{"id":145177,"date":"2026-09-03T16:27:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145177"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:48:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:48:54","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145177\" class=\"elementor elementor-145177 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, duch buddhistick\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> buddhistick\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p><strong>Hladov\u00fd duch s krkem tenk\u00fdm jako jehla, karmick\u00e1 podoba touhy.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Net\u011blesn\u00e1 nebo polot\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, zesnul\u00fd, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed bytost, dom\u00e1c\u00ed duch nebo str\u00e1\u017ece prahu. P\u016fsob\u00ed v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto v\u00e1z\u00e1n na m\u00edsta nebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 tradice s b\u00f3dhisattvy, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy, hladov\u00fdmi duchy a str\u00e1\u017eci pekel.\">Buddhismus<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145226\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zesnul\u00ed, jejich\u017e duchov\u00e9 d\u00e1le p\u016fsob\u00ed v tomto sv\u011bt\u011b, dom\u00e1c\u00ed duchov\u00e9, p\u0159edkov\u00e9, neklidn\u00ed mrtv\u00ed.\">Duch zesnul\u00e9ho<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1678\" alt=\"Preta\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta (p\u00e1li: peta) je jednou z nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch postav buddhistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologie<\/span>. Hladov\u00fd duch s nadu\u0159el\u00fdm b\u0159ichem a krkem tenk\u00fdm jako jehla, schopn\u00fd vid\u011bt a ba\u017eit, ale neschopn\u00fd j\u00edst nebo p\u00edt.<\/p><p>Tato postava se stala obrazem d\u016fsledk\u016f karmick\u00e9 chtivosti: kdo za \u017eivota odp\u00edral dary, byl skrbl\u00edk, zpronev\u011b\u0159il almu\u017eny, znovu se zrod\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b pret\u016f a trp\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm nedostatkem.<\/p><p>V textech Petavatthu (sou\u010d\u00e1st p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9ho k\u00e1nonu) buddhisti\u010dt\u00ed mist\u0159i vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed o setk\u00e1n\u00edch s prety, kte\u0159\u00ed se zpov\u00eddaj\u00ed ke sv\u00fdm d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm skutk\u016fm. Ullambansk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVelk\u00fd v\u016fz'; jedna ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch tradic buddhismu, s ide\u00e1lem b\u00f3dhisattvy a rozvinutou filozofickou reflex\u00ed.\">mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/span>) vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, jak Maudgaly\u00e1jana vid\u00ed svou zesnulou matku v podob\u011b prety a zachr\u00e1nit ji m\u016f\u017ee jen spole\u010dnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu za \u00fa\u010delem vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed vd\u011bku, prosby nebo uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btn\u00ed<\/span> silou sanghy.<\/p><p>Z tohoto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se vyvinul celosv\u011btov\u011b slaven\u00fd Festival hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f (Ullambana, \u010d\u00ednsky Yulanpen, japonsky Obon). Tato postava je tak, na rozd\u00edl od mnoha jin\u00fdch d\u00e9mon\u016f, \u00fazce spjata s ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed prax\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prvn\u00ed pohled: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Hladov\u00fd duch, buddhistick\u00e9 znovuzrozen\u00ed<br>P\u016fvod: Karmick\u00fd d\u016fsledek skrblictv\u00ed, z\u00e1visti, chtivosti, zneu\u017eit\u00ed almu\u017een<br>Texty: Petavatthu (p\u00e1li), ullambansk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>, d\u017e\u00e1taky<br>Obdob\u00ed: 5. stol. p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e sou\u010dasnost<br>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek: Festival hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sb\u00edrka svat\u00fdch text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 jako z\u00e1vazn\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> rozpracov\u00e1n od 3. stol. p\u0159. n. l. v Petavatthu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Velk\u00fd v\u016fz; jedna ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch tradic buddhismu, s ide\u00e1lem b\u00f3dhisattvy.\">Mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9<\/span> roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ullambansk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatry<\/span> (ran\u00e1 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 \u00e9ra, p\u0159elo\u017eeno do \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny ve 3. stol. n. l.). Festival hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f se v \u010c\u00edn\u011b ustaluje od doby Tang, v Japonsku jako Obon od doby Nara. Nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b dodnes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Th\u00e9rav\u00e1da: Sr\u00ed Lanka, Thajsko, Mjanmar, Laos, Kambod\u017ea (tam spojeno s m\u00edstn\u00edmi kulty p\u0159edk\u016f). Mah\u00e1j\u00e1na: \u010c\u00edna, Korea, Japonsko, Vietnam (tam zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u017eiv\u00e9). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantov\u00fd v\u016fz'; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhismu, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tibetu, s prax\u00ed jidamu a mantrickou technikou ve st\u0159edu.\">Vad\u017eraj\u00e1na<\/span>: Tibet, Mongolsko. Ma\u010farsk\u00e9, mongolsk\u00e9, kaza\u0161sk\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 obce. Modern\u00ed diasporn\u00ed komunity po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (p\u00e1li, sou\u010d\u00e1st Khuddaka Nik\u00e1ji), Vim\u00e1navatthu (jako dopl\u0148kov\u00fd protip\u00f3l), ullambansk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> (sanskrt\/\u010d\u00edn\u0161tina), d\u017e\u00e1taky, tibetsk\u00e9 tradice knihy mrtv\u00fdch, modern\u00ed etnografie k Festivalu hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrt:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; p\u00e1li <em>peta<\/em>; \u017eensk\u00fd rod <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>\u010c\u00ednsky: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, \u201ehladov\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span>&#8222;).<br>Japonsky: <em>gaki<\/em>.<br>Tibetsky: <em>jidag<\/em>.<br>Etymologie: od <em>pra-i<\/em> \u201ej\u00edt vp\u0159ed&#8220;, p\u016fvodn\u011b \u201ezesnul\u00fd&#8220;, pozd\u011bji specializov\u00e1no na t\u0159\u00eddu hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f.<\/p><p>Pojem tuto v\u00fdvojovou linii dob\u0159e ukazuje: ve v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 dob\u011b ozna\u010doval <em>preta<\/em> prost\u011b zesnul\u00e9ho v mezistavu p\u0159ed znovuzrozen\u00edm. Buddhismus toto zp\u0159es\u0148uje: ur\u010dit\u00ed mrtv\u00ed se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed hladov\u00fdmi duchy podle sv\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu, buddhismu a d\u017einismu z\u00e1kon p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku skutk\u016f: Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din zp\u011btn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed existence.\">karmy<\/span>. Z tohoto zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed vznik\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda pret\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzhled<\/strong><\/p><p>Obrovsk\u00e9 nafoukl\u00e9 b\u0159icho, nepatrn\u00e1 \u00fasta a krk tenk\u00fd jako ucho jehly, huben\u00e9 kon\u010detiny. Hladov\u00fd, chtiv\u00fd pohled, \u010dasto s planouc\u00edmi \u00fasty (ve\u0161ker\u00fd n\u00e1poj se m\u011bn\u00ed v ohe\u0148). Klasick\u00e1 d\u00e9monologie rozli\u0161uje 36 t\u0159\u00edd pret\u016f, ka\u017edou s vlastn\u00edm utrpen\u00edm.<\/p><p><strong>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Neust\u00e1le hled\u00e1 potravu, ale nedok\u00e1\u017ee j\u00edst. Proklet\u00fd k v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9mu hladu. Vid\u00ed vodu, kter\u00e1 se m\u011bn\u00ed v hnis, vid\u00ed pokrmy, kter\u00e9 ho\u0159\u00ed. P\u0159itahuje ho v\u016fn\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btn\u00edch<\/span> dar\u016f.<\/p><p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Vlastn\u00ed Pretaloka (sv\u011bt pret\u016f) v buddhistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span>, sd\u00edl\u00ed prostor s lidsk\u00fdm sv\u011btem, kter\u00fd ale vn\u00edm\u00e1 jinak. \u010casto se zdr\u017euje v bl\u00edzkosti m\u00edst d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u017eivota. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b se tradi\u010dn\u011b v sedm\u00e9m lun\u00e1rn\u00edm m\u011bs\u00edci \u201evypou\u0161t\u00ed\u201c z podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Nejde o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e o d\u016fsledek znovuzrozen\u00ed. Vznik\u00e1 z lakoty, z\u00e1visti, kr\u00e1de\u017ee almu\u017eny nebo zneu\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dar\u016f. D\u00e9lka existence preta je ur\u010dena karmickou t\u00edhou, \u010dasto velmi dlouh\u00e1, n\u011bkter\u00e9 texty hovo\u0159\u00ed o kalp\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rysy preta na prvn\u00ed pohled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fvod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Karmick\u00e9 znovuzrozen\u00ed z lakoty, z\u00e1visti a zneu\u017eit\u00ed dar\u016f. Nejde o stvo\u0159en\u00ed, ale o formu existence v buddhistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Koho preta ohro\u017euje<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00fdval\u00ed lid\u00e9 s nahromad\u011bnou negativn\u00ed karmou. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tradic\u00edch jsou v\u00e1z\u00e1ni i na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsta a rodiny (p\u0159edkov\u00e9-preti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nafoukl\u00e9 b\u0159icho, nepatrn\u00e1 \u00fasta, krk tenk\u00fd jako ucho jehly, huben\u00e9 kon\u010detiny. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch popisech planouc\u00ed \u00fasta. 36 t\u0159\u00edd, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s vlastn\u00edm utrpen\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkce<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u011b\u010dn\u011b hladov\u00fd, neschopn\u00fd j\u00edst. Ze \u017e\u00e1dostivosti pron\u00e1sleduje \u017eiv\u00e9, p\u0159itahuje ho v\u016fn\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btn\u00edch<\/span> dar\u016f. M\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit nemoc v domech, kde se zanedb\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dary a ullambansk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> (za konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jmenovan\u00e9 prety), recitace ullambansk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatry<\/span>, ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed vody a r\u00fd\u017ee. Ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantov\u00fd v\u016fz; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhismu, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tibetu, s prax\u00ed jidamu ve st\u0159edu.\">vad\u017eraj\u00e1n\u011b<\/span>: cokov\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> se sd\u00edlen\u00fdmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btn\u00edmi<\/span> dary pro v\u0161echny bytosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obdoby preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E-kuej (\u010d\u00ednsky), gaki (japonsky), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145113\">edimmu<\/a>, pi\u0161\u00e1\u010dov\u00e9, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 postavy o\u010distce jako strukturn\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 p\u0159echodn\u00e9 du\u0161e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ob\u0159ad a sv\u00e1tek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ullambana\/Festival hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f<\/strong><\/p><p>V sedm\u00e9m lun\u00e1rn\u00edm m\u011bs\u00edci (v\u011bt\u0161inou v srpnu) se podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> otev\u00edraj\u00ed br\u00e1ny podsv\u011bt\u00ed a preti vstupuj\u00ed do sv\u011bta. V\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btiny<\/span>, recituj\u00ed s\u00fatry, stav\u00ed olt\u00e1\u0159e. Buddhistick\u00e9 a taoistick\u00e9 tradice se spojuj\u00ed v jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f lidov\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie.<\/p><p><strong>Obon v Japonsku<\/strong><\/p><p>V obdob\u00ed Obon (zpravidla 13.\u201316. srpna) jsou v\u00edt\u00e1ni p\u0159edkov\u00e9. Tance Bon-Odori, ohn\u011b u vchod\u016f dom\u016f, n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy hrob\u016f. Spojen\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem o vykoupen\u00ed matky (m\u00fdtus o Mulianovi\/Maudgaly\u00e1janovi) je citov\u011b velmi siln\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritu\u00e1l<\/span> v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b<\/strong><\/p><p>V th\u00e9rav\u00e1d\u011b: vodn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span> pret\u016fm p\u0159i j\u00eddle pindapata. V vad\u017eraj\u00e1n\u011b: kou\u0159ov\u00e1 ob\u011b\u0165 sur, ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u201ekrmen\u00ed pret\u016f\u201c jako sou\u010d\u00e1st ob\u011btn\u00ed praxe. V mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u011b: p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jmen zesnul\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016fm pro pravidelnou recitaci <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatry<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely a modern\u00ed doba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hladov\u00ed duchov\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kulturami<\/strong><\/p><p>E-kuej (\u010c\u00edna) a gaki (Japonsko) jsou p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdmi p\u0159eklady t\u00e9\u017ee postavy v podob\u011b, kterou nabyla ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Pi\u0161\u00e1\u010da (hinduismus) sd\u00edl\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> hladu, av\u0161ak se specifikou po\u017e\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch t\u011bl. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145113\">Edimmu<\/a> a \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed lemurov\u00e9 jsou strukturn\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 du\u0161e v p\u0159echodn\u00e9m stavu.<\/p><p><strong>Psychologick\u00fd a ekologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad:<\/strong> Modern\u00ed buddhisti\u010dt\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9 (Thich Nhat Hanh) vykl\u00e1daj\u00ed prety i psychologicky: jde o stav v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 neukojenosti navzdory materi\u00e1ln\u00edmu bohatstv\u00ed. Ekologicky b\u00fdv\u00e1 preta ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako obraz nenasytn\u00e9 spot\u0159eby, tedy velmi p\u016fsobiv\u00e1 u\u010debn\u00ed postava pro sou\u010dasnost.<\/p><p><strong>Popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultura:<\/strong> Japonsk\u00e9 anime a mangy pravideln\u011b odkazuj\u00ed k motivu gaki. Festival hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f je komercializov\u00e1n, p\u0159esto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. V z\u00e1padn\u00ed fantasy jsou preti adaptov\u00e1ni jako samostatn\u00fd typ monstra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed existence pret\u016f v karmick\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Znovuzrozen\u00ed jako <em>preta<\/em> (p\u00e1li <em>peta<\/em>) je v buddhistick\u00e9m kosmu pova\u017eov\u00e1no za n\u00e1sledek p\u0159esn\u011b vymezen\u00e9ho souboru \u010din\u016f. Texty jako <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, sb\u00edrka jedenapades\u00e1ti ducha\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f v Khuddaka Nik\u00e1ji p\u00e1li k\u00e1nonu, odvozuj\u00ed zrozen\u00ed v \u0159\u00ed\u0161i hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b od skrblictv\u00ed, hrabivosti, odp\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed almu\u017eny a odp\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed potravy pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm.<\/p><p>Trest je odrazem \u010dinu: kdo za \u017eivota nic ned\u00e1val, trp\u00ed jako bytost s jehlovit\u011b tenk\u00fdm hrdlem a obrovsk\u00fdm b\u0159ichem, kter\u00e9 nikdy nedos\u00e1hne nasycen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato zrcadlov\u00e1 souvislost nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e1, ale v\u00fdrazem buddhistick\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee karmick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek odpov\u00edd\u00e1 povaze p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny. <em>Petavatthu<\/em> vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o \u017een\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 host\u016fm pod\u00e1valy zka\u017een\u00e9 j\u00eddlo a nyn\u00ed mus\u00ed samy poj\u00eddat hnis a v\u00fdkaly, nebo o mu\u017ei, kter\u00fd ur\u00e1\u017eeli mnichy a nyn\u00ed se potuluje s hnij\u00edc\u00edmi \u00fasty.<\/p><p>Koment\u00e1\u0159 Dhammap\u00e1ly, <em>Petavatthu-atthakatha<\/em>, p\u0159i\u0159azuje ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu provin\u011bn\u00ed a \u010din\u00ed tak ze sb\u00edrky mravou\u010dnou u\u010debnici.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je \u010dasov\u00e9 omezen\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od zrozen\u00ed v pekle, kter\u00e9 trv\u00e1 neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b dlouho, ale rovn\u011b\u017e je kone\u010dn\u00e9, je stav pret\u016f pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stav, kter\u00fd lze zkr\u00e1tit zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed dobrou karmou nebo p\u0159enosem z\u00e1sluh od \u017eiv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>\u0158\u00ed\u0161e hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f tak zauj\u00edm\u00e1 st\u0159edn\u00ed postaven\u00ed mezi \u0161esti oblastmi existence, mezi bytostmi pekla a zv\u00ed\u0159aty. Je to m\u00edsto nedostatku, nikoli aktivn\u00edho mu\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>Buddhistick\u00e1 etika z toho vyvozuje dvoj\u00ed ponau\u010den\u00ed. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed obraz pret\u016f jako odstra\u0161en\u00ed od skrblictv\u00ed. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed praxi darov\u00e1n\u00ed (<em>dana<\/em>): \u0161t\u011bdrost je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za cestu, kter\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f nevede.<\/p><p>Preta je tak m\u00e9n\u011b stra\u0161ideln\u00fdm obrazem ne\u017e v\u00fdukovou postavou, na kter\u00e9 se z\u0159eteln\u011b ukazuje vztah mezi \u010dinem a jeho n\u00e1sledkem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sv\u00e1tek duch\u016f a p\u0159enos z\u00e1sluh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o hladov\u00e9 duchy pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm a nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm praktik\u00e1m buddhismu. Jej\u00ed kanonick\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v <em>Tirokudda Sutta<\/em> z Khuddaka Nik\u00e1ji, kde Buddha vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee dary, kter\u00e9 jsou jm\u00e9nem zesnul\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch v\u011bnov\u00e1ny mni\u0161sk\u00e9 komunit\u011b, mohou prosp\u011bt p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm znovuzrozen\u00fdm jako pretov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Tento mechanismus se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159enos z\u00e1sluh (<em>pattidana<\/em>): \u017eiv\u00fd sv\u00fdm dobr\u00fdm skutkem vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1sluhu a v\u00fdslovn\u011b ji v\u011bnuje mrtv\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd se z n\u00ed rad\u00ed a je t\u00edm zbaven utrpen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Z t\u00e9to my\u0161lenky se ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii vyvinul velk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek duch\u016f.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00edn\u011b se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <em>Yulanpen<\/em> a slav\u00ed se v sedm\u00e9m lun\u00e1rn\u00edm m\u011bs\u00edci, v Japonsku jako <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1kladem je <em>Yulanpen-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>, kter\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh mnicha Maudgalyayany: nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdm zrakem vid\u00ed svou zesnulou matku trp\u011bt jako hladov\u00e9ho ducha a nem\u016f\u017ee ji vysvobodit s\u00e1m, ale pouze spole\u010dnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt nebo pokrm ob\u011btovan\u00fd bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btinou<\/span> cel\u00e9 mni\u0161sk\u00e9 komunity na konci obdob\u00ed de\u0161\u0165\u016f.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e1tek tak spojuje synovskou zbo\u017enost s buddhistickou logikou sp\u00e1sy.<\/p><p>V praxi se b\u011bhem sv\u00e1tku vystavuj\u00ed pokrmy, n\u00e1poje a symbolick\u00e9 pen\u00edze, recituj\u00ed se s\u00fatry a roz\u017e\u00edhaj\u00ed se lampy. V th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e9m buddhistick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b Sr\u00ed Lanky a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie existuj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed almu\u017eny mnich\u016fm jm\u00e9nem zesnul\u00fdch, \u010dasto sedm\u00fd den, po t\u0159ech m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch a po roce.<\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00fd buddhismus zn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> <em>sur<\/em>, kadidlovou ob\u011b\u0165 ze sp\u00e1len\u00e9ho j\u00eddla, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u016fn\u011b m\u00e1 hladov\u00e9 duchy vy\u017eivovat, proto\u017ee jejich sev\u0159en\u00e9 hrdlo nedok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159ij\u00edmat pevnou potravu.<\/p><p>Tyto ritu\u00e1ly ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee preta nen\u00ed v \u017eit\u00e9m buddhismu vzd\u00e1lenou v\u00fdukovou postavou, ale bytost\u00ed, s n\u00ed\u017e trv\u00e1 \u017eiv\u00fd vztah. Zesnul\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed rodiny a jeho zaopat\u0159en\u00ed je povinnost\u00ed poz\u016fstal\u00fdch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed na kole existence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obraz hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v <em>bhava\u010dak\u0159e<\/em>, buddhistick\u00e9m kole existence, kter\u00e9 zdob\u00ed vstupy do mnoha tibetsk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f. Kruh je rozd\u011blen do \u0161esti segment\u016f, jeden z nich zobrazuje \u0159\u00ed\u0161i pret\u016f.<\/p><p>Ikonografick\u00e1 konvence je pevn\u011b stanovena: tenk\u00e9 kon\u010detiny, nafoukl\u00e9 b\u0159icho, dlouh\u00fd tenk\u00fd krk a drobn\u00e1 \u00fasta, \u010dasto tenk\u00e1 jako oko jehly. Tato anatomie zviditel\u0148uje trest t\u011blesn\u011b, hlad je neukojiteln\u00fd, proto\u017ee t\u011blo nedok\u00e1\u017ee potravu p\u0159ijmout.<\/p><p>Malby \u010dasto zobrazuj\u00ed Buddhu, kter\u00fd se pret\u016fm zjevuje a nab\u00edz\u00ed jim sp\u00e1sn\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed nebo potravu. Tato postava b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazena v \u010derven\u00e9 nebo \u017elut\u00e9 barv\u011b a odkazuje na to, \u017ee ani v \u0159\u00ed\u0161i hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f nen\u00ed cesta k vysvobozen\u00ed zcela uzav\u0159ena.<\/p><p>Krajina \u0159\u00ed\u0161e pret\u016f se jev\u00ed jako vyprahl\u00e1, vyschl\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u0148, m\u00edsty s \u0159ekami, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i pokusu o napit\u00ed m\u011bn\u00ed v hnis, krev nebo ohe\u0148.<\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00e9 texty hladov\u00e9 duchy d\u00e1le rozli\u0161uj\u00ed. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed odli\u0161uje prety s vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekami, kte\u0159\u00ed potravu prost\u011b nenajdou, prety s vnit\u0159n\u00edmi p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekami, jim\u017e v p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed potravy br\u00e1n\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00ed t\u011blo, a prety, jejich\u017e samotn\u00e1 potrava je mu\u010den\u00edm. Tato systematika se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad v Gampopov\u011b d\u00edle <em>\u0160perk osvobozen\u00ed<\/em> z dvan\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed se hladov\u00ed duchov\u00e9 objevuj\u00ed i mimo kolo existence. Japonsk\u00e1 malovan\u00e1 svitkov\u00e1 kronika <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> z obdob\u00ed Heian, dnes ulo\u017een\u00e1 v muze\u00edch v Tokiu a Kj\u00f3tu, zobrazuje v sledu sc\u00e9n hladov\u00e9 duchy, kte\u0159\u00ed se zdr\u017euj\u00ed na h\u0159bitovech, latr\u00edn\u00e1ch a ob\u011btn\u00edch m\u00edstech a \u017eij\u00ed mezi oby\u010dejn\u00fdmi lidmi nepov\u0161imnuti.<\/p><p>Tato svitkov\u00e1 malba je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jedno z hlavn\u00edch d\u011bl st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho japonsk\u00e9ho mal\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed a dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, jak konkr\u00e9tn\u011b byla tato p\u0159edstava zakotvena v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159edbuddhistick\u00e9 ko\u0159eny a v\u00e9dsk\u00fd preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdraz <em>preta<\/em> nem\u00e1 buddhistick\u00fd p\u016fvod, ale poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze star\u0161\u00edho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku Indie. V doslovn\u00e9m smyslu znamen\u00e1 ten, kdo ode\u0161el p\u0159ed nebo zesnul\u00fd, a je odvozen z p\u0159edpony <em>pra<\/em> a ko\u0159ene s v\u00fdznamem j\u00edt.<\/p><p>Ve v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch a ran\u00fdch hinduistick\u00fdch textech ozna\u010duje <em>preta<\/em> zprvu prost\u011b \u010derstv\u011b zesnul\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v p\u0159echodov\u00e9m stavu, ne\u017e se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ritu\u00e1l\u016f stane <em>pitrem<\/em>, p\u0159edkem.<\/p><p>Tento p\u0159echod je v hinduistick\u00e9 ob\u0159adn\u00ed praxi p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven. Ob\u0159ady <em>\u0161r\u00e1ddha<\/em>, tedy potravn\u00ed ob\u011btiny mrtv\u00fdm, maj\u00ed neklidn\u00e9ho pretu p\u0159ev\u00e9st do uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p><p>Pokud se tyto ob\u0159ady neprovedou nebo pokud \u010dlov\u011bk zem\u0159e zlou smrt\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee zesnul\u00fd z\u016fstat bloud\u00edc\u00edm pretou. V t\u00e9to p\u0159edstav\u011b tedy preta nen\u00ed samostatnou existen\u010dn\u00ed sf\u00e9rou, n\u00fdbr\u017e nebezpe\u010dnou p\u0159echodovou f\u00e1z\u00ed, kterou mus\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b vykonan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> uzav\u0159\u00edt.<\/p><p>Buddhismus tento pojem p\u0159evzal, ale p\u0159etvo\u0159il jej. Z do\u010dasn\u00e9ho p\u0159echodov\u00e9ho stavu se stala jedna z \u0161esti pevn\u00fdch existen\u010dn\u00edch sf\u00e9r kolob\u011bhu zrozov\u00e1n\u00ed, do n\u00ed\u017e se bytost d\u00edky ur\u010dit\u00e9 karm\u011b zcela zrod\u00ed.<\/p><p>Spojen\u00ed s poh\u0159ebn\u00edmi ritu\u00e1ly p\u0159itom z\u016fstalo zachov\u00e1no, posunulo se v\u0161ak od povinnosti vytvo\u0159it p\u0159edka k mo\u017enosti p\u0159edat trp\u00edc\u00ed bytosti z\u00e1slu\u017enou z\u00e1sluhu.<\/p><p>Tento spole\u010dn\u00fd ko\u0159en vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d se hinduistick\u00e1 a buddhistick\u00e1 poh\u0159ebn\u00ed praxe \u010dasto podobaj\u00ed a v \u017eit\u00e9 religiozit\u011b ji\u017en\u00ed Asie je lze jen t\u011b\u017eko odd\u011blit.<\/p><p>Ukazuje tak\u00e9, \u017ee buddhistick\u00fd preta nevznikl z ni\u010deho, ale zapracoval starou indickou my\u0161lenku do nov\u00e9ho kosmologick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Kdo chce t\u00e9to postav\u011b rozum\u011bt, mus\u00ed m\u00edt na pam\u011bti ob\u011b vrstvy, v\u00e9dskou p\u0159edehru i buddhistick\u00e9 nov\u00e9 pojet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a prom\u011bny v buddhistick\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch Asie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Se \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm buddhismu se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila i p\u0159edstava hladov\u00e9ho ducha a p\u0159izp\u016fsobovala se m\u00edstn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. V zem\u00edch th\u00e9rav\u00e1dy, na Sr\u00ed Lance, v Myanmaru, Thajsku, Laosu a Kambod\u017ei, z\u016fstal siln\u00fd vztah k p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9mu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1vazn\u00fd uznan\u00fd soubor posv\u00e1tn\u00fdch text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> a k textu <em>Petavatthu<\/em>.<\/p><p>Zde se p\u0159edstava preta \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b prolnula s dom\u00e1c\u00ed lidovou v\u00edrou v duchy, nap\u0159\u00edklad s thajsk\u00fdmi <em>phi<\/em>, tak\u017ee buddhistick\u00fd hladov\u00fd duch nen\u00ed v\u017edy jasn\u011b odd\u011blen od jin\u00fdch neklidn\u00fdch mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00edn\u011b narazila tato my\u0161lenka na ji\u017e vysoce rozvinutou kulturu uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f. Hladov\u00fd duch, \u010d\u00ednsky <em>egui<\/em>, byl zde \u00fazce spjat s obavou o zanedban\u00e9 nebo bezd\u011btn\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9. Kdo nem\u00e1 potomky, kte\u0159\u00ed by p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span>, hroz\u00ed, \u017ee se s\u00e1m stane hladov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezt\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e1tek duch\u016f sedm\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce se stal jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f roku, kdy se otev\u00edraj\u00ed br\u00e1ny podsv\u011bt\u00ed a duchov\u00e9 putuj\u00ed krajinou. Zde se buddhistick\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed o sp\u00e1se spojilo s taoistick\u00fdmi a lidov\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi prvky.<\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00fd buddhismus hladov\u00e9 duchy systematizoval ve sv\u00fdch textech o stupn\u00edch cesty a vytvo\u0159il vlastn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed formu, kou\u0159ovou ob\u011b\u0165 <em>sur<\/em>. Postava <em>yidaku<\/em>, jak se preta naz\u00fdv\u00e1 tibetsky, je pevn\u011b zakotvena ve v\u011bdom\u00ed lid\u00ed, proto\u017ee kolo \u017eivota je vid\u011bt u vchodu do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera.<\/p><p>V Japonsku pak hladov\u00fd duch z\u00edskal um\u011blecky v\u00fdznamnou podobu v d\u00edle <em>Gaki-z\u00f3\u0161i<\/em> a z\u016fstal p\u0159\u00edtomen i ve sv\u00e1tku Obon. Pojem <em>gaki<\/em> se v modern\u00ed japon\u0161tin\u011b dokonce stal hovorovou nad\u00e1vkou pro nenasytn\u00e9 nebo neposlu\u0161n\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, jak hluboko n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava pronikla do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p><p>Tato kulturn\u00ed rozmanitost ukazuje, \u017ee preta nez\u016fstal strnulou naukovou postavou, ale stal se \u017eiv\u00fdm a p\u0159izp\u016fsobiv\u00fdm prvkem buddhistick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doporu\u010den\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145169\">Buddhismus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145176\">Mara<\/a>, Jamad\u00fata, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145179\">str\u00e1\u017ece Naraky<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145180\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li>E <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145181\">Gui<\/a> (\u010c\u00edna), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145174\">Pi\u0161\u00e1\u010da<\/a> (hinduismus), paralely<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145113\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu jako p\u0159edch\u016fd\u010d\u00ed motiv)<\/li><li>Ullambana\/sv\u00e1tek Obon<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdb\u011br kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prac\u00ed o pret\u011b:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla najdete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Popsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe je religionistick\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm historick\u00fdch tradic. iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje jej\u00ed sou\u010dasnou podobu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u0427\u0430\u0441t\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky k Pret\u016fm<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Co jsou Pretov\u00e9 v buddhismu?<\/h3><p>Preta (sanskrt pro \u201er\u016fzn\u00ed\u201c, v tibet\u0161tin\u011b Yi-dvags) jsou v buddhismu hladov\u00ed duchov\u00e9, jedna ze \u0161esti oblast\u00ed existence v kolob\u011bhu znovuzrozen\u00ed. Jsou to bytosti s enormn\u011b velk\u00fdm \u017ealudkem a drobn\u00fdm \u00fastem nebo krkem tenk\u00fdm jako jehla: nikdy se nemohou zasytit, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 j\u00eddlo se v okam\u017eiku, kdy se dostane do jejich \u00fasty, prom\u011bn\u00ed v popel.<\/p><p>V Bhava\u010dak\u0159e (tibetsk\u00e9m kole \u017eivota) jsou typicky zobrazov\u00e1ni ikonograficky. Karmickou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je lakota, hrabivost a egoismus za \u017eivota: kdo v \u017eivot\u011b odp\u00edral j\u00eddlo druh\u00fdm, znovu se narod\u00ed jako hladuj\u00edc\u00ed preta.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Co je buddhistick\u00fd Sv\u00e1tek hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f?<\/h3><p>Sv\u00e1tek hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f (\u010d\u00ednsky Yulanpen, japonsky Obon, korejsky Baekjung) je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch lidov\u00fdch buddhistick\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii, slaven\u00fd v sedm\u00e9m lun\u00e1rn\u00edm m\u011bs\u00edci. Vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu Maudgaly\u0101yany, \u017e\u00e1ka Buddhy, kter\u00fd nalezne svou matku v \u0159\u00ed\u0161i Pret\u016f a nem\u016f\u017ee ji p\u0159\u00edmo nakrmit.<\/p><p>Buddha ho u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee ob\u011btiny p\u0159edan\u00e9 p\u0159es sanghu (mni\u0161skou obec) na konci de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9ho \u00fastran\u00ed dos\u00e1hnou hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f. Z toho vznikla velk\u00e1 v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e1 slavnost s ob\u011btinami pro zesnul\u00e9, tane\u010dn\u00edmi vystoupen\u00edmi (Bon Odori) a symbolick\u00fdm pou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm lampi\u00f3n\u016f po vod\u011b.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Co jsou Pretov\u00e9 v buddhismu?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Preta (sanskrt pro \u201er\u016fzn\u00ed\u201c, v tibet\u0161tin\u011b Yi-dvags) jsou v buddhismu hladov\u00ed duchov\u00e9 \\u2014 jedna ze \u0161esti oblast\u00ed existence v kolob\u011bhu znovuzrozen\u00ed. Jsou to bytosti s enormn\u011b velk\u00fdm \u017ealudkem a drobn\u00fdm \u00fastem nebo krkem tenk\u00fdm jako jehla: nikdy se nemohou zasytit, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 j\u00eddlo se v okam\u017eiku, kdy se dostane do jejich \u00fasty, prom\u011bn\u00ed v popel. 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Buddha ho u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee ob\u011btiny p\u0159edan\u00e9 p\u0159es sanghu (mni\u0161skou obec) na konci de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9ho \u00fastran\u00ed dos\u00e1hnou hladov\u00fdch duch\u016f. Z toho vznikla velk\u00e1 v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e1 slavnost s ob\u011btinami pro zesnul\u00e9, tane\u010dn\u00edmi vystoupen\u00edmi (Bon Odori) a symbolick\u00fdm pou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm lampi\u00f3n\u016f po vod\u011b.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta \u2013 hladov\u00fd duch s krkem tenk\u00fdm jako jehla","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Preta (p\u00e1li: peta) je jednou z nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch postav buddhistick\u00e9 kosmologie. Hladov\u00fd duch s nadu\u0159el\u00fdm b\u0159ichem a krkem tenk\u00fdm jako","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145177","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Preta \u2013 hladov\u00fd duch s krkem tenk\u00fdm jako jehla<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Preta (p\u00e1li: peta) je jednou z nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch postav buddhistick\u00e9 kosmologie. 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