00e9ho d\u016fsledku.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9: Narakas nejsou v buddhismu v\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 pekla. Jsou to m\u00edsta znovuzrozen\u00ed s pevn\u011b stanovenou dobou trv\u00e1n\u00ed. Jakmile se karmick\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e vy\u010derp\u00e1, bytost se znovu narod\u00ed v jin\u00e9 existenci.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017eci jsou tedy funkcion\u00e1\u0159i mechanismu, nikoli \u010f\u00e1belsk\u00e9 postavy. Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m Di Yu d\u00e1vaj\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ec\u016fm vlastn\u00ed podoby, b\u00fd\u010d\u00ed hlavu, ko\u0148skou tv\u00e1\u0159, tyg\u0159\u00ed hlavu a dal\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b proslul\u00e9 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span>.<\/p><div><p><strong>Buddhistick\u00e9 naraka-s\u00fatry a jejich klasifikace<\/strong><\/p><p>Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed buddhistick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed pekel a jejich str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v s\u00fatr\u00e1ch, jako je <em>Mahayana Mahaparinirvana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>, <em>Karmavibhanga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em> a <em>Surangama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>. Tyto texty klasifikuj\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ece pekel podle jejich \u00fakolu a karmick\u00e9ho stavu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci jsou d\u00e9monick\u00e9 bytosti, uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00e9 ve sv\u00fdch rol\u00edch vlastn\u00ed \u0161patnou karmou.<\/p><p>Jin\u00ed jsou b\u00f3dhisattvov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se dobrovoln\u011b vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed do pekeln\u00fdch rol\u00ed, aby zachr\u00e1nili bytosti. Rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto dvou kategori\u00ed je pro buddhistickou etiku z\u00e1sadn\u00ed: str\u00e1\u017ece je bu\u010f uv\u011bzn\u011bn ve sv\u00e9 roli, nebo je misijn\u00ed silou, v podstat\u011b zl\u00fd nen\u00ed. Str\u00e1\u017ece naraky je proto v buddhismu navzdory v\u0161\u00ed hr\u016fze tak\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prvn\u00ed pohled: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> str\u00e1\u017eci pekel, karmi\u010dt\u00ed exekuto\u0159i<br>P\u016fvod: slu\u017eba Jamovi; ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 tradici Yanluo Wanga<br>Texty: Abhidharmakosha, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVelk\u00fd v\u016fz'; jedna ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch tradic buddhismu, s ide\u00e1lem b\u00f3dhisattvy a rozvinutou filozofickou reflex\u00ed.\">mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/span>-s\u00fatry, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu p\u0159echodn\u00fd stav mezi dv\u011bma existencemi; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zi po smrti.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, literatura Di Yu<br>Obdob\u00ed: od buddhistick\u00e9 doby po sou\u010dasnost<br>Struktura: osm hork\u00fdch + osm chladn\u00fdch narak, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s vlastn\u00edmi str\u00e1\u017eci<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00e1lijsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1vazn\u00fd uznan\u00fd soubor svat\u00fdch text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> s ran\u00fdmi popisy pekel. Vasubandhuova Abhidharmakosha (4.\/5. stol. n. l.) systematizuje naraka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o struktu\u0159e a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span>. Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch s podrobnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi\u00ed<\/span> str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 literatura Di Yu od doby Tang, japonsk\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed Jigoku od doby Heian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u0161echny buddhistick\u00e9 oblasti, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b rozvinut\u00e9 v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Japonsku a Tibetu. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m Di Yu s deseti pekly, ka\u017ed\u00e9 pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 jednomu kr\u00e1li Jama (Yanluo). Japonsk\u00e1 tradice Jigoku. Mongolsk\u00e9 a tibetsk\u00e9 pekeln\u00e9 malby.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), Saddharmasmrityupasthana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch; ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1vod pro p\u0159echodn\u00e9 stavy po smrti.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd Yuli-Bao-Chao (\u201eVz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zrcadlo jadeitov\u00e9ho podstavce\u201c, dynastie Song), japonsk\u00e9 Jigoku-z\u014dshi (obrazov\u00e9 svitky pekel), korejsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010den\u00ed a zp\u016fsoby psan\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrt:<\/strong> <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201estr\u00e1\u017ece pekel\u201c; <em>narakad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eposel pekel\u201c.<br>\u010c\u00ednsky: \u7344\u5352 (<em>Yu Zu<\/em>, \u201epekeln\u00ed voj\u00e1ci\u201c); konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed dvojice str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f Niu Tou (b\u00fd\u010d\u00ed hlava) a Ma Mian (ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159).<br>Japonsky: <em>Gokusotsu<\/em>; v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e1 varianta s deseti pekeln\u00fdmi kr\u00e1li.<br>Tibetsky: <em>Shinje-pho-nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>V\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e1 podoba je zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b rozvinut\u00e1. Syst\u00e9m Di Yu s deseti pekly, ka\u017ed\u00e9 s vlastn\u00edm kr\u00e1lem, soudem a str\u00e1\u017eci, je kombinac\u00ed buddhistick\u00fdch ko\u0159en\u016f a taoisticko-konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00fdch hierarchi\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zjev<\/strong><\/p><p>Zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed obli\u010dej, hlava b\u00fdka, ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159, tyg\u0159\u00ed hlava, havran\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159 jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 formy. Vyzbrojeni kyji, vidlemi, \u0159et\u011bzy, me\u010di. V \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m zobrazen\u00ed v \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9m rouchu s pokr\u00fdvkou hlavy a pe\u010det\u00ed. V tibetsk\u00fdch thangk\u00e1ch zu\u0159iv\u011b tan\u010d\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Funk\u010dn\u00ed, nikoli osobn\u00ed: p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00e9 na p\u0159\u00edkaz Jamy, vedou je do jim p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9 naraky, prosazuj\u00ed tam tresty. Bez svobodn\u00e9 volby; vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed karmickou nutnost.<\/p><p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsobnosti<\/strong><\/p><p>16 hlavn\u00edch narak, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s mno\u017estv\u00edm d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch pekel. Ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 tradici deset pekel Di Yu, ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu provin\u011bn\u00ed (lhan\u00ed, kr\u00e1de\u017e, zab\u00edjen\u00ed atd.). Nep\u016fsob\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b \u017eiv\u00fdch.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Nejsou samostatn\u00fdmi postavami, ale funk\u010dn\u00edmi nositeli. Ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantov\u00fd v\u016fz'; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhismu, prim\u00e1rn\u011b v Tibetu, se s\u00e1dhanou jidam\u016f a mantrickou technikou ve st\u0159edu.\">vad\u017eraj\u00e1n\u011b<\/span> jsou ch\u00e1p\u00e1ni jako energetick\u00e9 aspekty, kter\u00e9 lze p\u0159em\u011bnit v hn\u011bviv\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 bo\u017estva (Jam\u00e1ntaka jako p\u0159emo\u017eitel samotn\u00e9ho Jamy).<\/p><div><p><strong>Osm hork\u00fdch pekel a jejich dozorci<\/strong><\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci <em>Asta Naraka<\/em> (osmi hork\u00fdch pekeln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed) a osmi chladn\u00fdch pekeln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed se funkce str\u00e1\u017ece naraky st\u00e1v\u00e1 velmi specifickou. Dozorce pekla vyv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy tent\u00fd\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo protikladn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>; texty vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o r\u016fzn\u00fdch str\u00e1\u017ec\u00edch v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00edch.<\/p><p>V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu jsou str\u00e1\u017eci naraky \u010dasto ch\u00e1p\u00e1ni jako manifestace Mah\u00e1k\u00e1ly nebo Jam\u00e1ntaky, tedy jako hn\u011bviv\u00e9 aspekty soucitu. Str\u00e1\u017ece naraky bije, aby p\u0159emohl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu, buddhismu a d\u017einismu z\u00e1kon p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku \u010din\u016f: ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din se zp\u011btn\u011b prom\u00edt\u00e1 do dal\u0161\u00edch existenc\u00ed.\">karmu<\/span> zajatce, nikdy ze zlomyslnosti. Jde o radik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed trestu jako terapeutick\u00e9 intervence.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f naraky na prvn\u00ed pohled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturn\u00ed kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Jamy, resp. Jenluo. Funkcion\u00e1\u0159i karmick\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu trestu, nikoli autonomn\u00ed d\u00e9moni. Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 postavy (b\u00fd\u010d\u00ed hlava, ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahuje se na<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zem\u0159el\u00ed s v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdmi karmick\u00fdmi provin\u011bn\u00edmi. Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii rozd\u011blen\u00ed podle druhu provin\u011bn\u00ed mezi deset pekel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed obli\u010dej (b\u00fdk, k\u016f\u0148, tygr), vyzbrojeni zbran\u011bmi. V \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m zobrazen\u00ed v \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9m rouchu, v tibetsk\u00e9m zu\u0159iv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed karmick\u00e9 tresty, ohe\u0148, led, roz\u010dtvrcen\u00ed, pohlcen\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd trest je konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm prot\u011bj\u0161kem k dan\u00e9mu h\u0159\u00edchu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prost\u0159edky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed Ksitigarbhy (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9m buddhismu osv\u00edcen\u00e1 bytost, kter\u00e1 odkl\u00e1d\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed osvobozen\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch u\u010den\u00ed pro jin\u00e9 bytosti.\">b\u00f3dhisattvy<\/span> pekeln\u00fdch bytost\u00ed), recitace s\u00fater, ob\u011btiny p\u0159edk\u016fm, ritu\u00e1ly Ullambana. Ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantov\u00fd v\u016fz; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhismu, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tibetu, se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na praxi jidam\u016f.\">vad\u017eraj\u00e1n\u011b<\/span>: phowa, tantrick\u00e9 o\u010distn\u00e9 praktiky, poutn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly k Jamantace.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obdoby<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145114\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145117\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145127\">Erinye<\/a>, k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed peklovi \u010f\u00e1blov\u00e9, japon\u0161t\u00ed oni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Topografie pekel a praxe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Osm hork\u00fdch narak<\/strong><\/p><p>Sanghata, Raurava, Maharaurava, Tapana, Pratapana, Samjiva, Kalasutra, Avici. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 s vlastn\u00edmi formami trestu, ohe\u0148, drcen\u00ed, roz\u010dtvrcen\u00ed, p\u0159ep\u00e1\u017eky s vrouc\u00edm olejem. Avici (\u201enep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9&#8220;) je nejhlub\u0161\u00ed, vyhrazen\u00e9 pro nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed karmy.<\/p><p><strong>Osm chladn\u00fdch narak<\/strong><\/p><p>Arbuda, Nirarbuda, Atata, Hahava, Huhuva, Utpala, Padma, Mahapadma. Ledov\u00fd chlad jako forma trestu; t\u011bla mrznou, praskaj\u00ed, st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se lotosovit\u00fdmi fragmenty (odtud jm\u00e9na).<\/p><p><strong>Praxe Ksitigarbhy<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9m buddhismu osv\u00edcen\u00fd, kter\u00fd odkl\u00e1d\u00e1 sv\u00e9 osvobozen\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch nauky pro ostatn\u00ed bytosti.\">B\u00f3dhisattva<\/span> Ksitigarbha (\u010d\u00ednsky Dizang, japonsky Jizo) m\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd slib v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">slib<\/span> zachr\u00e1nit v\u0161echny pekeln\u00e9 bytosti, ne\u017e s\u00e1m vstoup\u00ed do nirv\u00e1ny. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva \u010di moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prax\u00ed zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed utrpen\u00ed v pekle ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii. Sochy Jizo stoj\u00ed pod\u00e9l japonsk\u00fdch cest a chr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bti a poutn\u00edky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely a recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9<\/span> paralely<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezopotamsk\u00fd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145114\">Gallu<\/a> v podsv\u011bt\u00ed Ere\u0161kigal, egyptsk\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145117\">Ammit<\/a> p\u0159i soudu mrtv\u00fdch, \u0159eck\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145127\">Erinye<\/a> jako mstitelky. Strukturn\u011b podobn\u00e9: exekutivn\u00ed org\u00e1ny kosmick\u00e9 spravedlnosti.<\/p><p><strong>\u010c\u00ednsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m Di Yu:<\/strong> Deset pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f, ka\u017ed\u00fd s vlastn\u00edm pal\u00e1cem a \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00fdm apar\u00e1tem. Buddhisticko-taoistick\u00e1 sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 forma; literatura Yuli (dynastie Song) popisuje tento syst\u00e9m podrobn\u011b. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1my<\/span> na okraj\u00edch \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch m\u011bst a na h\u0159bitovech zobrazuj\u00ed sc\u00e9ny z Di Yu.<\/p><p><strong>Modern\u00ed doba<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Japonsk\u00e9 anime (<em>Hozuki no Reitetsu<\/em>, komedie o Di Yu), bollywoodsk\u00e9 filmy s peklem Jamar\u00e1d\u017ee, korejsk\u00e9 seri\u00e1ly jako <em>Along with the Gods<\/em> (2017) s podrobnou navigac\u00ed Naraky. Pekeln\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o struktu\u0159e a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologie<\/span> z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 vizu\u00e1ln\u011b popul\u00e1rn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Jamantaka jako kosmick\u00fd str\u00e1\u017ece nad v\u0161emi pekly<\/strong><\/p><p>Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou v tomto kontextu je <em>Jamantaka<\/em>, p\u0159emo\u017eitel Jamy. V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu je Jamantaka nad r\u00e1mec role posla Jamy tak\u00e9 p\u00e1nem nad v\u0161emi d\u00e9monick\u00fdmi str\u00e1\u017eci v Jamov\u011b \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. Jamantaka je v tantrick\u00fdch s\u00e1dhan\u00e1ch meditativn\u011b vz\u00fdv\u00e1n, aby bylo dosa\u017eeno kontroly nad vnit\u0159n\u00edmi d\u00e9monick\u00fdmi silami.<\/p><p>To znamen\u00e1: vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed peklo se sv\u00fdmi str\u00e1\u017eci je ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako projekce vnit\u0159n\u00edch nezvl\u00e1dnut\u00fdch emoc\u00ed. Str\u00e1\u017ece Naraky je nakonec tak\u00e9 str\u00e1\u017ecem vlastn\u00ed chtivosti, vlastn\u00edho hn\u011bvu, vlastn\u00ed nev\u011bdomosti. Tato psychologick\u00e1 transformace pekeln\u00e9ho motivu ukazuje, jak buddhismus p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edmodern\u00ed p\u0159edstavy do soteriologick\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2fe5e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2fe5e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04be37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp04be37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka v buddhistick\u00e9m kosmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43ff34f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp43ff34f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc28983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbc28983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Str\u00e1\u017ece Naraky lze pochopit jen tehdy, kdy\u017e zn\u00e1me postaven\u00ed <em>Naraky<\/em> v buddhistick\u00e9m sv\u011btov\u00e9m obraze. <em>Naraka<\/em> je sanskrtsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz pro pekeln\u00e9 oblasti, nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ze \u0161esti sf\u00e9r existence, do nich\u017e se bytost m\u016f\u017ee znovu narodit. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed je p\u0159i tom podstatn\u00fd rozd\u00edl oproti k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9mu peklu: Naraky nejsou v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Jsou to m\u00edsta \u010dasov\u011b omezen\u00e9ho, by\u0165 neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b dlouh\u00e9ho trestu, kde se odpyk\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 negativn\u00ed karma. Kdy\u017e je vy\u010derp\u00e1na, pobyt v pekle kon\u010d\u00ed a je mo\u017en\u00e9 znovuzrozen\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed sf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/p><p>Buddhistick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o struktu\u0159e a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologie<\/span> propracovala Naraky do detailu. Texty zpravidla rozli\u0161uj\u00ed osm hork\u00fdch a osm chladn\u00fdch hlavn\u00edch pekel, ka\u017ed\u00e9 s mnoha vedlej\u0161\u00edmi pekly, v nich\u017e jsou podle druhu d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159e\u010din\u016f vytrp\u011bny r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fatrapy.<\/p><p>D\u00e9lka pobytu v t\u011bchto oblastech je v textech ud\u00e1v\u00e1na astronomicky velk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly, aby byla zd\u016frazn\u011bna z\u00e1va\u017enost, ani\u017e by se jednalo o skute\u010dnou v\u011b\u010dnost.<\/p><p>Do tohoto syst\u00e9mu pat\u0159\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci Naraky jako person\u00e1l, kter\u00fd tresty vykon\u00e1v\u00e1. Nejsou to samostatn\u00ed bohov\u00e9 ani padl\u00e9 bytosti, n\u00fdbr\u017e funk\u010dn\u00ed postavy uvnit\u0159 pekeln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jejich \u00fakolem je mu\u010dit, roz\u0159ez\u00e1vat, spalovat a rozsek\u00e1vat ty, kdo se tam znovu narodili, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e texty zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee pekeln\u00e9 bytosti jsou st\u00e1le znovu skl\u00e1d\u00e1ny, aby trest mohl pokra\u010dovat.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017eci Naraky jsou tak v\u00fdkonn\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny neosobn\u00edho kosmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, nikoli akt\u00e9ry osobn\u00ed pomsty. Podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy zn\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\">buddhismus<\/a> ve v\u0161ech sv\u00fdch region\u00e1ln\u00edch podob\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e169d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0e169d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc3be2b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc3be2b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jsou str\u00e1\u017eci sami trp\u00edc\u00edmi bytostmi? Star\u00e1 u\u010den\u00e1 debata<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp710a16a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp710a16a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3898b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3898b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jednou z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek kolem str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f Naraky je star\u00e1 vnitrobuddhistick\u00e1 u\u010den\u00e1 debata: Jak\u00e9 bytosti jsou vlastn\u011b pekeln\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci? Tato ot\u00e1zka nen\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 j\u00e1dra buddhistick\u00e9 nauky o karm\u011b a znovuzrozen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jeden postoj, diskutovan\u00fd v abhidharmick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee pekeln\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci nejsou skute\u010dn\u011b c\u00edt\u00edc\u00ed, trp\u00edc\u00ed bytosti, n\u00fdbr\u017e ur\u010dit\u00fd druh jevu vyvolan\u00e9ho kolektivn\u00ed karmou samotn\u00fdch obyvatel pekla.<\/p><p>Podle tohoto pojet\u00ed zatracenci svou vlastn\u00ed negativn\u00ed karmou vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed mu\u010ditele, kte\u0159\u00ed je pak tr\u00fdzn\u00ed; str\u00e1\u017eci by pak byli jakoby zp\u0159edm\u011btn\u011bn\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky \u010din\u016f trestan\u00fdch. Tento v\u00fdklad m\u00e1 tu v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee nikdo \u010dinnost\u00ed mu\u010den\u00ed nehromad\u00ed novou \u0161patnou karmu, proto\u017ee str\u00e1\u017eci by nebyli jednaj\u00edc\u00edmi osobami v pln\u00e9m smyslu.<\/p><p>Jin\u00fd postoj pova\u017euje pekeln\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ece za skute\u010dn\u00e9 bytosti, kter\u00e9 se samy narodily v pekle a vedou tam tr\u00fdznivou existenci t\u00edm, \u017ee mu\u010d\u00ed.<\/p><p>V n\u011bkter\u00fdch textech se v t\u00e9to roli objevuj\u00ed postavy jako <em>Jamapala<\/em>, spojen\u00fd s Jamou. Tento n\u00e1hled otev\u00edr\u00e1 obt\u00ed\u017enou ot\u00e1zku, zda str\u00e1\u017eci svou krutost\u00ed nevytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u0161patnou karmu a nez\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed tak v pekle uv\u011bzn\u011bni.<\/p><p>R\u016fzn\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 \u0161koly pod\u00e1valy r\u016fzn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi a spor z\u016fst\u00e1val po stalet\u00ed nevy\u0159e\u0161en. Pro religionistick\u00fd pohled je tato debata pou\u010dn\u00e1, proto\u017ee ukazuje, \u017ee str\u00e1\u017eci Naraky nejsou pouh\u00fdm obrazov\u00fdm prvkem, ale postavou, na n\u00ed\u017e se vyost\u0159uj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky buddhistick\u00e9 nauky o odpov\u011bdnosti, jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a znovuzrozen\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2c4a4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2c4a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d912b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d912b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jama a soud mrtv\u00fdch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d65272 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1d65272\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc62d382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc62d382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nad jednotliv\u00fdmi tr\u00fdzn\u00edc\u00edmi duchy stoj\u00ed v buddhistick\u00e9m obrazu pekla postava <em>Yamy<\/em>, p\u00e1na podsv\u011bt\u00ed a soudce mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Yama je starobyl\u00e9 indick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, kter\u00e9 se objevuje ji\u017e ve v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch textech jako prvn\u00ed smrteln\u00edk a p\u00e1n mrtv\u00fdch a je\u017e buddhismus p\u0159evzal do sv\u00e9ho kosmologick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V buddhistick\u00e9m pojet\u00ed Yama vede soud, p\u0159ed n\u00edm\u017e se objevuj\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00ed, a vysl\u00fdch\u00e1 je ohledn\u011b jejich skutk\u016f.<\/p><p>Zn\u00e1m\u00e9 podobenstv\u00ed o bo\u017esk\u00fdch poslech vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, jak Yama p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 zem\u0159el\u00e9mu, \u017ee za sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota vid\u011bl st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, nemoc a smrt, av\u0161ak nevzal si je za podn\u011bt k dobr\u00e9mu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Yama zde vystupuje jako instance, kter\u00e1 bytosti ukazuje jej\u00ed vlastn\u00ed pochyben\u00ed, nikoli jako sv\u00e9voln\u00fd tyran; trest vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z karmy, nikoli z Yamova rozmaru. Ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9m pojet\u00ed se tento soud rozvinul v syst\u00e9m deseti kr\u00e1l\u016f podsv\u011bt\u00ed, jejich\u017e jednotliv\u00fdmi instancemi je du\u0161e postupn\u011b vedena.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017eci Naraky stoj\u00ed v t\u00e9to struktu\u0159e pod Yamou. Jsou v\u00fdkonn\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny rozsudku vynesen\u00e9ho pekeln\u00fdm soudem, srovnateln\u00fdmi se soudn\u00edmi \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky a katy pozemsk\u00e9 justice. Tato byrokratizace podsv\u011bt\u00ed, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 a japonsk\u00e9 tradici, pevn\u011b zasadila str\u00e1\u017ece Naraky do uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho obrazu posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Jednaj\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edkaz, nikoli z vlastn\u00edho podn\u011btu, a jejich \u010dinnost je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho procesu. Toto za\u0159azen\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f jako funkcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f uvnit\u0159 kosmick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd se v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku op\u00edr\u00e1 o z\u00e1kon karmy, aby nebyli myln\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1ni jen jako pouh\u00e9 stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 postavy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62c9f3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp62c9f3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f39e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f39e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed a didaktick\u00e1 funkce str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f pekla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4287a28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4287a28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4545f44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4545f44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Str\u00e1\u017eci Naraky a pekeln\u00e9 oblasti, kter\u00e9 ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed k nej\u010dast\u011bji zobrazovan\u00fdm motiv\u016fm buddhistick\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, a tato zobrazen\u00ed m\u011bla jasn\u00fd \u00fa\u010del.<\/p><p>Na <em>Bhava\u010dak\u0159e<\/em>, \u201ekole \u017eivota&#8220;, kter\u00e9 je zobrazeno v mnoha kl\u00e1\u0161terech, zauj\u00edm\u00e1 pekeln\u00e1 oblast jeden ze \u0161esti sektor\u016f; zde jsou zobrazeni zatracenci, n\u00e1stroje trestu a str\u00e1\u017eci, kte\u0159\u00ed je tr\u00fdzn\u00ed. Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii vznikly cel\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 cykly v\u011bnovan\u00e9 deseti pekeln\u00fdm kr\u00e1l\u016fm a jejich soud\u016fm.<\/p><p>Tato zobrazen\u00ed byla p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm didaktick\u00e1, m\u00e9n\u011b dekorativn\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm, \u010dasto i t\u011bm, kdo neum\u011bli \u010d\u00edst, drastick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ukazovala n\u00e1sledky \u0161patn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Podrobn\u00e9, n\u011bkdy a\u017e krut\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed pekeln\u00fdch trest\u016f a jejich vykonavatel\u016f slou\u017eilo etick\u00e9 v\u00fdchov\u011b: kdo tato zobrazen\u00ed vid\u011bl, m\u011bl b\u00fdt motivov\u00e1n k dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed buddhistick\u00fdch p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed, tedy k vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se zab\u00edjen\u00ed, kr\u00e1de\u017e\u00edm a lhan\u00ed.<\/p><p>V Japonsku se z toho vyvinuly vlastn\u00ed obrazov\u00e9 tradice, a texty jako <em>Ojoyoshu<\/em> od Genshina popisovaly pekla tak p\u016fsobiv\u011b, \u017ee trvale ovlivnily n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou p\u0159edstavivost.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017eci Naraky se v t\u011bchto zobrazen\u00edch objevuj\u00ed v pevn\u00fdch obrazov\u00fdch formul\u00edch: se zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi hlavami, \u010dasto hlavou b\u00fdka nebo kon\u011b, s obrovsk\u00fdmi kyji, vidlemi a dal\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1stroji, v podob\u011b vzbuzuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u011bs. V \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 a japonsk\u00e9 tradici se zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b proslavili str\u00e1\u017eci s hlavou b\u00fdka a kon\u011b. Pro za\u0159azen\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee tato hr\u016fzn\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed nejsou v buddhistick\u00e9m kontextu nikdy samo\u00fa\u010deln\u00e1.<\/p><p>Slou\u017e\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku vysvobozen\u00ed z kolob\u011bhu zrozen\u00ed. Peklo a jeho str\u00e1\u017eci jsou varov\u00e1n\u00edm, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdm pozad\u00edm, na n\u011bm\u017e buddhistick\u00e1 cesta z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 svou nal\u00e9havost. Kdo str\u00e1\u017ece Naraky pova\u017euje pouze za monstra, p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed jejich skute\u010dnou funkci n\u00e1stroje n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pedagogiky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doporu\u010den\u00e9 intern\u00ed odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\">Buddhismus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145176\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145177\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145180\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145114\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145117\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145127\">Erinye<\/a> (paralely)<\/li><li>K\u0161itigarbha (Dizang\/Jizo) a u\u010den\u00ed o vysvobozen\u00ed z pekel<\/li><li>\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 Di Yu a japonsk\u00e9 Jigoku<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdb\u011br kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prac\u00ed o Narace a jej\u00edch str\u00e1\u017ec\u00edch:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Matsunaga, Daigan \/ Matsunaga, Alicia: <em>The Buddhist Concept of Hell<\/em>. New York 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Stone, Jacqueline I.: <em>Right Thoughts at the Last Moment<\/em>. Honolulu 2016.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-naraka-waechter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Popsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe je religionistick\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm historick\u00fdch tradic. iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje jej\u00ed sou\u010dasnou podobu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky: buddhisti\u010dt\u00ed hl\u00edda\u010di pekel","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Str\u00e1\u017eci naraky (sanskrtsky narakap\u0101la) jsou exekuto\u0159i buddhistick\u00fdch pekel. 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