{"id":145147,"date":"2026-09-03T16:27:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:27:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145147"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:48:05","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:48:05","slug":"leviatan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/leviatan\/","title":{"rendered":"Leviatan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145147\" class=\"elementor elementor-145147 elementor-1021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviatan, b\u016fh k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviatan je b\u016fh k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Prahad mo\u0159e, chaotick\u00e1 postava hebrejsk\u00e9 a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Leviatan vystupuje v Bibli jako chaosov\u00fd drak a odp\u016frce stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury, s jasn\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145139\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 tradice s jej\u00edmi and\u011bly, d\u00e9mony a mystick\u00fdmi bytostmi.\">K\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145232\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00edly chaosu a kosmi\u010dt\u00ed protivn\u00edci, prot\u011bj\u0161ky v n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historick\u00e9m dualismu.\">Anti-b\u016fh<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1566\" alt=\"Leviatan\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviatan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviatan (hebr. <em>Liwjatan<\/em>) je jednou z nejstar\u0161\u00edch chaotick\u00fdch postav star\u00e9ho Orientu, ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b na v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00edstech (Job 40, 41; \u017d 74; Iz 27) z\u00e1rove\u0148 hroziv\u00fdm prastvo\u0159en\u00edm a bo\u017eskou hra\u010dkou.<\/p><p>V apokalyptick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se st\u00e1v\u00e1 eschatologick\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00edtelem konce \u010das\u016f; v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 demonologii postupuje v hierarchii vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch d\u00e9mon\u016f, \u010dasto jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> z\u00e1visti nebo jako vl\u00e1dce hlubin.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Struktur\u00e1ln\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed Leviatan do rodiny chaosov\u00fdch had\u016f star\u00e9ho Orientu: Ti\u0101mat, Jamm (Ugarit), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145116\">Apophis<\/a>, Vrtra, germ\u00e1nsk\u00fd Midgardsk\u00fd had. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed motiv, nastolen\u00ed \u0159\u00e1du zkrocen\u00edm prastvo\u0159en\u00ed, je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd indoevropsko-semitsky. Thomas Hobbes vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Leviatana jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci (1651); modern\u00ed obrazov\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d z n\u011bj d\u011bl\u00e1 zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed mohutnosti jako takov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Ugaritsk\u00fd Lotan jako p\u0159edch\u016fdce<\/strong><\/p><p>Leviatan je z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska jedn\u00edm z nejl\u00e9pe dokumentovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f starorient\u00e1ln\u00ed tradice chaosov\u00fdch had\u016f. Nejstar\u0161\u00edm dokladem je ugaritsk\u00e9 slovo <em>Lotan<\/em> (v textech KTU 1.5 a 1.83, datovan\u00fdch kolem roku 1400 p\u0159. n. l.), kde je sedmihlav\u00e1 mo\u0159sk\u00e1 ohyzda Lotan p\u0159emo\u017eena bohem po\u010das\u00ed Baalem.<\/p><p>Tato p\u0159edloha je \u00fazce spjata s mezopotamsk\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtem<\/span> o Tiamat (Enuma Eli\u0161); oba pat\u0159\u00ed do starorient\u00e1ln\u00ed tradice tzv. combat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> (<em>Chaoskampf<\/em>), kter\u00e1 slou\u017eila jako p\u0159edloha \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradici Liwjatan.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V\u00fdzkum (John Day, <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>, 1985; Mark S. Smith, <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em>, 2001) podrobn\u011b zpracoval difuzionistick\u00e9 souvislosti.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rychl\u00fd p\u0159ehled: Leviatan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> prastvo\u0159en\u00ed mo\u0159e, chaotick\u00e1 postava, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9mon pekla<br>P\u016fvod: ugaritsk\u00fd Lotan, hebrejsk\u00fd Liwjatan<br>Texty: Job 40, 41; \u017d 74; Iz 27; Zj 13; Henoch; grimo\u00e1ry<br>Obdob\u00ed: od pozdn\u00ed doby bronzov\u00e9 po sou\u010dasnost<br>Funkce: zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed chaosu, eschatologick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> konce \u010das\u016f<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777529077 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777529077\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777529077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777529077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><span data-nosnippet><em><strong>Odli\u0161en\u00ed od Satana:<\/strong> Na rozd\u00edl od <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145144\">Satana<\/a>, personifikovan\u00e9ho protivn\u00edka \u017eidovsko-k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice, nen\u00ed Leviatan jednaj\u00edc\u00ed postavou, n\u00fdbr\u017e <strong>kosmickou symbolikou zr\u016fdnosti<\/strong>, mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho monstra z text\u016f o Jobovi, pozd\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho jako obraz nezkrotn\u00e9ho chaosu v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> a politick\u00e9 filozofii (Hobbes 1651).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prvn\u00ed doklady v ugaritsk\u00fdch textech (2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.) jako <em>Lotan<\/em>. Ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1n v Jobovi 40, 41. Apokalyptick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v obdob\u00ed druh\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu (Henoch). K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 recepce ve Zjeven\u00ed a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologie a spisy c\u00edrkevn\u00edch otc\u016f (2.\u20138. stol.), nap\u0159. Augustin, Jeron\u00fdm, \u00d3rigen\u00e9s, Jan Zlato\u00fast\u00fd.\">patristice<\/span>. Grimo\u00e1ry a Hobbes v novov\u011bku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze starosyrsko-kana\u00e1nsk\u00e9 oblasti (Ugarit) do biblick\u00e9ho Izraele; odtud do cel\u00e9ho k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, se silnou p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> (j\u00edcen pekla) a literatu\u0159e (Hobbes, Moby Dick).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ugaritsk\u00e9 texty (KTU 1.5); Job 40, 41; \u017d 74, \u017d 104; Iz 27,1; 1. Henoch 60; Zj 12, 13; grimo\u00e1ry (Dictionnaire Infernal); Hobbes; modern\u00ed recepce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hebrejsky:<\/strong> <em>Liwjatan<\/em>, \u201eten, kdo se vine\u201c, \u201esvinut\u00fd\u201c.<br>Ugaritsky: <em>Lotan<\/em>, s p\u0159\u00edmou etymologickou a motivickou kontinuitou.<br>\u0158ecky (LXX): <em>drak\u014dn<\/em>.<br>Latinsky (Vulgata): <em>Leviathan<\/em>.<\/p><p>Motivick\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edbuznost s Ti\u0101mat, Apophis a Vrtra je nesporn\u00e1; jazykov\u011b stoj\u00ed Leviatan s ugaritsk\u00fdm Lotanem na p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 linii. V kabalistick\u00e9 tradici je ob\u010das pova\u017eov\u00e1n za \u017eensk\u00fd rod (jako man\u017eelka \u201eZl\u00e9ho Leviatana\u201c) nebo za dvojici (dva Leviatani).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povahov\u00e9 rysy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzhled<\/strong><\/p><p>Obrovsk\u00fd mo\u0159sk\u00fd had nebo drakovit\u00e1 mo\u0159sk\u00e1 potvora. Job 40, 41 jej popisuje s tlamou chrl\u00edc\u00ed ohe\u0148, \u0161upinat\u00fdm panc\u00ed\u0159em a nep\u0159emo\u017eitelnou silou. St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span>: drak, Leviatan jako br\u00e1na do pekla, pohlcuj\u00edc\u00ed zatracen\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>V knize Job hra\u010dka Bo\u017e\u00ed, d\u016fkaz bo\u017e\u00ed nad\u0159azenosti. V Iz 27,1 nep\u0159\u00edtel, kter\u00e9ho B\u016fh na konci dn\u016f p\u0159em\u016f\u017ee me\u010dem. V Apokalypse apokalyptick\u00fd drak z mo\u0159e.<\/p><p><strong>Sf\u00e9ra p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Mo\u0159e, hlubina, chaos. V eschatologick\u00e9m v\u00fdkladu konec \u010das\u016f, ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 pekeln\u00e9 ikonografii samo peklo.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00fd p\u016fvod<\/strong><\/p><p>Ugaritsk\u00fd ko\u0159en v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivu<\/span> Lotana, zasazen\u00fd do chaotick\u00e9ho boje boha Baala proti mo\u0159sk\u00e9 s\u00edle Jamma. Biblicky okam\u017eik stvo\u0159en\u00ed (zkrocen\u00ed) i konec \u010das\u016f (zni\u010den\u00ed).<\/p><div><p><strong>Job 40, 41 jako nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed pramen<\/strong><\/p><p>Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed biblick\u00fd popis Leviatana se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v Job 41 (v n\u011bkter\u00e9m \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed 40,25, 41,26): podrobn\u00fd portr\u00e9t bytosti o 34 ver\u0161\u00edch se \u0161upinami, ohniv\u00fdm dechem, obrovskou tlamou a nep\u0159emo\u017eitelnost\u00ed.<\/p><p>Teologick\u00fdm kontextem je Bo\u017e\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f Jobovi z bou\u0159e (Job 38, 41), v n\u00ed\u017e B\u016fh demonstruje svou kosmickou svrchovanost i nad silami chaosu. Leviatan zde stoj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b s Behemotem jako dvoj\u00ed d\u016fkaz, \u017ee stvo\u0159en\u00ed obsahuje s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 jsou vy\u0148aty z lidsk\u00e9ho ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ale pod\u0159\u00edzeny Bo\u017e\u00edmu.<\/p><p>\u017dalm 74,14 nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na kosmologickou p\u0159edehru (\u201eRozdrtil jsi hlavy Leviatana&#8220;); \u017dalm 104,26 nese pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 hrav\u00fd t\u00f3n (\u201eLeviatan, jeho\u017e jsi stvo\u0159il, aby si v n\u011bm hr\u00e1l&#8220;). \u017didovsk\u00e1 rab\u00ednsk\u00e1 tradice (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo rab\u00ednsk\u00e9ho judaismu, v babylonsk\u00e9 a jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9 verzi; obsahuje Mi\u0161nu a Gemaru.\">Talmud<\/span>, Bavli Bava Batra 75a) vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o hostin\u011b spravedliv\u00fdch na konci \u010das\u016f, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se poj\u00edd\u00e1 maso Leviatana.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Leviatan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty Leviatana na jeden pohled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fvod Leviatana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ugaritsk\u00fd Lotan, hebrejsk\u00fd Livjatan. Ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b jak p\u0159emo\u017een\u00fd tvor p\u0159i stvo\u0159en\u00ed, tak eschatologick\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159edm\u011bt p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kosmick\u00e1 hrozba; ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 recepci zatracenec (pekeln\u00e1 tlama). Tematicky: lid\u00e9 na hranici toho, co lze ovl\u00e1dnout.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obrovsk\u00fd mo\u0159sk\u00fd had, tlama chrl\u00edc\u00ed ohe\u0148, \u0161upinat\u00fd panc\u00ed\u0159. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku br\u00e1na do pekla, pohlcuj\u00edc\u00ed du\u0161e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsobnost<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed chaosu, ohro\u017euje \u0159\u00e1d, na konci je p\u0159emo\u017een. V grimo\u00e1rsk\u00e9 tradici <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159isuzuje \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo protikladn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> z\u00e1visti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obrana proti Leviatanovi<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 ochrana. Teologicky: d\u016fv\u011bra v Boha jako p\u0159emo\u017eitele. V kabalistick\u00e9 a grimo\u00e1rsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e specifick\u00e9 vazebn\u00e9 formule.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely Leviatana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ti\u00e1mat (Mezopot\u00e1mie), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145116\">Apophis<\/a> (Egypt), Vrtra (v\u00e9dsk\u00fd), Midgardsk\u00fd had, drak z Apokalypsy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkce v ritu\u00e1lu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Liturgicky<\/strong><\/p><p>V \u017eidovsk\u00e9m vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o hostin\u011b na konci \u010das\u016f slou\u017e\u00ed Leviatan jako pokrm spravedliv\u00fdch (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo rab\u00ednsk\u00e9ho judaismu s v\u00fdkladem n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, Baba Batra 74b, 75a). V k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek bohoslu\u017eby s texty, zp\u011bvy a ritu\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u00fakony.\">liturgii<\/span> \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vztah, av\u0161ak drakovsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span> velikono\u010dn\u00ed liturgie na n\u011bj vzd\u00e1len\u011b navazuje.<\/p><p><strong>Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Grimo\u00e1ry (Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Dictionnaire Infernal) uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed Leviatana jako jednoho z nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch d\u00e9mon\u016f s pe\u010det\u00ed a hodnost\u00ed. V kabalistick\u00e9 tradici je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed <em>Sitra Achra<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Symbolicky<\/strong><\/p><p>Jako postava chaosu je prot\u011bj\u0161kem bo\u017e\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, jako pekeln\u00e1 tlama je ikonografick\u00fdm pevn\u00fdm bodem st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed konce \u010das\u016f. U Hobbese symbol svrchovan\u00e9 moci st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely a dal\u0161\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod:<\/strong> Ugaritsk\u00fd Lotan, babylonsk\u00e1 Ti\u00e1mat, stejn\u00e1 motivick\u00e1 rodina. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorec: stvo\u0159en\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zkrocen\u00ed s\u00edly prvotn\u00edho mo\u0159e.<\/p><p><strong>Indoevropsk\u00e9 tradice:<\/strong> Vrtra v Rigv\u00e9d\u011b, Midgardsk\u00fd had, drak z \u0159eck\u00e9 heroick\u00e9 pov\u011bsti. V\u0161ichni ozna\u010duj\u00ed prvotn\u00ed s\u00edlu, kterou mus\u00ed b\u016fh-hrdina p\u0159emoci.<\/p><p><strong>Modern\u00ed recepce<\/strong><\/p><p>Hobbes\u016fv <em>Leviathan<\/em> jako politick\u00e1 metafora st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci. Melville cituje Leviatana v Moby Dickovi. Modern\u011b: film, literatura, politick\u00fd slovn\u00edk (dohledov\u00fd st\u00e1t = \u201eLeviatan&#8220;).<\/p><div><p><strong>Politick\u00e1 a novodob\u00e1 recepce<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Thomas Hobbes u\u010dinil roku 1651 sv\u00fdm hlavn\u00edm politick\u00fdm d\u00edlem <em>Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill<\/em> z t\u00e9to postavy alegorii absolutn\u00edho st\u00e1tu: \u201esmrteln\u00fd b\u016fh&#8220; Leviatan je panovn\u00edk, kter\u00fd vznik\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b smlouvy z p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho stavu (<em>bellum omnium contra omnes<\/em>) a rozhoduje o \u017eivot\u011b a smrti ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p>Hobbesova volba pr\u00e1v\u011b tohoto obrazu je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00e1: identifikuje st\u00e1t se silou chaosu, jej\u00ed\u017e biblick\u00e9 zkrocen\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1tu jeho funkci.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V modern\u00ed recepci (Carl Schmitt, <em>Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes<\/em>, 1938) a v diskus\u00edch o st\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenit\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Leviatan centr\u00e1ln\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed postavou.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tato politick\u00e1 recepce prob\u00edh\u00e1 paraleln\u011b s teologicko-d\u00e9monologickou, v n\u00ed\u017e je Leviatan ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 hierarchii pekla (Peter Binsfeld, <em>De confessionibus maleficarum<\/em>, 1589) uv\u00e1d\u011bn jako jeden ze sedmi kn\u00ed\u017eat pekla, odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za smrteln\u00fd h\u0159\u00edch <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradici u\u010den\u00ed odchyluj\u00edc\u00ed se od ortodoxn\u00ed pozice; ve starov\u011bku a st\u0159edov\u011bku postihovan\u00e9 sankcemi.\">herezi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0fa89a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0fa89a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45b6119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp45b6119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviatan v knize Job: Bo\u017e\u00ed \u0159e\u010d z bou\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b95145 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5b95145\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1068a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1068a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popis Leviatana v hebrejsk\u00e9 bibli se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v knize Job, ve 41. kapitole. Pat\u0159\u00ed k Bo\u017e\u00edm \u0159e\u010dem, jimi\u017e B\u016fh z bou\u0159e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 na Jobovy st\u00ed\u017enosti.<\/p><p>B\u016fh popisuje toto monstrum v dlouh\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b ot\u00e1zek, kter\u00e9 v\u0161echny sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk se Leviatanovi nem\u016f\u017ee rovnat. Nikdo mu nem\u016f\u017ee provl\u00e9knout h\u00e1k nosem, spoutat mu tlamu uzdou ani prorazit jeho k\u016f\u017ei o\u0161t\u011bpy.<\/p><p>Popis je konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed a pln\u00fd obraz\u016f. Leviatan m\u00e1 neproniknuteln\u00e9 \u0161upiny, kter\u00e9 na sebe dol\u00e9haj\u00ed jako \u0161t\u00edty, z jeho tlamy vyr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed plameny, z nozder stoup\u00e1 kou\u0159, jeho dech zapaluje uhl\u00edky.<\/p><p>Kdy\u017e se zved\u00e1, d\u011bs\u00ed se i siln\u00ed. \u017delezo pova\u017euje za sl\u00e1mu a bronz za tlej\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo. Hlubinu rozv\u00ed\u0159\u00ed jako kotel. Je ustanoven kr\u00e1lem nad v\u0161emi py\u0161n\u00fdmi.<\/p><p>Ve v\u00fdkladov\u00e9 tradici se vedou spory o tom, co je t\u00edm m\u00edn\u011bno. Star\u0161\u00ed sm\u011br vykl\u00e1dal Leviatana racionalisticky jako krokod\u00fdla, jin\u00fd jako \u010dist\u00fd symbol chaosu. Dne\u0161n\u00ed badatel\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159e\u010dnickou souvislost: Leviatan v knize Job p\u0159edstavuje hranici lidsk\u00e9 moci a lidsk\u00e9ho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>B\u016fh ukazuje Jobovi tvora, kter\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bk nem\u016f\u017ee ovl\u00e1dnout ani pochopit, ale kter\u00fd samotn\u00e9ho Boha neohro\u017euje. Bo\u017e\u00ed \u0159e\u010d paradoxn\u011b z monstra chaosu \u010din\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st nezm\u011brn\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du stvo\u0159en\u00ed, jeho\u017e smysl se \u010dlov\u011bku nezjevuje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f647dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6f647dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe9f0c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe9f0c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00fd p\u016fvod: Lotan a boj s chaosem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp10055ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp10055ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf9e4b2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf9e4b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviatan nen\u00ed izolovan\u00fdm biblick\u00fdm v\u00fdmyslem. Objev ugaritsk\u00fdch text\u016f v Ras \u0160am\u0159e na syrsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed od roku 1929 odhalil star\u0161\u00ed pozad\u00ed t\u00e9to postavy.<\/p><p>V mytologick\u00fdch textech z Ugaritu, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z druh\u00e9ho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, se objevuje had jm\u00e9nem <em>Lotan<\/em>, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no je zvukov\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 hebrejsk\u00e9mu Livjatan. Lotan je zde popisov\u00e1n jako svinut\u00fd, mnohohlav\u00fd had, kter\u00e9ho zab\u00edj\u00ed b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed Baal nebo bohyn\u011b Anat.<\/p><p>Leviatan tak pat\u0159\u00ed k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9mu starov\u011bk\u00e9mu bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00edmu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivu<\/span> boje s chaosem. V Mezopot\u00e1mii bojuje b\u016fh Marduk v <em>En\u00fama eli\u0161<\/em> proti pravod\u00e1m Tiamat, v Ugaritu Baal por\u00e1\u017e\u00ed mo\u0159e Jam a draka Lotana.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorec je v\u0161ude podobn\u00fd: s\u00edla \u0159\u00e1du p\u0159em\u00e1h\u00e1 vodnat\u011b chaotickou moc, \u010dasto v podob\u011b hada, a t\u00edm zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 nebo posiluje sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p><p>Hebrejsk\u00e1 bible tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> znala a p\u0159ejala jej, by\u0165 ve vlastn\u00edm zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. N\u011bkolik \u017ealm\u016f a prorock\u00fdch text\u016f \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee B\u016fh rozdrtil hlavy Leviatana nebo mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho draka.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Religionist\u00e9 jako John Day uk\u00e1zali v d\u00edle <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985), jak tyto star\u0161\u00ed obrazy p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v biblick\u00fdch textech, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jsou p\u0159i\u0159azeny jedin\u00e9mu Bohu Izraele.<\/span><\/p><p>Leviatan se tak ze samostatn\u00e9ho bo\u017esk\u00e9ho protivn\u00edka st\u00e1v\u00e1 tvorem, kter\u00e9ho B\u016fh p\u0159em\u00e1h\u00e1, nebo se v knize Job zjevuje dokonce jen jako jeho mocn\u00e1, ale ne\u0161kodn\u00e1 hra\u010dka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab2b5fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab2b5fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe388ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfe388ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hostina konce v\u011bk\u016f: Leviatan v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6217c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb6217c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe28435f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe28435f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V pobiblick\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e je Leviatan prom\u00fd\u0161len vlastn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. \u0160irok\u00e1 tradice, dochovan\u00e1 v apokalyps\u00e1ch, v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo rab\u00ednsk\u00e9ho judaismu s v\u00fdkladem n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudu<\/span> a v midra\u0161sk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, jej spojuje s koncem \u010das\u016f.<\/p><p>\u010casto se objevuje jako p\u00e1r s pozemsk\u00fdm monstrem <em>Behemotem<\/em>; n\u011bkdy se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 jako t\u0159et\u00ed pt\u00e1k <em>Ziz<\/em>. Leviatan vl\u00e1dne mo\u0159i, Behemot zemi.<\/p><p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 p\u0159edstava \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee B\u016fh oba prvotn\u00ed tvory stvo\u0159il p\u016fvodn\u011b jako p\u00e1r, ale zabr\u00e1nil jejich rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby sv\u011bt neovl\u00e1dli.<\/p><p>Na konci dn\u016f, jak dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed zaznamenan\u00e9 v n\u011bkolika pramenech, budou Leviatan a Behemot zabiti a jejich maso bude p\u0159edlo\u017eeno spravedliv\u00fdm jako sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed hostina. Z k\u016f\u017ee Leviatana, jak dod\u00e1v\u00e1 talmudsk\u00e1 ozdobn\u00e1 tradice, B\u016fh zhotov\u00ed stan nebo baldach\u00fdn pro v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tyto obrazy jsou z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9. Monstrum chaosu, kter\u00e9 v nejstar\u0161\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch p\u0159edstavovalo skute\u010dnou hrozbu pro stvo\u0159en\u00ed, je zde zcela zasazeno do d\u011bjin sp\u00e1sy. Od po\u010d\u00e1tku je pod kontrolou a na konci dokonce slou\u017e\u00ed jako odm\u011bna spravedliv\u00fdm.<\/p><p>P\u0159edstava hostiny s Leviatanem m\u00e1 v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek bohoslu\u017eby n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgii<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u017eit\u00e9 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, \u010dasto vedle u\u010den\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">lidov\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti<\/span> dlouhou historii p\u016fsoben\u00ed; nach\u00e1z\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b v tabulov\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00edch pro sv\u00e1tek st\u00e1nk\u016f. Badatel\u00e9 v tom vid\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad toho, jak star\u00fd mytick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> mohl p\u0159es opakovan\u00e9 p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u016fstat \u017eiv\u00fd po stalet\u00ed, ani\u017e by zcela ztratil sv\u016fj hroziv\u00fd p\u016fvod.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb39e41a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb39e41a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ec3be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ec3be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd v\u00fdklad: Od tlamy pekla k politick\u00e9mu symbolu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5bb46b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5bb46b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2624cb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2624cb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00fdkladov\u00e9 tradici byl Leviatan vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b negativn\u011b. C\u00edrkevn\u00ed otcov\u00e9 jako \u0158eho\u0159 Velik\u00fd ho ve sv\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch ke knize Job vztahovali na \u010f\u00e1bla nebo Antikrista.<\/p><p>Z ohniv\u011b chrl\u00edc\u00ed tlamy z knihy Job se ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed vyvinul obrazov\u00fd motiv j\u00edcnu pekla, obrovsk\u00e9 rozev\u0159en\u00e9 tlamy monstra, do n\u00ed\u017e jsou hn\u00e1ni zatracenci. Tento obraz ovlivnil kni\u017en\u00ed malbu, port\u00e1ly kostel\u016f a pozd\u011bji i duchovn\u00ed divadlo.<\/p><p>Jin\u00e1 linie v\u00fdkladu vyu\u017e\u00edvala Leviatana alegoricky pro my\u0161lenku sp\u00e1sy. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch textech se Leviatan chycen\u00fd na h\u00e1\u010dek objevuje jako obraz toho, jak je \u010f\u00e1bel obelst\u011bn vt\u011blen\u00edm Krista; k\u0159\u00ed\u017e se st\u00e1v\u00e1 h\u00e1\u010dkem, na n\u011bm\u017e se monstrum zachyt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato p\u0159edstava spojovala star\u00fd obraz nepolapiteln\u00e9ho Leviatana s k\u0159es\u0165anskou naukou o sp\u00e1se.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed novodob\u00e9 p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed od Thomase Hobbese. Ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Leviathan<\/em> z roku 1651 zvolil biblick\u00e9 monstrum jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> st\u00e1tu, um\u011bl\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka slo\u017een\u00e9ho z mnoha lid\u00ed, kter\u00fd svou nad\u0159azenou moc\u00ed ukon\u010duje p\u0159irozen\u00fd stav v\u00e1lky v\u0161ech proti v\u0161em.<\/span><\/p><p>Hobbes se p\u0159itom v\u00fdslovn\u011b op\u00edral o slovo z knihy Job o kr\u00e1li nade v\u0161emi py\u0161n\u00fdmi.<\/p><p>Slavn\u00e1 m\u011bdirytina na tituln\u00ed stran\u011b, zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce slo\u017een\u00e9ho z mnoha mal\u00fdch postav, pat\u0159\u00ed k nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm politick\u00fdm obraz\u016fm v\u016fbec. Od Hobbese je Leviatan v politick\u00e9m jazyce v\u00fdrazem pro p\u0159emocnou st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc, co\u017e je v\u00fdznamov\u00e1 linie, kter\u00e1 je s p\u016fvodn\u00edm chaotick\u00fdm drakem spojena u\u017e jen prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivu<\/span> nep\u0159emo\u017eiteln\u00e9 moci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doporu\u010den\u00e9 intern\u00ed odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145139\">K\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145144\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145145\">Lucifer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145146\">Belzebub<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145148\">Legie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145116\">Apofis<\/a> (nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed paralela)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145109\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a> (tradice Tiamat)<\/li><li>Motivy draka a boje s chaosem<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdb\u011br kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prac\u00ed o Leviatanovi:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Day, John: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>. Cambridge 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Uehlinger, Christoph: \u201eLeviathan.&#8220; In: <em>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible<\/em>. 2. vyd. Leiden 1999.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wakeman, Mary K.: <em>God&#8217;s Battle with the Monster<\/em>. Leiden 1973.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Batto, Bernard F.: <em>Slaying the Dragon<\/em>. Louisville 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schmidt, Brian B.: \u201eSea Monsters.&#8220; In: <em>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>. New York 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standardn\u00ed literatura (K\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Markschies, Christoph<\/strong>: <em>Das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>, Lebensformen, Institutionen. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2006.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145257\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-33e931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-33e931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o Leviatanovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Co je Leviatan?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Leviatan je obrovsk\u00e9 mo\u0159sk\u00e9 monstrum z judeok\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice. V Hebrejsk\u00e9 bibli (Izaj\u00e1\u0161, \u017dalmy, Job) se objevuje jako chaotick\u00e1 prvotn\u00ed s\u00edla mo\u0159e, kterou B\u016fh zkrotil na po\u010d\u00e1tku stvo\u0159en\u00ed. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 apokalyptice a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 demonologii se Leviatan stal zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm zla. U Thomase Hobbese se toto jm\u00e9no stalo symbolem v\u0161emocn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Je Leviatan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo rozporn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> nebo zv\u00ed\u0159e?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>V p\u016fvodn\u00ed biblick\u00e9 tradici je Leviatan obrovsk\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e, bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s ugaritsk\u00fdm Lotanem a mezopotamskou Tiamat. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 apokalyptice (kniha Henochova) a v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 demonologii ran\u00e9ho novov\u011bku se z n\u011bj stal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1n \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo rozporn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>: u Petra Binsfelda jeden ze sedmi arcid\u00e9mon\u016f, zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za smrteln\u00fd h\u0159\u00edch z\u00e1visti.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Co je Leviatan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Leviatan je obrovsk\u00e9 mo\u0159sk\u00e9 monstrum z judeok\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice. V Hebrejsk\u00e9 bibli (Izaj\u00e1\u0161, \u017dalmy, Job) se objevuje jako chaotick\u00e1 prvotn\u00ed s\u00edla mo\u0159e, kterou B\u016fh zkrotil na po\u010d\u00e1tku stvo\u0159en\u00ed. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 apokalyptice a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 demonologii se Leviatan stal zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm zla, u Thomase Hobbese se toto jm\u00e9no stalo symbolem v\u0161emocn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Je Leviatan d\u00e9mon nebo zv\u00ed\u0159e?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"V p\u016fvodn\u00ed biblick\u00e9 tradici je Leviatan obrovsk\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e, bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s ugaritsk\u00fdm Lotanem a mezopotamskou Tiamat. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 apokalyptice (kniha Henochova) a v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 demonologii ran\u00e9ho novov\u011bku se z n\u011bj stal d\u00e9mon: u Petra Binsfelda jeden ze sedmi arcid\u00e9mon\u016f, zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za smrteln\u00fd h\u0159\u00edch z\u00e1visti.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1566,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Leviatan chaos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Leviatan \u2013 chaosov\u00fd drak a odp\u016frce stvo\u0159en\u00ed","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Leviatan, prahad mo\u0159e a chaotick\u00e1 postava hebrejsk\u00e9 tradice: od J\u00f3ba a \u017ealm\u016f a\u017e k k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 apokalyptice.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"5","wesen_kultur":"christentum","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145147","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Leviatan \u2013 chaosov\u00fd drak a odp\u016frce stvo\u0159en\u00ed<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Leviatan, prahad mo\u0159e a chaotick\u00e1 postava hebrejsk\u00e9 tradice: od J\u00f3ba a \u017ealm\u016f a\u017e k k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 apokalyptice.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/leviatan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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