{"id":145150,"date":"2026-09-03T16:27:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:27:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145150"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:48:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:48:10","slug":"jinn","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/jinn\/","title":{"rendered":"Jinnov\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145150\" class=\"elementor elementor-145150 elementor-1024\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jinn, duch isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Skryt\u00e9 bytosti z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-jinn\">Jinnov\u00e9 jako samostatn\u00fd druh bytost\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Jinnov\u00e9 (v singul\u00e1ru <em>jinn\u012b<\/em>) tvo\u0159\u00ed v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradici <strong>t\u0159et\u00ed druh bytost\u00ed<\/strong> vedle and\u011bl\u016f a lid\u00ed. S\u00fara 55 je ozna\u010duje jako \u201emarg-bytosti&#8220;, stvo\u0159en\u00e9 z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b (<em>n\u0101r-as-sam\u016bm<\/em>).<\/p><p>Maj\u00ed <strong>n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou povinnost, pohlav\u00ed, schopnost rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, smrtelnost<\/strong> a jsou z\u010d\u00e1sti muslimov\u00e9, z\u010d\u00e1sti nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed. S\u00fara 72 (al-Jinn) vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o skupin\u011b jinn\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed tajn\u011b naslouchali Mohamedov\u011b recitaci Kor\u00e1nu a konvertovali.<\/p><p>V lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e severn\u00ed Afriky a Levanty existuj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed podskupiny: <strong>marid<\/strong> (mocn\u00ed vodn\u00ed jinnov\u00e9), <strong>ifr\u00edt<\/strong> (ohniv\u00ed, \u010dasto zlovoln\u00ed), <strong>gh\u00fal<\/strong> (h\u0159bitovn\u00ed jinnov\u00e9), <strong>si-lat<\/strong> (\u017eensk\u00e1, lstiv\u00e1 bytost). Salomoun (<em>Sulaiman<\/em>) je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jejich historick\u00e9ho p\u0159emo\u017eitele; jeho pe\u010detn\u00ed prsten je m\u00e1 pod kontrolou. Ochrann\u00e1 praxe: kor\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ver\u0161e (Mu-awwidhatayn 113 a 114), s\u016fl, \u017eelezo, grav\u00edrovan\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00e9mu je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u00fa\u010dinek p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nebo \u00fasp\u011bch.\" tabindex=\"0\">talismany<\/span>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Nehmotn\u00e1 nebo polovi\u010dn\u00ed bytost, zesnul\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed bytosti, dom\u00e1c\u00ed duchov\u00e9 nebo str\u00e1\u017eci prahu. P\u016fsob\u00ed v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto v\u00e1z\u00e1n na m\u00edsta nebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145140\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isl\u00e1msk\u00fd sv\u011bt v\u00edry s archand\u011bly, jinny a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi bytostmi.\">Isl\u00e1m<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_islam_jinn-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1665\" alt=\"Jinnov\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_islam_jinn-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_islam_jinn-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_islam_jinn-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_islam_jinn.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jinnov\u00e9<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jinnov\u00e9 jsou v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradici <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V Kor\u00e1nu bytosti z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b se svobodnou v\u016fl\u00ed, ani and\u011bl\u00e9 ani d\u00e9moni, n\u00fdbr\u017e samostatn\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed s vlastn\u00ed mor\u00e1lkou.\">jinnov\u00e9<\/span> samostatn\u00fdm druhem bytost\u00ed, nejsou to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011bl\u00e9<\/span> ani lid\u00e9, ale byli stvo\u0159eni z \u201ebezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b&#8220; (s\u00fara 55,15). Maj\u00ed svobodnou v\u016fli, um\u00edraj\u00ed, rozmno\u017euj\u00ed se a mohou b\u00fdt v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed nebo nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Cel\u00e1 s\u00fara (s\u00fara 72, <em>al-Jinn<\/em>) je jim v\u011bnov\u00e1na a vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, jak skupina jinn\u016f usly\u0161ela Kor\u00e1n a konvertovala.<\/p><p>Nad r\u00e1mec kor\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu rozv\u00edj\u00ed isl\u00e1msk\u00fd sv\u011bt bohatou tradici jinn\u016f: v klasick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e (Tis\u00edc a jedna noc), v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e a praxi ruqja, v um\u011bn\u00ed a modern\u00ed popkultu\u0159e. Jinnov\u00e9 nejsou v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b muslimsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta abstraktn\u00ed teori\u00ed, ale p\u0159\u00edtomnou skute\u010dnost\u00ed s vlastn\u00edmi soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi pravidly.<\/p><div><p><strong>Jinnov\u00e9 v Kor\u00e1nu: bytosti z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b<\/strong><\/p><p>S\u00fara Al-Jinn (s\u00fara 72) definuje jinny jako bytosti stvo\u0159en\u00e9 z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b (s\u00fara 55,15).<\/p><p>Maj\u00ed svobodnou v\u016fli jako lid\u00e9, mohou b\u00fdt v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed nebo nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed a nejsou neviditeln\u00ed jako takov\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e se mohou podle libosti skr\u00fdvat nebo ukazovat. Kor\u00e1n poj\u00edm\u00e1 jinny jako mor\u00e1ln\u00ed akt\u00e9ry: mohou rozum\u011bt p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016fm, prokl\u00ednat nebo p\u0159ij\u00edmat pravdu.<\/p><p>Salomounova moc nad jinny je zm\u00edn\u011bna na n\u011bkolika m\u00edstech (s\u00fary 27, 34, 38); jinnov\u00e9 se stali jeho n\u00e1strojem k v\u00fdrob\u011b zlat\u00fdch sv\u00edcn\u016f a vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dob. S\u00fara 51,56 zmi\u0148uje, \u017ee jinnov\u00e9 byli stvo\u0159eni ke slu\u017eb\u011b All\u00e1hovi stejn\u011b jako lid\u00e9.<\/p><p>Toto kor\u00e1nsk\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed se z\u00e1sadn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od magick\u00fdch nebo demonologick\u00fdch koncept\u016f: jinnov\u00e9 jsou kosmologick\u00e9 bytosti, nikoli d\u00e9moni nebo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011bl\u00e9<\/span>, n\u00fdbr\u017e samostatn\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed s mor\u00e1lkou a schopnost\u00ed jednat.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159ehled: Jinnov\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Samostatn\u00fd druh bytost\u00ed mezi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011blem<\/span> a \u010dlov\u011bkem<br>P\u016fvod: Bezd\u00fdm\u00fd ohe\u0148 (s\u00fara 55,15)<br>Texty: Kor\u00e1n (zejm\u00e9na s\u00fara 72), had\u00edthy, klasick\u00e1 literatura<br>Obdob\u00ed: 7. stolet\u00ed a\u017e sou\u010dasnost<br>Vlastnosti: nevidileln\u00ed, smrteln\u00ed, se svobodnou v\u016fl\u00ed<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kor\u00e1n a had\u00edthy (7. 8. stol. n. l.) jako z\u00e1klad; klasi\u010dt\u00ed u\u010denci (al-Dam\u00edr\u00ed, al-Suy\u00fat\u00ed) je systematizuj\u00ed v 9. 15. stolet\u00ed; Tis\u00edc a jedna noc (kompilovan\u00e1 v 9. 14. stolet\u00ed) je zpopularizuje liter\u00e1rn\u011b; modern\u00ed praxe ruqja z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 aktivn\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arabsk\u00fd poloostrov jako oblast p\u016fvodu; s isl\u00e1mem se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili do v\u0161ech muslimsk\u00fdch region\u016f. M\u00edstn\u00ed p\u0159ekryvy s domorod\u00fdmi tradicemi duch\u016f (berbersk\u00fdmi, tureck\u00fdmi, persk\u00fdmi, jihoasijsk\u00fdmi).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kor\u00e1n (mnoh\u00e1 m\u00edsta, vlastn\u00ed s\u00fara 72), had\u00edthy, al-Dam\u00edr\u00ed <em>Hayat al-Hayawan<\/em>, al-Suy\u00fat\u00ed <em>Kitab al-Marjan<\/em>, Tis\u00edc a jedna noc, etnografick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce o modern\u00edm pojet\u00ed jinn\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Arabsky:<\/strong> <em>jinn<\/em> (mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo), <em>jinn\u00ed<\/em> (singul\u00e1r).<br>Etymologie: ko\u0159en j-n-n (\u201eb\u00fdt skryt\u00fd, zahalen\u00fd&#8220;).<br>Podtypy: Jann (nejstar\u0161\u00ed druh jinn\u016f), Jinn (st\u0159edn\u00ed), \u0160aitan (zl\u00fd), Ifr\u00edt (mocn\u00fd), Marid (je\u0161t\u011b mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed).<br>Evropsk\u00e1 forma: g\u00e9nius (p\u0159es franc. <em>g\u00e9nie<\/em>).<\/p><p>Ko\u0159en spojuje jinny s my\u0161lenkou skrytosti. <em>Mad\u017en\u00fan<\/em>, \u201eposedl\u00fd jinny&#8220;, znamen\u00e1 z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u201e\u0161\u00edlen\u00fd&#8220;, co\u017e je jazykov\u00fd odkaz na bl\u00edzk\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s psychick\u00fdmi stavy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzhled<\/strong><\/p><p>V\u011bt\u0161inou neviditeln\u00ed. Mohou na sebe vz\u00edt jakoukoli podobu, \u010dlov\u011bka, zv\u00ed\u0159e, kou\u0159, ohe\u0148. Obl\u00edben\u00e9 podoby v tradici: \u010dern\u00ed psi, hadi, ko\u010dky, \u0161t\u00ed\u0159i, ur\u010dit\u00ed pt\u00e1ci.<\/p><p><strong>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Mor\u00e1ln\u011b ambivalentn\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed i nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, p\u0159\u00e1tel\u0161t\u00ed i nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u0161t\u00ed. Ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed pou\u0161t\u011b, z\u0159\u00edceniny, odlehl\u00e1 m\u00edsta, ale n\u011bkdy i obydlen\u00e9 domy. Jejich spole\u010dnost zn\u00e1 rodiny, kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, obchod.<\/p><p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Cel\u00fd sv\u011bt, s d\u016frazem na hrani\u010dn\u00ed m\u00edsta, prahy, vodu, h\u0159bitovy, z\u0159\u00edceniny. Za dobu d\u017ein\u016f se pova\u017euj\u00ed i ur\u010dit\u00e9 hodiny (poledne, z\u00e1pad slunce, p\u016flnoc).<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00fd p\u016fvod<\/strong><\/p><p>Byli stvo\u0159eni z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b (s\u00fara 55,15) je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed \u010dlov\u011bkem. Prvn\u00edm d\u017einem byl Jann; Ibl\u00eds pat\u0159\u00ed k tomuto druhu. Modern\u00ed lidov\u00e1 tradice si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00e9 arabsk\u00e9 motivy pou\u0161tn\u00edch d\u00e9mon\u016f, zasazen\u00e9 do kor\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce.<\/p><div><p><strong>D\u017einov\u00e9 v p\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00e9 arabsk\u00e9 religiozit\u011b<\/strong><\/p><p>Archeologick\u00e9 a liter\u00e1rn\u00ed doklady nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee bytosti podobn\u00e9 d\u017ein\u016fm byly p\u0159\u00edtomny v arabsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch dan\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> ji\u017e p\u0159ed isl\u00e1mem, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jako m\u00edstn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 pramen\u016f, pou\u0161t\u00ed a z\u0159\u00edcenin.<\/p><p>Ran\u00e1 arabsk\u00e1 poezie ozna\u010duje <em>d\u017einy<\/em> za nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 inspir\u00e1tory, zejm\u00e9na b\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016f. P\u0159edisl\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed Arabov\u00e9 d\u017einy uct\u00edvali nebo s nimi jednali, a ti byli \u010dasto v\u00e1z\u00e1ni na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsta: studny, poho\u0159\u00ed, opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 m\u011bsta.<\/p><p>Isl\u00e1m tuto koncepci prom\u011bnil: m\u00edsto m\u00edstn\u00edch duch\u016f se z d\u017ein\u016f staly eschatologick\u00e9 bytosti nesouc\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost p\u0159ed All\u00e1hem. Za\u0159azen\u00ed konceptu d\u017ein\u016f do Kor\u00e1nu jej legitimizovalo v teologick\u00e9m r\u00e1mci, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 transformovalo jeho v\u00fdznam. Jde o typick\u00fd vzorec: isl\u00e1m integroval m\u00edstn\u00ed arabsk\u00e9 myt\u00e9my a vykl\u00e1dal je ve sv\u011btle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edra v jedin\u00e9ho boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismu<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: D\u017einov\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty d\u017ein\u016f na jeden pohled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fvod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stvo\u0159eni z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b (s\u00fara 55,15) je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed \u010dlov\u011bkem. Samostatn\u00fd druh bytost\u00ed mezi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch nebesk\u00fd posel Bo\u017e\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">and\u011bly<\/span> a \u010dlov\u011bkem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159edm\u011bt p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u0161ichni lid\u00e9; zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zraniteln\u00ed na prahov\u00fdch m\u00edstech, ve z\u0159\u00edcenin\u00e1ch, u vodn\u00edch m\u00edst, v ur\u010dit\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch dne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u011bt\u0161inou neviditeln\u00ed; mohou m\u011bnit podobu. Obl\u00edben\u00e9 podoby: \u010dern\u00ed psi, hadi, ko\u010dky, ur\u010dit\u00ed pt\u00e1ci, kou\u0159.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkce<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ambivalentn\u00ed, mohou pom\u00e1hat i \u0161kodit. P\u0159i nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9m p\u016fsoben\u00ed: nemoc, posedlost (majnun), ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, \u0161ept\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formy ochrany<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Basmala p\u0159ed \u010dinnostmi, Ta&#8217;awudh, denn\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 s\u00fary, Ayat al-Kursi. Ruqya p\u0159i posedlosti. Respektuj\u00edc\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s prahov\u00fdmi m\u00edsty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145135\">\u0160edim<\/a> (etymologicky a struktur\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed), \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed <em>daimones<\/em>, k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed d\u00e9moni obecn\u011b, per\u0161t\u00ed <em>peri<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ochrann\u00e1 praxe<\/strong><\/p><p>Basmala p\u0159ed ka\u017edou \u010dinnost\u00ed, recitace Ayat al-Kursi p\u0159ed span\u00edm, Ta\u02bfawudh p\u0159i vstupu na ne\u010dist\u00e1 m\u00edsta (toaleta, h\u0159bitov). R\u00e1no a ve\u010der \u201eochrann\u00e9 s\u00fary&#8220; (Falaq, N\u00e1s, Ichl\u00e1s). Nep\u00edskat v dom\u011b, v mnoh\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch je to sign\u00e1l p\u0159ivol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u017einy.<\/p><p><strong>Ruqya<\/strong><\/p><p>P\u0159i podez\u0159en\u00ed na vliv d\u017ein\u016f (nemoc, no\u010dn\u00ed d\u011bsy, posedlost) se praktikuje ruqya, strukturovan\u00e1 recitace kor\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ver\u0161\u016f, kterou prov\u00e1d\u00ed <em>raqi<\/em>. Ortodoxn\u00ed praxe se odli\u0161uje od esoterick\u00e9 magie, je\u017e chce p\u016fsobit podobn\u011b, ale je teologicky odsuzov\u00e1na.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety<\/strong><\/p><p>Hirz \/ Ta\u02bfwidh, kor\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ver\u0161e v ko\u017een\u00fdch pouzdrech no\u0161en\u00e9 na t\u011ble. Modr\u00fd nazar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00e9mu je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u00fa\u010dinek p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nebo \u00fasp\u011bch.\" tabindex=\"0\">talisman<\/span> a Hamsa ruka jsou v lidov\u00e9 tradici velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9, a\u010dkoli ortodoxn\u00ed teologov\u00e9 na n\u011b hled\u00ed kriticky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturn\u00ed recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Klasick\u00e1 literatura:<\/strong> Tis\u00edc a jedna noc se sv\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o d\u017einech (Aladinova lampa, \u0160eherez\u00e1da, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o ryb\u00e1\u0159i) formovala celosv\u011btov\u00fd obraz. \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">Duch<\/span> z lampy&#8220; je liter\u00e1rn\u00ed postava, nikoli teologick\u00e1 p\u0159edstava o d\u017einovi.<\/p><p><strong>Modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eenskost \u017eit\u00e1 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto vedle ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed nauky.\" tabindex=\"0\">lidov\u00e1 religiozita<\/span>:<\/strong> Ve velk\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech muslimsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edra v d\u017einy \u017eiv\u00e1. Etnologick\u00e9 studie dokumentuj\u00ed bohat\u00e9 region\u00e1ln\u00ed tradice, marocko-berbersk\u00e9, tureck\u00e9, persk\u00e9, malajsk\u00e9, indon\u00e9sk\u00e9. Ve m\u011bstsk\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech se pozornost p\u0159esouv\u00e1, ale nemiz\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Z\u00e1padn\u00ed recepce<\/strong><\/p><p>\u201eGenius&#8220; (genie) v anglick\u00fdch a francouzsk\u00fdch p\u0159ekladech Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci je m\u00edrnou z\u00e1padn\u00ed reinterpretac\u00ed. Modern\u00ed popkultura (Disneyho Aladin, Neila Gaimana <em>American Gods<\/em>, novodob\u00e1 filmov\u00e1 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci) se st\u00e1le soust\u0159ed\u00ed na spektakul\u00e1rn\u00ed obraz.<\/p><div><p><strong>Klasifikace d\u017ein\u016f<\/strong> v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> a v Tis\u00edci a jedn\u00e9 noci<\/p><p>Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed isl\u00e1m\u0161t\u00ed teologov\u00e9 klasifikovali d\u017einy podle s\u00edly, p\u016fvodu a povahy. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddou byli <em>Ifr\u00edt<\/em> (t\u00e9\u017e <em>Efr\u00edt<\/em>), mocn\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9, \u010dasto zlovoln\u00ed nebo chaoti\u010dt\u00ed. Pod nimi se \u0159adili <em>M\u00e1rid<\/em>, <em>Jann<\/em> a oby\u010dejn\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9. Tato hierarchick\u00e1 klasifikace poskytovala r\u00e1mec pro ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ve sb\u00edrce <em>Tis\u00edc a jedna noc<\/em> (shroma\u017e\u010fovan\u00e9 od 9. stolet\u00ed, redakce a\u017e do 15. stolet\u00ed) jsou d\u017einov\u00e9 zasazeni jako postavy do narativn\u00edch r\u00e1mc\u016f: jsou mocn\u00ed, ale ne neomyln\u00ed, dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u010darovat nebo prokl\u00ednat, ale tak\u00e9 podv\u00e1d\u011bt.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jednaj\u00ed podle vlastn\u00edch motiv\u016f, pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed, pomsty, zv\u011bdavosti. Tato liter\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice ovlivnila z\u00e1padn\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed d\u017ein\u016f siln\u011bji ne\u017e teologick\u00e9 texty, zejm\u00e9na po evropsk\u00fdch p\u0159ekladech, jako byl ten od Antoine Gallanda (1701-1721).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe956b9d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe956b9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf6f2d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf6f2d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u017einov\u00e9 v Kor\u00e1nu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa620cbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa620cbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf4c10dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf4c10dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u017einov\u00e9 jsou pevn\u011b zakotveni v Kor\u00e1nu a nejsou okrajov\u00fdm jevem lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry. Cel\u00e1 s\u00fara, 72., nese n\u00e1zev <em>al-D\u017einn<\/em> a popisuje, jak skupina d\u017ein\u016f sly\u0161\u00ed Kor\u00e1n, je j\u00edm ohromena a uv\u011b\u0159\u00ed.<\/p><p>Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed tvrzen\u00ed: d\u017einov\u00e9 jsou, stejn\u011b jako lid\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi bytostmi schopn\u00fdmi reagovat na v\u00edru. Mohou b\u00fdt v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed nebo nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, dob\u0159\u00ed nebo zl\u00ed, a podl\u00e9haj\u00ed soudu.<\/p><p>Kor\u00e1n vysv\u011btluje stvo\u0159en\u00ed d\u017ein\u016f z bezd\u00fdm\u00e9ho ohn\u011b nebo ohniv\u00e9ho plamene, zat\u00edmco \u010dlov\u011bk byl stvo\u0159en z hl\u00edny. Tento p\u016fvod z ohn\u011b je odli\u0161uje od and\u011bl\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou podle pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nauky stvo\u0159eni ze sv\u011btla, i od \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p><p>V s\u00fa\u0159e 51, ver\u0161i 56 se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee B\u016fh stvo\u0159il d\u017einy a lidi jen proto, aby mu slou\u017eili. Oba druhy tak maj\u00ed stejn\u00fd smysl existence.<\/p><p>Kor\u00e1n zn\u00e1 d\u017einy i v negativn\u00ed funkci. Mohou sv\u00e1d\u011bt lidi a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed Ibl\u00edse. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 Kor\u00e1n jasn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee d\u017einov\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed nadlidskou v\u0161emohoucnost.<\/p><p>Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o proroku a kr\u00e1li Salomonovi popisuje, \u017ee d\u017einov\u00e9 byli d\u00e1ni do jeho slu\u017eby a pracovali pro n\u011bj, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i stavb\u00e1ch. Kdy\u017e Salomon zem\u0159el, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9 to dlouho nezaznamenali, co\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee neznaj\u00ed to, co je skryt\u00e9.<\/p><p>Kor\u00e1nsk\u00e1 nauka tak d\u017einy jasn\u011b vymezuje: jsou to stvo\u0159en\u00e9, smrteln\u00e9 a odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 bytosti, nikoli bohov\u00e9 ani polobozi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp126a4fa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp126a4fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5f5e683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5f5e683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny a prom\u011bna v\u00edry v d\u017einy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp12ff229 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp12ff229\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6328315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6328315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00edra v d\u017einy je star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e isl\u00e1m. V p\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bii byli d\u017einov\u00e9 pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159edstav o sv\u011bt\u011b. Byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za obyvatele pou\u0161t\u011b, nehostinn\u00fdch a nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00edst, a byli spojov\u00e1ni s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi m\u00edsty, kameny, stromy a prameny.<\/p><p>Staroarabsk\u00e1 poezie je zmi\u0148uje \u010dasto a existovaly p\u0159edstavy, podle nich\u017e d\u017einov\u00e9 inspirovali b\u00e1sn\u00edky, co\u017e vysv\u011btluje bl\u00edzkou souvislost mezi poezi\u00ed a pon\u011bkud nejistou inspirac\u00ed.<\/p><p>S p\u0159\u00edchodem isl\u00e1mu nebyli d\u017einov\u00e9 odstran\u011bni, ale byli zapojeni do nov\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a znovu vylo\u017eeni. Kor\u00e1n potvrzuje jejich existenci, ale pod\u0159azuje je jedin\u00e9mu Bohu a jasn\u011b stanov\u00ed, \u017ee je nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 je uct\u00edvat nebo u nich hledat ochranu.<\/p><p>V s\u00fa\u0159e 72, ver\u0161i 6 se v\u00fdslovn\u011b k\u00e1r\u00e1, \u017ee lid\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve hledali \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b u d\u017ein\u016f a t\u00edm jen zvy\u0161ovali jejich dom\u00fd\u0161livost. Z bytost\u00ed p\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00e9 doby, kter\u00e9 byly m\u00edsty t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bny, se tak staly stvo\u0159en\u00e9 spolubytosti.<\/p><p>Tato reinterpretace je dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak nov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edstavy nevyt\u011bs\u0148uje, ale zasazuje je do pozm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce. Badatel\u00e9, nap\u0159\u00edklad Toufic Fahd ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o staroarabsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie o isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 demonologii, tuto kontinuitu i zlom podrobn\u011b popsali.<\/p><p>V\u00edra v d\u017einy z\u016fstala \u017eiv\u00e1 po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee byla podlo\u017eena Kor\u00e1nem. Na rozd\u00edl od n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00fdch p\u0159edstav, kter\u00e9 byly odsouzeny jako modloslu\u017eba, si v\u00edra v d\u017einy zachovala legitimn\u00ed m\u00edsto v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m pohledu na sv\u011bt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2ae6ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb2ae6ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7981135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7981135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Druhy, hierarchie a zp\u016fsob \u017eivota d\u017ein\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp65438ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp65438ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a065f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0a065f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Isl\u00e1msk\u00e1 tradice, zejm\u00e9na koment\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1 literatura a d\u00edla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eenskost \u017eit\u00e1 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto vedle ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed nauky.\" tabindex=\"0\">lidov\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti<\/span>, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila stru\u010dn\u00e1 kor\u00e1nsk\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed do podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho obrazu. Vznikla klasifikace d\u017ein\u016f do r\u016fzn\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd.<\/p><p>\u010casto jsou zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ni <em>\u02bfifr\u00edt<\/em>, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b mocn\u00ed a nebezpe\u010dn\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9, <em>marid<\/em>, pova\u017eovan\u00ed za vzpurn\u00e9 a siln\u00e9, a obecn\u00fd pojem <em>\u0161ajt\u00e1n<\/em> pro zlovoln\u00e9ho d\u017eina. Krom\u011b toho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> zn\u00e1 <em>gh\u00fala<\/em>, tvarem se prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed bytost pou\u0161t\u011b. Tato d\u011blen\u00ed nejsou jednotn\u00e1 a li\u0161\u00ed se mezi prameny.<\/p><p>Podle rozvinut\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy \u017eij\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9 ve spole\u010denstv\u00edch podobn\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdm. Maj\u00ed pohlav\u00ed, rozmno\u017euj\u00ed se, jed\u00ed a pij\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed kmeny a kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a um\u00edraj\u00ed, i kdy\u017e podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch pod\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e po velmi dlouh\u00e9 dob\u011b.<\/p><p>Mohou na sebe br\u00e1t r\u016fzn\u00e9 podoby, nap\u0159\u00edklad zv\u00ed\u0159at jako had\u016f nebo ps\u016f, nebo lid\u00ed. P\u0159ednostn\u011b ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1, ne\u010dist\u00e1 nebo odlehl\u00e1 m\u00edsta, ruiny, jeskyn\u011b, h\u0159bitovy a podobn\u00e9 lokality.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eenskost \u017eit\u00e1 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto vedle ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed nauky.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lidov\u00e1 zbo\u017enost<\/span> zn\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed pravidel chov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s d\u017einy, nap\u0159\u00edklad opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159i vstupu na nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 m\u00edsta, p\u0159i no\u010dn\u00edm vyl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed vody nebo p\u0159i ur\u010dit\u00fdch \u010dinnostech.<\/p><p>Tato pravidla se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed podle regionu a pat\u0159\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e k lidov\u00e9 kultu\u0159e ne\u017e k normativn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span>, kter\u00e1 se omezuje na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kor\u00e1nsk\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed. Badatel\u00e9 proto pe\u010dliv\u011b rozli\u0161uj\u00ed mezi kor\u00e1nsko-teologickou naukou a bohat\u011b rozvinutou lidovou v\u00edrou v d\u017einy, kter\u00e1 se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed podle regionu a doby.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf27ae05 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf27ae05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a4a002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a4a002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posedlost, l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s d\u017einy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c3f326 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8c3f326\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd70ed5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd70ed5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Praktick\u00fd a v\u00fdznamn\u00fd okruh v\u00edry v d\u017einy se t\u00fdk\u00e1 p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee d\u017einov\u00e9 mohou vstoupit do t\u011bla \u010dlov\u011bka a ovliv\u0148ovat ho. Kor\u00e1n s\u00e1m poskytuje skromn\u00fd n\u00e1znak, kdy\u017e ve s\u00fa\u0159e 2, ver\u0161i 275 mluv\u00ed o lidech, kte\u0159\u00ed vst\u00e1vaj\u00ed jako ten, kter\u00e9ho \u0161ait\u00e1n zm\u00e1tl sv\u00fdm dotykem.<\/p><p>Na tato m\u00edsta se odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edstava d\u017einsk\u00e9 posedlosti, v arab\u0161tin\u011b spojen\u00e1 s pojmy odvozen\u00fdmi od ko\u0159ene <em>d\u017e-n-n<\/em>, ze kter\u00e9ho poch\u00e1z\u00ed tak\u00e9 slovo pro \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Z t\u00e9to v\u00edry se vyvinula samostatn\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e1 praxe. L\u00e9\u010dba ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako <em>ruqya<\/em> spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v podstat\u011b v recitaci kor\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ver\u0161\u016f nad posti\u017een\u00fdm, zejm\u00e9na ur\u010dit\u00fdch s\u00far a ver\u0161\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, nap\u0159\u00edklad Tr\u016fnn\u00edho ver\u0161e a obou ochrann\u00fdch s\u00far.<\/p><p>Tato praxe je ortodoxn\u00ed naukou v z\u00e1sad\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na, pokud se omezuje na kor\u00e1nsk\u00e9 prost\u0159edky a nep\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed obracen\u00ed se k bo\u017estvu nebo s\u00edle.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> d\u017ein\u016f nebo \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho kouzelnictv\u00ed. Hranice mezi povolenou ochrannou a l\u00e9\u010debnou prax\u00ed a zak\u00e1zanou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi\u00ed<\/span> je opakuj\u00edc\u00edm se t\u00e9matem u\u010deneck\u00e9 literatury.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm teologick\u00fdm bodem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e1 ochrana a uzdraven\u00ed se vypro\u0161uj\u00ed od Boha, nikoli od samotn\u00fdch d\u017ein\u016f. Podle isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 nauky je nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 uzav\u00edrat s d\u017einy spojenectv\u00ed nebo hledat jejich pomoc.<\/p><p>P\u0159edstava posedlosti a jej\u00edho l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed je a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti \u017eiv\u00e1 v mnoha regionech isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 kritizov\u00e1na modern\u00edmi hlasy, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve vztahu k l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdm a psychologick\u00fdm vysv\u011btlen\u00edm. V\u00fdzkum tuto oblast zkoum\u00e1 jako pole, v n\u011bm\u017e se prol\u00ednaj\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy a zvyky roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">lidov\u00e1 v\u00edra<\/span>, medic\u00edna a spole\u010densk\u00e1 praxe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eaf3bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2eaf3bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb35b360 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb35b360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u017einov\u00e9 v literatu\u0159e a modern\u00ed kultu\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaed7749 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpaed7749\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5e6c3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd5e6c3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u017einov\u00e9 vyvinuli liter\u00e1rn\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed vliv daleko p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou sf\u00e9ru. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed podobu z\u00edskali ve sb\u00edrce <em>Tis\u00edc a jedna noc<\/em>, vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edm d\u00edle, kter\u00e9 vznikalo po stalet\u00ed.<\/p><p>V mnoha z t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f vystupuj\u00ed d\u017einov\u00e9, \u010dasto jako mocn\u00e9 bytosti uzav\u0159en\u00e9 v n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch, lahv\u00edch nebo prstenech, kter\u00e9 tomu, kdo je vysvobod\u00ed, spln\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed nebo mu naopak hroz\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> d\u017eina uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho v n\u00e1dob\u011b, kter\u00fd spl\u0148uje p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed, utv\u00e1\u0159el obraz, jak\u00fd si o d\u017einech vytvo\u0159il Z\u00e1pad.<\/p><p>P\u0159es evropsk\u00e9 p\u0159eklady <em>Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci<\/em> od 18. stolet\u00ed se tato postava dostala do z\u00e1padn\u00ed literatury a pozd\u011bji do filmu, komiksu a animovan\u00e9ho filmu. V t\u00e9to recepci se d\u017ein z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti slil s p\u0159edstavou p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed spl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho ducha z lahve a ztratil svou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou z\u00e1va\u017enost.<\/p><p>Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 tuto popkulturn\u00ed postavu odli\u0161ovat od d\u017eina isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice. V \u017eiv\u00e9 isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e nejsou d\u017einov\u00e9 poh\u00e1dkov\u00fdmi splniteli p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed, ale re\u00e1ln\u00fdmi, stvo\u0159en\u00fdmi spolubytostmi, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span> a jejich\u017e existence je od\u016fvodn\u011bna Kor\u00e1nem.<\/p><p>V mnoha regionech isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, od severn\u00ed Afriky p\u0159es Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod a\u017e po ji\u017en\u00ed Asii, je v\u00edra v d\u017einy dodnes sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota a ovliv\u0148uje p\u0159edstavy o nemoci, ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a ochran\u011b.<\/p><p>Vedle toho se modern\u00ed arabsk\u00e1 a mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed literatura a kinematografie k d\u017ein\u016fm op\u011bt v\u00e1\u017en\u011b vrac\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad v hororov\u00fdch filmech, kter\u00e9 navazuj\u00ed na lidovou v\u00edru. Rozp\u011bt\u00ed tak sah\u00e1 od teologick\u00e9 u\u010debnice p\u0159es \u017eivou lidovou v\u00edru a\u017e po glob\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1bavn\u00ed kulturu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doporu\u010den\u00e9 intern\u00ed odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145140\">Isl\u00e1m<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145149\">Ibl\u00eds<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145151\">\u0160aj\u00e1t\u00edn<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145152\">Ifr\u00edt<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145153\">Gh\u00fal<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145135\">\u0160edim<\/a> (etymologicky p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd)<\/li><li>Ruqya a kor\u00e1nsk\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe<\/li><li>Tis\u00edc a jedna noc<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdb\u011br kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prac\u00ed o d\u017einech:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Westermarck, Edward: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Regulovan\u00e1 posloupnost symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> and Belief in Morocco<\/em>. London 1926.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Crapanzano, Vincent: <em>The Hamadsha<\/em>. Berkeley 1973 (etnografie).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Henninger, Joseph: <em>Arabica Sacra<\/em>. Freiburg 1981.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-jinn-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-jinn-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-jinn\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-jinn-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-jinn-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Popsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe je religionistick\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm historick\u00fdch tradic. iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje jej\u00ed sou\u010dasnou podobu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9eefd9 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c9eefd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ae32e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ae32e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o Gh\u00falovi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Co je Gh\u00fal v isl\u00e1mu a lidov\u00e9 tradici?<\/h3><p>Gh\u00fal (arabsky \u0121\u016bl, v angli\u010dtin\u011b ghoul) je pou\u0161tn\u00ed a h\u0159bitovn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159isuzuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporupln\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> arabsk\u00e9 a isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 tradice. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za pod\u0159azenou formu d\u017ein\u016f, n\u011bkdy za samostatnou t\u0159\u00eddu.<\/p><p>Gh\u00falov\u00e9 jsou tvarem prom\u011bnliv\u00ed, \u010dasto se zjevuj\u00ed jako kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 \u017eeny nebo poutn\u00edci, aby zm\u00e1tli poutn\u00edky a zabili je. Jejich specialitou je po\u017e\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch, vykop\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010derstv\u00e9 hroby a jed\u00ed mrtv\u00e1 t\u011bla. Modern\u00ed anglick\u00e9 slovo ghoul (po\u017e\u00edra\u010d mrtvol) se odvozuje p\u0159\u00edmo od tohoto slova.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Jak se lze chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed Gh\u00falem?<\/h3><p>Klasick\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby obrany v arabsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 tradici: recitace kor\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ver\u0161\u016f (zejm\u00e9na s\u00fary 2,255, Ajatul-kurs\u00ed, ver\u0161e o tr\u016fnu), no\u0161en\u00ed amuletu se symbolem Hamsa nebo All\u00e1hov\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se osam\u011bl\u00fdm cest\u00e1m v noci a zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b na m\u00edstech noclehu.<\/p><p>V poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci b\u00fdv\u00e1 Gh\u00fal \u010dasto p\u0159emo\u017een lst\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edmou konfrontac\u00ed a znalost\u00ed jeho prav\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Co je Gh\u00fal v isl\u00e1mu a lidov\u00e9 tradici?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Gh\u00fal (arabsky \u0121\u016bl, v angli\u010dtin\u011b ghoul) je pou\u0161tn\u00ed a h\u0159bitovn\u00ed d\u00e9mon arabsk\u00e9 a isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 tradice. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za pod\u0159azenou formu d\u017ein\u016f, n\u011bkdy za samostatnou t\u0159\u00eddu.Gh\u00falov\u00e9 jsou tvarem prom\u011bnliv\u00ed, \u010dasto se zjevuj\u00ed jako kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 \u017eeny nebo poutn\u00edci, aby zm\u00e1tli poutn\u00edky a zabili je. Jejich specialitou je po\u017e\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch, vykop\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010derstv\u00e9 hroby a jed\u00ed mrtv\u00e1 t\u011bla. Modern\u00ed anglick\u00e9 slovo ghoul (po\u017e\u00edra\u010d mrtvol) se odvozuje p\u0159\u00edmo od tohoto slova.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Jak se lze chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed Gh\u00falem?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Klasick\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby obrany v arabsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 tradici: recitace kor\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ver\u0161\u016f (zejm\u00e9na s\u00fary 2,255, Ajatul-kurs\u00ed, ver\u0161e o tr\u016fnu), no\u0161en\u00ed amuletu se symbolem Hamsa nebo All\u00e1hov\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se osam\u011bl\u00fdm cest\u00e1m v noci a zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b na m\u00edstech noclehu.V poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch Tis\u00edce a jedn\u00e9 noci b\u00fdv\u00e1 Gh\u00fal \u010dasto p\u0159emo\u017een lst\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edmou konfrontac\u00ed a znalost\u00ed jeho prav\u00e9ho 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