{"id":145167,"date":"2026-09-03T16:27:42","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:27:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145167"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:48:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:48:38","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145167\" class=\"elementor elementor-145167 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, d\u00e9mon slovansk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporupln\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> slovansk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p><strong>Slovansk\u00fd revenant, prap\u0159edek modern\u00ed up\u00edrsk\u00e9 postavy.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9monka: Nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 bytost s p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00fdm nebo ambivalentn\u00edm p\u016fsoben\u00edm. Stoj\u00ed mezi bohy a lidmi, zp\u016fsobuje nemoc, poku\u0161en\u00ed nebo ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a je zah\u00e1n\u011bna zakl\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm, apotropaiky a ritu\u00e1ly.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145143\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Slovansk\u00e1 mytologie a lidov\u00e1 v\u00edra, od 10. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ekryta k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm.\">Slovansk\u00fd<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1714\" alt=\"Upyr\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr je centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou revenanta ve slovansk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloru<\/span> a bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm historick\u00fdm p\u0159edch\u016fdcem modern\u00ed up\u00edrsk\u00e9 postavy. Jde o zem\u0159el\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd vst\u00e1v\u00e1 z hrobu, saje krev \u017eiv\u00fdch, nejprve decimuje vlastn\u00ed rodinu a pot\u00e9 vesnici, a jen pomoc\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch ritu\u00e1l\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt definitivn\u011b poh\u0159ben.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od seversk\u00e9ho draugra je upyr pohybliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u00fato\u010d\u00ed v noci a m\u016f\u017ee se svobodn\u011b pohybovat i mimo h\u0159bitov.<\/p><p>Slovansk\u00e1 tradice upyra je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro evropsk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny up\u00edr\u016f. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm cestovn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v z Balk\u00e1nu v 18. stolet\u00ed (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, rakousk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad Arnoda Paola) se tento jev st\u00e1v\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00fdm v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b.<\/p><p>Z toho se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Polidoriho, Le Fanua a Brama Stokera vyv\u00edj\u00ed modern\u00ed up\u00edrsk\u00e1 literatura. Region\u00e1ln\u00ed varianty: v\u00fdchodoslovansky <em>Upyr<\/em>, polsky <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, rumunsky <em>Strigoi<\/em>, jihoslovansky <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rychl\u00fd p\u0159ehled: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Slovansk\u00fd revenant, p\u0159edch\u016fdce up\u00edra<br>P\u016fvod: nepok\u0159t\u011bn\u00ed, sebevrazi, proklet\u00ed, exkomunikovan\u00ed mrtv\u00ed<br>Texty: slovansk\u00e9 c\u00edrkevn\u00ed akta (od 11. stol.), balk\u00e1nsk\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z 18. stol., Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>Obdob\u00ed: st\u0159edov\u011bk a\u017e sou\u010dasnost<br>Ochrana: osikov\u00fd kol\u00edk, st\u011bt\u00ed hlavy, up\u00e1len\u00ed<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 doklady ve slovansk\u00fdch c\u00edrkevn\u00edch dokumentech z 11. stolet\u00ed. Bohat\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z 18. stolet\u00ed (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732 o Arnodu Paolovi; dal\u0161\u00ed habsbursk\u00e1 vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed). Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed reflexe: Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Modern\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slovansk\u00fd kulturn\u00ed prostor od Ruska po Balk\u00e1n, s obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b hustou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradic\u00ed<\/span> v Srbsku, Bulharsku, Rumunsku (Strigoi) a Polsku. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm habsbursk\u00e9 kolonizace a liter\u00e1rn\u00ed reflexe se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy a po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Slovansk\u00e1 c\u00edrkevn\u00ed akta, habsbursk\u00e9 protokoly o exhumac\u00edch (18. stol.), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania&#8220; (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), modern\u00ed balk\u00e1nsk\u00e1 a slovansk\u00e1 folkloristika.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ru\u0161tina:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Pol\u0161tina: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>\u010ce\u0161tina\/sloven\u0161tina: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Rumun\u0161tina: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (z lat. <em>strix<\/em>, nen\u00ed slovansk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, ale pat\u0159\u00ed do stejn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho pole).<br>Jihoslovansk\u00e9 jazyky: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; srbsky tak\u00e9 <em>Vampir<\/em>, slovn\u00ed zdroj mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho term\u00ednu.<br>Ukrajin\u0161tina: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>Srbsk\u00e1 forma <em>Vampir<\/em> se objevuje v habsbursk\u00fdch protokolech z 18. stolet\u00ed a odtud se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm rakousk\u00e9ho a n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho tisku \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. \u010cl\u00e1nek \u201eVampyr&#8220; ve francouzsk\u00e9m Tr\u00e9vouxsk\u00e9m slovn\u00edku (1721) je jedn\u00edm z ran\u00fdch doklad\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b zdom\u00e1cn\u011bl\u00e9ho slova.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzhled<\/strong><\/p><p>Po exhumaci n\u00e1padn\u011b sv\u011b\u017e\u00ed: rud\u00fd obli\u010dej, nesra\u017een\u00e1 krev v srdci, narostl\u00e9 nehty a vlasy, krv\u00ed zamazan\u00e1 \u00fasta. Z hlediska lidov\u00e9 kultury dob\u0159e vysv\u011btliteln\u00e9 p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi procesy rozkladu; pro sou\u010dasn\u00edky doklad up\u00edrsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. P\u0159i no\u010dn\u00ed aktivit\u011b: temn\u00e1 postava, n\u011bkdy jako zv\u00ed\u0159e (vlk, pes), n\u011bkdy jako mlha.<\/p><p><strong>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>V noci opou\u0161t\u00ed sv\u016fj hrob, \u00fato\u010d\u00ed nejprve na rodinn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky (odtud \u201enejprve vlastn\u00ed rodina&#8220;), pot\u00e9 na vesnici. Saje krev, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed, nemoc a smrt. Kdo zem\u0159e na upyr\u016fv kousnut\u00ed, s\u00e1m se st\u00e1v\u00e1 upyrem. Vesnice posti\u017een\u00e9 upyrem trp\u00ed opravdov\u00fdmi s\u00e9riemi \u00famrt\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>P\u016fsobnost<\/strong><\/p><p>Vlastn\u00ed vesnice a okoln\u00ed m\u00edsta. N\u011bkdy se m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159esunout d\u00e1l, kdy\u017e se oblast vylidn\u00ed. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 aktivn\u00ed b\u00fdv\u00e1 v hrani\u010dn\u00edch dnech (Jurjevden, V\u00e1noce, Epifanie).<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Podle lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry se upyrem st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd zem\u0159e nepok\u0159t\u011bn\u00fd, jako sebevrah, exkomunikovan\u00fd, proklet\u00fd nebo jako \u010darod\u011bjnice. Za ohro\u017een\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ni i lid\u00e9 narozen\u00ed se \u201edv\u011bma srdci&#8220; nebo \u201edv\u011bma du\u0161emi&#8220;. V\u00fdvoj od slovansk\u00e9ho revenanta k modern\u00edmu up\u00edrovi prob\u00edh\u00e1 po stalet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty upyra na jeden pohled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturn\u00ed kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nepok\u0159t\u011bn\u00ed, lid\u00e9 zem\u0159el\u00ed sebevra\u017edou, proklet\u00ed, exkomunikovan\u00ed nebo zem\u0159el\u00ed jako \u010darod\u011bjnice. Vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i neodpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm poh\u0159bu nebo mor\u00e1ln\u00edm selh\u00e1n\u00ed za \u017eivota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahuje se na<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejprve vlastn\u00ed rodina, pot\u00e9 vesnice. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo zem\u0159e na upyr\u016fv kousnut\u00ed, se s\u00e1m st\u00e1v\u00e1 upyrem, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed podobn\u00e9 epidemii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po exhumaci: rud\u00fd, nafoukl\u00fd, s nesra\u017eenou krv\u00ed a narostl\u00fdmi nehty. V noci: temn\u00e1 postava, jako zv\u00ed\u0159e (vlk, pes) nebo mlha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkce<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Saje krev \u017eiv\u00fdch, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed, nemoc a smrt. Cel\u00e9 vesnice postihuj\u00ed s\u00e9rie \u00famrt\u00ed. \u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159enosem kousnut\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana proti upyrovi<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhumace a probodnut\u00ed osikov\u00fdm kol\u00edkem, st\u011bt\u00ed hlavy, up\u00e1len\u00ed, op\u011btovn\u00e9 poh\u0159ben\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dol\u016f. \u010cesnek, kadidlo, k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee; ochrann\u00fd zp\u016fsob poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145113\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145131\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germ\u00e1nsk\u00fd), modern\u00ed up\u00edrsk\u00e1 postava (Stoker), rumunsk\u00fd Strigoi, \u0159eck\u00fd Vrykolakas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana a boj proti up\u00edr\u016fm<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Preventivn\u00ed pochov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Kdo je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ohro\u017een\u00e9ho t\u00edm, \u017ee se z n\u011bj stane up\u00edr (sebevra\u017eda, nek\u0159t\u011bnost, exkomunikace), je pochov\u00e1n se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed: tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dol\u016f, palce u nohou sv\u00e1zan\u00e9, \u00fasta vypln\u011bn\u00e1 kamenem, hrob p\u0159ikryt\u00fd srpem (chod\u00edc\u00ed mrtv\u00fd by se m\u011bl s\u00e1m setnout, pokud by cht\u011bl vst\u00e1t).<\/p><p><strong>P\u0159i podez\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Hromadn\u00e9 \u00famrt\u00ed ve vsi vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 honbu na up\u00edry. Vesnick\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed vykop\u00e1v\u00e1 podez\u0159el\u00e9 hroby. Znaky up\u00edrsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti: \u010derstv\u00e1 mrtvola, \u010derven\u00e1 \u00fasta, nesrazl\u00e1 krev, narostl\u00e9 nehty. Pot\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduje probodnut\u00ed osikov\u00fdm kol\u00edkem, st\u011bt\u00ed hlavy, sp\u00e1len\u00ed na otev\u0159en\u00e9m ohni a rozhozen\u00ed popela do \u0159eky. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech se srdce spalovalo samostatn\u011b.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrana domu<\/strong><\/p><p>\u010cesnek na oknech a dve\u0159\u00edch. Kadidlo v dom\u011b. St\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017eek u l\u016f\u017eka. D\u011btem se na z\u00e1p\u011bst\u00ed v\u00e1zaly \u010derven\u00e9 nit\u011b na ochranu. Ve zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 rizikov\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch (po \u00famrt\u00ed ve vsi) spolu sp\u00e1vali \u010dlenov\u00e9 rodiny s ochrann\u00fdmi amulety.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od up\u00edra (upyr) k vamp\u00fdrovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Habsbursk\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z 18. stolet\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>V roce 1732 vy\u0161et\u0159uje Johann Fl\u00fcckinger na p\u0159\u00edkaz rakousk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy p\u0159\u00edpad Arnoda Paole v Srbsku a sepisuje zpr\u00e1vu <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. Dokument zpopularizuje up\u00edrsk\u00fd fenom\u00e9n ve V\u00eddni, Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a Lond\u00fdn\u011b. Debata o up\u00edrech ot\u0159ese osv\u00edcenskou u\u010denou obc\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed zrod<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori s d\u00edlem <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819) p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed postavu do salonn\u00ed literatury. Sheridan Le Fanuova <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) zav\u00e1d\u00ed \u017eenskou up\u00edrku. Bram Stoker\u016fv <em>Dracula<\/em> (1897) se st\u00e1v\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou modern\u00ed up\u00edrsk\u00e9 literatury, v\u00fdslovn\u011b zasazenou na rumunsko-slovansk\u00fd okraj.<\/p><p><strong>Modern\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Up\u00edrsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017eiv\u00fd v rumunsk\u00e9, polsk\u00e9 a slovansk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e (Olga Tokarczukov\u00e1, <em>Knihy Jakubovy<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch adaptac\u00ed stav\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo nebo nep\u0159\u00edmo na slovansk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed postav\u011b, \u010dasto ani\u017e by tento p\u016fvod p\u0159iznaly.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr v nejstar\u0161\u00edch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch dokladech<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdraz <em>upyr<\/em> pat\u0159\u00ed k nejd\u0159\u00edve dolo\u017een\u00fdm slov\u016fm slovansk\u00e9 v\u00edry v up\u00edry. \u010casto citovan\u00fd doklad se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve starorusk\u00e9m rukopisu, kde je jeden p\u00edsa\u0159 uveden s p\u0159ezd\u00edvkou nebo p\u0159\u00eddomkem <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b &#8222;zl\u00fd upyr&#8220;.<\/p><p>Datov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto dokladu do 11. stolet\u00ed je ve v\u00fdzkumu diskutov\u00e1no, p\u0159esto je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1znak\u016f toho, \u017ee se slovo v rann\u00e9 dob\u011b objevovalo ve v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9m prostoru.<\/p><p>Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm dokladem je staroslov\u011bnsk\u00e9 k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed proti pohansk\u00fdm zvyk\u016fm, kter\u00e9 k\u00e1r\u00e1 ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed <em>upyr\u016fm<\/em> a <em>beregin\u00edm<\/em>. Tento text stav\u00ed upyra do \u0159ady s jin\u00fdmi duchovn\u00edmi bytostmi, kter\u00fdm prost\u00fd lid p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span>.<\/p><p>Z toho lze usuzovat, \u017ee upyr nebyl p\u016fvodn\u011b jen krev saj\u00edc\u00ed chod\u00edc\u00ed mrtv\u00fd pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span>, ale sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho spektra duchovn\u00edch bytost\u00ed, kter\u00fdm se prokazovala kultick\u00e1 \u00facta.<\/p><p>Tyto ran\u00e9 doklady jsou jazykov\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, ale obsahov\u011b stru\u010dn\u00e9. Uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed slovo, ale bytost t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nepopisuj\u00ed. Podrobn\u00fd obraz upyra jako chod\u00edc\u00edho mrtv\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd v noci vst\u00e1v\u00e1 z hrobu, poch\u00e1z\u00ed z podstatn\u011b mlad\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z ran\u00e9ho novov\u011bku a z lidopisn\u00fdch z\u00e1pis\u016f 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum proto nab\u00e1d\u00e1 k opatrnosti: pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pln\u011b vyvinut\u00fd obraz up\u00edra nelze bez ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed prom\u00edtat zp\u011bt do st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch doklad\u016f. Jist\u00e9 je pouze to, \u017ee slovo je star\u00e9 a od po\u010d\u00e1tku ozna\u010dovalo ob\u00e1vanou bytost spojenou s kultem mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologie sporn\u00e9ho slova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u016fvod slova <em>upyr<\/em> pat\u0159\u00ed k nevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00fdm ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m slovansk\u00e9 jazykov\u011bdy. Vedle sebe existuje n\u011bkolik v\u00fdklad\u016f, ani\u017e by se n\u011bkter\u00fd definitivn\u011b prosadil.<\/p><p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd n\u00e1vrh rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 slovo na z\u00e1pornou nebo zesiluj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edponu a ko\u0159en souvisej\u00edc\u00edm s let\u011bn\u00edm nebo s pe\u0159\u00edm, co\u017e by upyra vykl\u00e1dalo jako l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed nebo poletuj\u00edc\u00ed bytost.<\/p><p>Jin\u00fd n\u00e1vrh spojuje ko\u0159en se slovem pro nadutost nebo nadu\u0159elost, co\u017e by odpov\u00eddalo lidopisn\u011b dob\u0159e dolo\u017een\u00e9mu obrazu nadu\u0159el\u00e9, nezetlel\u00e9 up\u00edrsk\u00e9 mrtvoly.<\/p><p>Vyjasn\u011bn\u00ed komplikuje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee slovo se vyskytuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech slovansk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch, v\u017edy v hl\u00e1skov\u011b pozm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Jihoslovansk\u00e1 forma <em>vampir<\/em> je ta, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159es n\u011bm\u010dinu a francouz\u0161tinu v 18. stolet\u00ed dostala do z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a stala se tam mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm slovem pro celou t\u0159\u00eddu bytost\u00ed. Polsk\u00e9 <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, ukrajinsk\u00e9 <em>upyr<\/em>, rusk\u00e9 <em>upyr<\/em> a dal\u0161\u00ed formy pat\u0159\u00ed ke stejn\u00e9mu slovn\u00edmu ko\u0159eni.<\/p><p>Jazykov\u011bdn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum vid\u00ed v tomto \u0161irok\u00e9m roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed argument pro to, \u017ee slovo a j\u00edm ozna\u010den\u00fd koncept existovaly u\u017e v praslovansk\u00e9 dob\u011b. Kter\u00fd z navrhovan\u00fdch etymologick\u00fdch v\u00fdklad\u016f je spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e9, a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed slovo dokonce za v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dku z neslovansk\u00e9ho jazyka, co\u017e situaci d\u00e1le komplikuje.<\/p><p>Pro religionistick\u00fd pohled je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee u\u017e samotn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no je star\u00fdm, obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b prohl\u00e9dnuteln\u00fdm d\u011bdictv\u00edm, a nikoli teprve v\u00fdtvorem novodob\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3ru<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr a evropsk\u00e1 debata o up\u00edrech 18. stolet\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slovansk\u00e1 v\u00edra v up\u00edry vstoupila do zorn\u00e9ho pole z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00e9 u\u010denosti v 18. stolet\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed pozornost tehdy poutal upyr, respektive jeho jihoslovan\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed. Podn\u011btem byly hlavn\u011b senza\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady z habsbursk\u00fdch pohrani\u010dn\u00edch oblast\u00ed na Balk\u00e1n\u011b.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd se stal p\u0159\u00edpad Arnolda Paola a p\u0159\u00edpad Petara Blagojevi\u0107e ve dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch a t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 18. stolet\u00ed, kdy rakousk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady a vojen\u0161t\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i vypracovali \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o \u00fadajn\u00fdch up\u00edrech.<\/p><p>Tyto zpr\u00e1vy byly ti\u0161t\u011bny po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b a vyvolaly \u0161irokou u\u010denou debatu. L\u00e9ka\u0159i, teologov\u00e9 a filozofov\u00e9 diskutovali o tom, zda up\u00ed\u0159i existuj\u00ed, jak lze vysv\u011btlit popisovan\u00e9 jevy a jak\u00e9 postaven\u00ed by k tomu m\u011bly zaujmout c\u00edrkev a st\u00e1t.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Benediktin Augustin Calmet vydal roku 1746 hojn\u011b \u010dten\u00e9 pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e shrom\u00e1\u017edil dostupn\u00fd materi\u00e1l a kriticky jej rozebral, ani\u017e dosp\u011bl k jednozna\u010dn\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru. Osv\u00edcensk\u00e1 filozofie reagovala mnohem ost\u0159eji a v\u00edru v up\u00edry vyu\u017e\u00edvala jako p\u0159\u00edklad pov\u011br\u010divosti a c\u00edrkevn\u00ed naivity.<\/span><\/p><p>Z hlediska religionistiky je tato epizoda v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 ve dvou ohledech. Zaprv\u00e9 p\u0159inesla n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejstar\u0161\u00edch popis\u016f slovansk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o up\u00edrovi, v\u010detn\u011b praktik vykop\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hrob\u016f a nara\u017een\u00ed na kol\u00edk.<\/p><p>Zadruh\u00e9 ukazuje okam\u017eik, kdy se region\u00e1ln\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy a zvyky roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">lidov\u00e1 v\u00edra<\/span> stala celoevropsk\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011btem diskuse a otev\u0159ela si tak cestu do literatury a nakonec i do modern\u00ed popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultury. Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed up\u00edr 19. stolet\u00ed, od pov\u00eddky Johna Polidoriho a\u017e po <em>Draculu<\/em> Brama Stokera, by bez t\u00e9to debaty 18. stolet\u00ed nebyl mysliteln\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doporu\u010den\u00e9 intern\u00ed odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145143\">Slovansk\u00e1 tradice<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145164\">Baba Jaga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145166\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145619\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145165\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145113\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145131\">Striga<\/a> (p\u0159edch\u016fdce)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145155\">Draugr<\/a> (germansk\u00fd revenant)<\/li><li>Modern\u00ed recepce: Bram Stoker, up\u00edrsk\u00e1 literatura<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdb\u011br kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prac\u00ed o upyrovi\/up\u00edrovi:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania.&#8220; In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Wien 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Wien 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed d\u00edla naleznete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Zde popsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe je v\u011bdeck\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm historick\u00fdch tradic. iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje jejich sou\u010dasnou formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr - Slovansk\u00fd revenant","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, slovansk\u00fd revenant a prap\u0159edek modern\u00ed up\u00edrsk\u00e9 postavy: poh\u0159ebn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly, ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed a historie my\u0161lenky 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