{"id":145178,"date":"2026-09-03T16:27:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145178"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:48:57","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:48:57","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Jamad\u00fata"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145178\" class=\"elementor elementor-145178 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jamad\u00fata, duch buddhistick\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Poslov\u00e9 smrti boha Jamy, vykonavatel\u00e9 karmick\u00fdch rozsudk\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 v syst\u00e9mu naraka<\/h2>\n<p>Jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 jsou <strong>poslov\u00e9 smrti boha Jamy<\/strong>, p\u00e1na mrtv\u00fdch ve v\u00e9dsk\u00e9, hinduistick\u00e9 a buddhistick\u00e9 tradici.<\/p><p>V Garuda Pur\u00e1n\u011b a v syst\u00e9mu naraka Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed du\u0161i bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po <strong>okam\u017eiku smrti<\/strong>. Mezi jejich povinnosti pat\u0159\u00ed: identifikace du\u0161e, rozv\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edch pout, doprovod p\u0159es <strong>\u0159eku Vaitaran\u00ed<\/strong> a p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed du\u0161e u Jamova soudu v <strong>Jamapuri<\/strong>. Tam p\u00edsa\u0159 <strong>\u010citragupta<\/strong> v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed z\u00e1sluhy a provin\u011bn\u00ed a Jama vyn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed rozsudek.<\/p><p>Tresty vedou do jednoho z <strong>28 naraka<\/strong> (pekel): Raurava (peklo k\u0159iku), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalas\u00fatra. Buddhistick\u00e9 p\u0159evzet\u00ed (mah\u00e1j\u00e1na, vad\u017eraj\u00e1na) toto sch\u00e9ma zachov\u00e1v\u00e1, av\u0161ak dopl\u0148uje o mo\u017enost osvobozen\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm recitace <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, kter\u00e1 se v hinduismu a buddhismu opakovan\u011b p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantry<\/span> a praktik mezistavu (bardo, Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch). Ikonograficky jsou jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 temnoplet\u00ed, se smy\u010dkou a kyjem, jezd\u00ed na vodn\u00edch buvolech.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Net\u011blesn\u00e1 nebo poloviditeln\u00e1 bytost, zesnul\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed bytosti, dom\u00e1c\u00ed duchov\u00e9 nebo str\u00e1\u017eci prahu. P\u016fsob\u00ed v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto v\u00e1zan\u00ed na m\u00edsta nebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 tradice s b\u00f3dhisattvy, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy, hladov\u00fdmi duchy a str\u00e1\u017eci pekel.\">Buddhismus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1697\" alt=\"Jamad\u00fata\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jamad\u00fata<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jamad\u00fata je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159isuzuje p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> buddhistick\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 jsou poslov\u00e9 smrti ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Jamy, p\u00e1na mrtv\u00fdch v indicko-buddhistick\u00e9 tradici. V okam\u017eiku smrti se zjevuj\u00ed, aby odvedli du\u0161i a p\u0159ivedli ji p\u0159ed Jam\u016fv soud.<\/p><p>Tam se v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu, buddhismu a d\u017einismu z\u00e1kon p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku \u010din\u016f: ka\u017ed\u00fd skutek se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch existenc\u00edch.\">karma<\/span>, Jama vyn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed rozsudek a jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 jej vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed, a\u0165 v nebesk\u00fdch sv\u011btech, nebo v narak\u00e1ch (peklech). Tato postava spojuje indick\u00e9 a buddhistick\u00e9 tradice kultu mrtv\u00fdch; ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii se prol\u00edn\u00e1 s m\u00edstn\u00edmi p\u0159edstavami o \u0159\u00ed\u0161i mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Devad\u00fata sutta (\u201esutta o bo\u017e\u00edch poslech\u201c) v p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Soubor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f uzn\u00e1van\u00fd za z\u00e1vazn\u00fd v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> vypr\u00e1v\u00ed sc\u00e9nu, kterou Buddha popisuje: zesnul\u00fd je p\u0159iveden p\u0159ed Jamu; Jama se ho pt\u00e1, zda nevid\u011bl \u201ebo\u017e\u00ed posly\u201c, st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, nemoc, smrt a nalezen\u00e1 t\u011bla, kte\u0159\u00ed jej mohli p\u0159im\u011bt k obratu.<\/p><p>Jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 tak nejsou jen vykonavateli, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 i znamen\u00edmi upozor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi na \u017eivot. Tato dvoj\u00ed role d\u011bl\u00e1 tuto postavu teologicky bohatou.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Pur\u00e1na a topografie Jamaloky<\/strong><\/p><p>Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed <em>jamad\u00faty<\/em> se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v <em>Garuda Pur\u00e1n\u011b<\/em> (8. 10. stolet\u00ed), kde jsou Jamovi poslov\u00e9 klasifikov\u00e1ni podle sv\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed a funkce. Nad r\u00e1mec role prost\u00fdch str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f nebo posl\u016f zde funguj\u00ed jako porotci a zapisovatel\u00e9 karmick\u00e9ho rozsudku.<\/p><p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd zesnul\u00fd je sv\u00fdmi osobn\u00edmi jamad\u00faty odveden ze sv\u011bta zem\u0159el\u00fdch do Maharloky, kde Jama zased\u00e1 u dvora. Sama topografie Jamaloky, jak je popisov\u00e1na v r\u016fzn\u00fdch pur\u00e1n\u00e1ch, ukazuje byrokratickou strukturu: br\u00e1na, cesta, s\u00ed\u0148 spravedlnosti a jednotliv\u00e9 oblasti pekel. Jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 jsou spr\u00e1vci t\u00e9to topografie, nikoli jej\u00edmi str\u00e1\u017eci.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rychl\u00fd p\u0159ehled: Jamad\u00fata<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> poslov\u00e9 smrti, vykonavatel\u00e9 pekla<br>P\u016fvod: slu\u017eba Jamovi, p\u00e1nu mrtv\u00fdch<br>Texty: Devad\u00fata sutta, d\u017e\u00e1taky, Abhidharmako\u0161a, Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch<br>Obdob\u00ed: od v\u00e9dsko-buddhistick\u00e9ho po sou\u010dasnost<br>V\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e1 forma: v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu podsv\u011bt\u00ed jako poslov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dce Yanluo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00e9dsk\u00fd z\u00e1klad (Jama v Rgv\u00e9du), buddhistick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Soubor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f uzn\u00e1van\u00fd za z\u00e1vazn\u00fd v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> a v s\u00fatr\u00e1ch <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVelk\u00fd v\u016fz'; jedna ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch tradic buddhismu, s ide\u00e1lem b\u00f3dhisattvy a rozvinutou filosofickou reflex\u00ed.\">mah\u00e1j\u00e1ny<\/span>. Abhidharmako\u0161a (Vasubandhu, 4.\/5. stolet\u00ed n. l.) systematizuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span>. Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu p\u0159echodn\u00fd stav mezi dv\u011bma existencemi; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zi po smrti.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, 8. stolet\u00ed nebo pozd\u011bji) s podrobn\u00fdm zobrazen\u00edm jamad\u00fat\u016f. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 a japonsk\u00e9 souvislosti v buddhistick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e o podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indick\u00fd subkontinent, th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e9 zem\u011b, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie (v \u010c\u00edn\u011b jako poslov\u00e9 Yanluo, jako Niu Tou \u201eBuvol\u00ed hlava\u201c a Ma Mian \u201eKo\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159\u201c), Tibet s roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantov\u00fd v\u016fz'; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhismu, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tibetu, se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na praxi jidamu a mantrickou techniku.\">vad\u017eraj\u00e1ny<\/span>, Japonsko s podobou Enma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u00fata sutta (Anguttara nik\u00e1ja a Majjhima nik\u00e1ja), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmako\u0161a (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch; ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1vod pro p\u0159echodn\u00e9 stavy po smrti.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 podsv\u011btn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed (literatura <em>Di Yu<\/em>), japonsk\u00e9 Jigoku z\u00f3\u0161i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010den\u00ed a zp\u016fsoby psan\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrt:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eYam\u016fv posel\u201c; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eYam\u016fv str\u00e1\u017ece\u201c; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eYam\u016fv mu\u017e\u201c.<br>\u010c\u00ednsky: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201eVol\u00ed hlava a ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159\u201c, popul\u00e1rn\u00ed dvojice).<br>Japonsky: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama jako Emma.<br>Tibetsky: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je specifikace ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii: dvojice Vol\u00ed hlava a Ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159 je samostatn\u00fd \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj. Oba jsou zobrazov\u00e1ni jako mocn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci podsv\u011bt\u00ed Yanluo Wanga a maj\u00ed v\u00fdsadn\u00ed postaven\u00ed v lidov\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzhled<\/strong><\/p><p>V indick\u00e9 tradici \u010dasto se svatoz\u00e1\u0159\u00ed z plamen\u016f, se zbran\u011bmi a \u0159et\u011bzy. Mohou m\u00edt zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed nebo \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed podobu. V \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obrazov\u00fdch obsaz\u00edch a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> jsou specifikov\u00e1ni jako Vol\u00ed hlava a Ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159, vyzbrojeni palicemi nebo vidlemi. V tibetsk\u00fdch thangk\u00e1ch vystupuj\u00ed hn\u011bviv\u011b, tan\u010d\u00ed, s lebkov\u00fdmi symboly.<\/p><p><strong>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Objevuj\u00ed se v okam\u017eiku smrti, poutaj\u00ed du\u0161i a odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed ji k Yamovi. V Narak\u00e1ch vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed karmick\u00e9 tresty, bez osobn\u00ed krutosti, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako funk\u010dn\u00ed \u00fakol. Ve v\u00fdkladu Devad\u016bta jsou z\u00e1rove\u0148 symbolem: samotn\u00fd \u017eivot napom\u00edn\u00e1 st\u00e1\u0159\u00edm, nemoc\u00ed a smrt\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezisv\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159i procesu um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, Yam\u016fv soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr, Naraky (pekla). Ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 tradici jsou rozd\u011bleni i do konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch podsv\u011btn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, ka\u017ed\u00e9 z deseti pekel m\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama je ve v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 tradici prvn\u00edm smrteln\u00edkem, kter\u00fd ode\u0161el do podsv\u011bt\u00ed, a tak se stal jeho p\u00e1nem. Jeho poslov\u00e9 jsou funkcion\u00e1\u0159i kosmick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nikoli autonomn\u00ed d\u00e9moni. Buddhistick\u00e9 p\u0159evzet\u00ed toto funk\u010dn\u00ed postaven\u00ed zachov\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p><div><p><strong>T\u011blesn\u00e9 znaky a funkce zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>V pas\u00e1\u017e\u00edch Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty a v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch Pur\u00e1n\u00e1ch jsou Yamad\u00fatov\u00e9 popisov\u00e1ni se specifick\u00fdmi t\u011blesn\u00fdmi znaky: \u010dern\u00e1 k\u016f\u017ee, rud\u00e9 o\u010di, had\u00ed vlasy nebo plameny m\u00edsto vlas\u016f, \u017eelezn\u00e9 zbran\u011b. Tyto znaky jsou funk\u010dn\u00ed, nikoli nahodil\u00e9: maj\u00ed smrteln\u00edky vyd\u011bsit a p\u0159im\u011bt je k zamy\u0161len\u00ed nad vlastn\u00edm \u017eivotem.<\/p><p>Vzhled je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed; apotropaick\u00e9 symboly (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed \u0161kodlivou magi\u00ed a zl\u00fdm pohledem.\">apotropaick\u00fd<\/span> a z\u00e1rove\u0148 meditativn\u00ed. Pohled na Yamad\u00fatu ozna\u010duje p\u0159echod od \u017eivota k odpov\u011bdnosti. V tantrick\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch je funkce zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b explicitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: Yamad\u00fata je v\u011bdom\u00fdm zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm karmick\u00fdch d\u016fsledk\u016f, nikoli biologickou entitou.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yamad\u00fata<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty Yamad\u00fat\u016f na jeden pohled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fvod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Yamy, p\u00e1na smrti. V\u00e9dsko-buddhistick\u00fd z\u00e1klad. Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii rozpracov\u00e1ni pod Yanluem\/Emmou, s vlastn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed hierarchi\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adres\u00e1ti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed v okam\u017eiku smrti, zesnul\u00ed v mezistavu, pekeln\u00e9 bytosti p\u0159i vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed trestu. Nep\u0159\u00edmo v\u0161ichni \u017eiv\u00ed jako napom\u00ednan\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V Indii se svatoz\u00e1\u0159\u00ed z plamen\u016f a zbran\u011bmi. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b specifikov\u00e1ni jako Vol\u00ed hlava a Ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159. V Tibetu hn\u011bviv\u00ed, tan\u010d\u00edc\u00ed, s lebkov\u00fdmi ozdobami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsoben\u00ed Yamad\u00faty<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed du\u0161e, vedou je k Yamovu soudu, vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed karmick\u00e9 rozsudky. Funk\u010dn\u011b, nikoli osobn\u011b krut\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formy ochrany<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nikoli obrana, ale spr\u00e1vn\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u017eivota: etick\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b ve T\u0159ech drahokamech, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo vz\u00fdvac\u00ed obracen\u00ed se k bo\u017estvu nebo s\u00edle.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> K\u0161itigarbhy (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9m buddhismu osv\u00edcen\u00e1 bytost, kter\u00e1 odkl\u00e1d\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed vysvobozen\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch nauky pro ostatn\u00ed bytosti.\">b\u00f3dhisattva<\/span> pekeln\u00fdch bytost\u00ed). Tibetsky: praxe phowa (p\u0159enos v\u011bdom\u00ed v okam\u017eiku smrti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Srovnateln\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145114\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145126\">K\u00e9ry<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145132\">Dirae<\/a>, egypt\u0161t\u00ed pr\u016fvodci z Amduatu, k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed and\u011bl\u00e9 smrti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ob\u0159ady um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a smrti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edprava na smrt<\/strong><\/p><p>V th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e9 tradici: recitace parity a mett\u00e1 sutt u um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Velk\u00fd v\u016fz; jedna ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch tradic buddhismu, s ide\u00e1lem b\u00f3dhisattvy.\">Mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/span>: recitace mantr Amit\u00e1bhy, aby se zesnul\u00fd znovuzrodil v jeho \u010dist\u00e9 zemi, a ne v Yamov\u011b \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantov\u00fd v\u016fz; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhismu, zejm\u00e9na v Tibetu, s prax\u00ed yidamu ve sv\u00e9m centru.\">Vad\u017eraj\u00e1na<\/span>: phowa jako specifick\u00e1 meditace v okam\u017eiku smrti k vystoupen\u00ed z kolob\u011bhu.<\/p><p><strong>Poosmrtn\u00e9 ob\u0159ady<\/strong><\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch d\u00e1v\u00e1 zesnul\u00e9mu n\u00e1vod pro 49 dn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu p\u0159echodn\u00fd stav mezi dv\u011bma existencemi; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zi po smrti.\">bardo<\/span>, v\u010detn\u011b v\u00fdslovn\u00fdch setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Yamad\u00faty. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 tradice se poh\u0159ebn\u00edm ritu\u00e1lem \u201esedm-sedm\u201c (49 dn\u00ed s t\u00fddenn\u00edmi ob\u0159ady). Japonsk\u00fd Obon a podobn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly k uleh\u010den\u00ed stavu zesnul\u00e9ho.<\/p><p><strong>Etick\u00fd rozm\u011br<\/strong><\/p><p>U\u010den\u00ed Devad\u016bta \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee samotn\u00fd \u017eivot vys\u00edl\u00e1 posly: st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, nemoc, pohled na mrtvolu. Kdo je vysly\u0161\u00ed, nem\u00e1 se u Yamova soudu \u010deho b\u00e1t. Kdo je p\u0159eslechne, ocitne se v odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch znovuzrozen\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely a recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> a mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 paralely<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145114\">Gallu<\/a> jako v\u00fdkonn\u00fd org\u00e1n podsv\u011bt\u00ed, \u0159eck\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145126\">K\u00e9ry<\/a> jako d\u00e9monky smrti, egyptsk\u00e9 doprovodn\u00e9 postavy z Amduatu na slune\u010dn\u00ed pouti podsv\u011bt\u00edm.<\/p><p><strong>V\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj<\/strong><\/p><p>\u010c\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed Niu Tou a Ma Mian, japon\u0161t\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci Enmy maj\u00ed v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed hierarchii s dopisy a zkou\u0161kami. Syst\u00e9m Di Yu (\u201ezemsk\u00e9 v\u011bzen\u00ed&#8220;) je jednou z nejrozpracovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch administrativ podsv\u011bt\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p><p><strong>Modern\u00ed recepce<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywoodsk\u00e9 filmy s postavami Jamar\u00e1d\u017ee, japonsk\u00e9 anime s motivy \u0161inigami, korejsk\u00e9 K-dramata s postavami Smr\u0165\u00e1ka, v\u0161echny variuj\u00ed motiv Jamad\u00fata v modern\u00ed podob\u011b.<\/p><div><p><strong>Jamad\u00fata a isl\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezi hinduistick\u00fdmi jamad\u00faty a and\u011bly smrti isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>, existuje pozoruhodn\u00e1 paralela. Ob\u011b tradice popisuj\u00ed nebesk\u00e9 bytosti, kter\u00e9 se zjevuj\u00ed v okam\u017eiku smrti. Ob\u011b posuzuj\u00ed skutky zem\u0159el\u00e9ho na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch nebo karmick\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f.<\/p><p>Ob\u011b jsou hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9m vzhledu, av\u0161ak spravedliv\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9 funkci. Isl\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arabsky \u201aand\u011bl\u00e9'; v Kor\u00e1nu kosmologick\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda and\u011bl\u016f, z nich\u017e nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou Gabriel, Michael a Israf\u00edl.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> jsou v\u0161ak mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi agenty Boha, zat\u00edmco jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed administrativn\u00ed s\u00edly. Tento rozd\u00edl ukazuje odli\u0161nost v pojet\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologick\u00fd probl\u00e9m slu\u010ditelnosti Bo\u017e\u00ed v\u0161emohoucnosti a dobroty s existenc\u00ed zla ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\">theodiceje<\/span>: v hinduismu se karma napl\u0148uje samo, v isl\u00e1mu je to Bo\u017e\u00ed milost, kter\u00e1 rozhoduje o spravedlnosti.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta jako poslov\u00e9 boha smrti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no <em>Yamaduta<\/em> znamen\u00e1 doslova \u201eposel Yamy&#8220;. Yama je p\u00e1nem mrtv\u00fdch, postavou poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159es buddhismus a hinduismus roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po cel\u00e9 ji\u017en\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii.<\/p><p>Yamaduta jsou jeho pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, vys\u00edlan\u00ed k tomu, aby shroma\u017e\u010fovali du\u0161e zem\u0159el\u00fdch a p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bli je p\u0159ed soud p\u00e1na smrti. Nejsou tedy samostatn\u00fdmi mocnostmi, n\u00fdbr\u017e funkcion\u00e1\u0159i v r\u00e1mci kosmick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du.<\/p><p>V buddhistick\u00fdch textech se Yamaduta objevuj\u00ed v n\u011bkolika rol\u00edch. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm m\u00edstem je <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> z p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9ho k\u00e1nonu, kde ov\u0161em stoj\u00ed v pop\u0159ed\u00ed \u201ebo\u017e\u0161t\u00ed poslov\u00e9&#8220;, toti\u017e st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, nemoc a smrt jako varovn\u00e1 znamen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla varovat ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p><p>Vedle toho existuj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popisy peklovl\u00e1dn\u00edch posl\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00e9ho uchop\u00ed a p\u0159ivedou p\u0159ed Yamu. Yama pak mrtv\u00e9mu vyt\u00fdk\u00e1, \u017ee varovn\u00e1 znamen\u00ed st\u00e1rnut\u00ed, nemoci a smrti za \u017eivota vid\u011bl, ale nevzal si je k srdci.<\/p><p>Toto propojen\u00ed d\u011bsiv\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed a etick\u00e9ho pou\u010den\u00ed je pro buddhistick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed Yamaduta charakteristick\u00e9. Jsou to stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 postavy, ale jejich d\u011bsivost m\u00e1 naukov\u00fd \u00fa\u010del. B\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed o buddhistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span> zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee popisy pekel v buddhismu byly zam\u00fd\u0161leny jako nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 ilustrace z\u00e1kona karmy a neslou\u017eily samy sob\u011b.<\/p><p>Yamaduta nevykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd sv\u00e9voln\u00fd trest, prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed to, co samy skutky zem\u0159el\u00e9ho vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Skute\u010dn\u00fdm soudcem je nakonec z\u00e1kon \u010dinu a n\u00e1sledku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta v zobrazen\u00edch pekla a chr\u00e1mov\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhistick\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed Asie zobrazovalo Yamaduta mnohokr\u00e1t, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve velk\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch pekel, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v chr\u00e1mech, na n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch a na svitc\u00edch. Tyto obrazov\u00e9 programy zachycuj\u00ed Yamovo posmrtn\u00e9 soudnictv\u00ed a tresty r\u016fzn\u00fdch pekel, \u010dasto v drasticky v\u00fdmluvn\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Yamaduta se na nich objevuj\u00ed jako vykon\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci a mu\u010ditel\u00e9, \u010dasto se zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi rysy, nap\u0159\u00edklad s b\u00fd\u010d\u00ed nebo ko\u0148skou hlavou, co\u017e je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obrazov\u00fdch obsaz\u00edch a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span>, kter\u00e1 je zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 rozvinut\u00e1 ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 tradici.<\/p><p>Takov\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed pekel m\u011bla jasnou didaktickou funkci. Byla um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1na na m\u00edstech, kde je vid\u011bli laici, a ilustrovala d\u016fsledky nezdrav\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd byl srozumiteln\u00fd i bez znalosti text\u016f.<\/p><p>V Thajsku, v tibetsk\u00e9 tradici, v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Koreji a Japonsku najdeme vlastn\u00ed varianty t\u00e9to obrazov\u00e9 tradice, kter\u00e9 napl\u0148uj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sch\u00e9ma region\u00e1ln\u00edmi zvl\u00e1\u0161tnostmi.<\/p><p>Ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 variant\u011b se indick\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed spojuje s p\u0159edstavou deseti kr\u00e1l\u016f podsv\u011bt\u00ed, tak\u017ee Yama se tam objevuje jako jeden z deseti soudc\u016f, srovnateln\u00fd s korejsk\u00fdm <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145304\">Yeomrou<\/a>.<\/p><p>Pro religionistick\u00fd pohled je tato obrazov\u00e1 tradice d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pramenem, nebo\u0165 ukazuje, jak byla nauka o karm\u011b a posmrtn\u00e9m soudu zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1na \u017eivotn\u00edmu sv\u011btu laik\u016f. Yamaduta se v t\u011bchto obrazech objevuj\u00ed jako v\u00fdmluvn\u00e9, d\u011bsiv\u00e9 postavy, nikoli jako abstraktn\u00ed teologick\u00e9 pojmy.<\/p><p>Um\u011bnov\u011bdn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum nav\u00edc vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zachovan\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed pekel k sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch p\u0159edstav v \u010dase a prostoru, nebo\u0165 na nich lze vysledovat cesty p\u0159enosu buddhistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologie<\/span> mezi regiony.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta a Yamadut v hinduismu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159edstava Jamabot\u016f je zakotvena nejen v buddhismu, ale i v hinduismu, kde jsou tito poslov\u00e9 \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1ni <em>Jamadut<\/em>. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 je vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed zachovan\u00e9 v n\u011bkolika Pur\u00e1n\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 Ad\u017eamily.<\/p><p>Ad\u017eamila je mu\u017e, kter\u00fd vedl zpustl\u00fd \u017eivot a v hodin\u011b smrti si po n\u011bj maj\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edt Jamaboti. Ve chv\u00edli um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak vyk\u0159ikne jm\u00e9no sv\u00e9ho syna, kter\u00e9 je n\u00e1hodou i jedn\u00edm z jmen boha Vi\u0161nua. Na to se objev\u00ed Vi\u0161nuovi poslov\u00e9, <em>Vi\u0161nudut<\/em>, postav\u00ed se proti Jamabot\u016fm a Ad\u017eamilu vysvobod\u00ed.<\/p><p>Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je teologicky velmi v\u00fdmluvn\u00e9. V tradici uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Vi\u0161nua je uv\u00e1d\u011bno jako d\u016fkaz vykupuj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edly bo\u017e\u00edho jm\u00e9na: i ne\u00famysln\u00e9 vy\u0159knut\u00ed jm\u00e9na m\u00e1 sp\u00e1sn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.<\/p><p>Jamaboti v tomto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed strohou logiku \u010dinu a odplaty, zat\u00edmco Vi\u0161nuovi poslov\u00e9 zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed milost, je\u017e tuto logiku m\u016f\u017ee prolomit. Spor mezi ob\u011bma skupinami posl\u016f je v textech vyl\u00ed\u010den jako opravdov\u00e1 disputace o pr\u00e1vu a milosti.<\/p><p>Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska tato epizoda ukazuje, \u017ee Jamadutov\u00e9 byli v r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch proudech Indie hodnoceni odli\u0161n\u011b podle teologick\u00e9ho stanoviska. V r\u00e1mci striktn\u011b karmick\u00e9m jsou nevyhnuteln\u00fdmi vykonavateli.<\/p><p>V proudech zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na oddanost a milost se z nich st\u00e1v\u00e1 instance, kterou lze p\u0159emoci obr\u00e1cen\u00edm se ke sp\u00e1sn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvu<\/span>. Jamadutov\u00e9 jsou tak dobr\u00fdm ukazatelem toho, jak je jedna spole\u010dn\u00e1 mytologick\u00e1 p\u0159edstava v r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech za\u0159azov\u00e1na a hodnocena odli\u0161n\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doporu\u010den\u00e9 intern\u00ed odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\">Buddhismus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145176\">M\u00e1ra<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145177\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145179\">Str\u00e1\u017eci Naraky<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145180\">D\u00e1kin\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145114\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145126\">K\u00e9ry<\/a> (paralely)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145295\">Jama<\/a> jako vl\u00e1dce mrtv\u00fdch (hinduismus)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol a tibetsk\u00e1 Knihu mrtv\u00fdch<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdb\u011br kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prac\u00ed o Jamad\u00fatech:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Zde popsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe je v\u011bdeck\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm historick\u00fdch tradic. iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje jejich sou\u010dasnou formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Jamad\u00fata, posel smrti Jamy","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Jamad\u00fata \u2013 poslov\u00e9 smrti boha Jamy","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Jamad\u00fatov\u00e9 jsou poslov\u00e9 smrti ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Jamy, p\u00e1na mrtv\u00fdch v indicko-buddhistick\u00e9 tradici. 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