{"id":145114,"date":"2026-09-03T16:27:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145114"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:47:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:47:12","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145114\" class=\"elementor elementor-145114 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, d\u00e9mon mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Podsv\u011btn\u00ed d\u00e9moni, poslov\u00e9 a vykonavatel\u00e9 posmrtn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9monka: Nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 bytost s p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00fdm nebo ambivalentn\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem. Stoj\u00ed mezi bohy a lidmi, zp\u016fsobuje nemoci, poku\u0161en\u00ed nebo ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a je odh\u00e1n\u011bna za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, apotropaiky a ritu\u00e1ly.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145109\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00e9bka dokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Ass\u00fdrie (cca 3500 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 330 p\u0159. n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147520\" alt=\"Gallu - d\u00e9moni z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicky-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Gallu pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm dolo\u017een\u00fdm d\u00e9monick\u00fdm bytostem Mezopot\u00e1mie. Jsou bl\u00edzce spjati s podsv\u011bt\u00edm a jeho vl\u00e1dkyn\u00ed Ere\u0161kigal a v m\u00fdtech i ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch textech vystupuj\u00ed jako vykonavatel\u00e9 smrti. Typick\u00e1 je pro n\u011b nedosa\u017eitelnost: texty zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee nep\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed ani pokrm, ani n\u00e1poj, neznaj\u00ed dary ani sladkosti. Nejsou vyjednateln\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ve slavn\u00e9m vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Inanniin\u011b sestupu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed jsou to pr\u00e1v\u011b gallu, kdo po\u017eaduje n\u00e1hradu za bohyni a odv\u00e1d\u00ed Dumuz\u00edho do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Tato sc\u00e9na utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jejich obraz a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f: gallu jsou poslov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed, kdy\u017e vypr\u0161el \u010das \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stru\u010dn\u00fd profil: Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu (akkadsky: gal-lu, \u201evelk\u00fd\u201c) jsou d\u00e9monick\u00e9 bytosti neboli d\u00e9moni podsv\u011bt\u00ed v mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>. Jsou dosv\u011bd\u010deni v kl\u00ednopisn\u00fdch textech od Sumeru a\u017e po Babylon a b\u00fdvaj\u00ed popisov\u00e1ni jako pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podsv\u011btn\u00ed bohyn\u011b Ere\u0161kigal nebo boha smrti Nergala. Zosob\u0148uj\u00ed nemoc, mor a n\u00e1hlou smrt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doklady o gallu sahaj\u00ed od ran\u00fdch sumersk\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f (3. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.) a\u017e do novobabylonsk\u00e9ho a achaimenovsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd typ d\u00e9mona nen\u00ed v mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed historii dokumentov\u00e1n tak konzistentn\u011b.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em>, jeden z d\u00e9mon\u016f podsv\u011bt\u00ed, je bytost slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed <em>Ere\u0161kigal<\/em>, kr\u00e1lovn\u011b podsv\u011bt\u00ed. <em>Gallu<\/em> nejsou nutn\u011b zl\u00ed v mor\u00e1ln\u00edm smyslu, jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e n\u00e1stroji v\u016fle <em>Ere\u0161kigal<\/em>, vykonavateli jej\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f, lovci du\u0161\u00ed a pr\u016fvodci mrtv\u00fdch do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jsou ob\u00e1van\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich p\u0159\u00edchod signalizuje smrt. <em>Gallu<\/em> lze tak\u00e9 ch\u00e1pat jako d\u00e9mony nemoci a rychl\u00e9 smrti, kte\u0159\u00ed odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed lidi z povrchu zem\u011b. Reprezentuj\u00ed nevyhnutelnost a objektivitu smrti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu jsou dokumentov\u00e1ni p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v babylonsk\u00fdch a asyrsk\u00fdch s\u00e9ri\u00edch hlin\u011bn\u00fdch tabulek, zejm\u00e9na v popisech sestupu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed (cyklus Inanna\u2013Ere\u0161kigal, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b tak\u00e9 v paraleln\u00edch hetitsk\u00fdch textech). Byli ob\u00e1v\u00e1ni v cel\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mii od Sumeru a\u017e po As\u00fdrii a bojovalo se proti nim za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edmi a apotropaick\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1ly.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prameny k gallu jsou fragment\u00e1rn\u00ed. Prim\u00e1rn\u00edmi texty jsou kl\u00ednopisn\u00e9 mytolog\u00e9my a seznamy ze starobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed (cca 1800, 1600 p\u0159. n. l.) a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed asyrsk\u00e9 paraleln\u00ed texty.<\/p><p>Asyriologov\u00e9 Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann a Schwemer tyto tradice analyzovali a za\u0159adili do kontextu mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 demonologie. Spolehliv\u00e1 identifikace jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f gallu je dnes obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1, proto\u017ee tabulky jsou \u010dasto \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00e9 a vykazuj\u00ed variace jmen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010den\u00ed a zp\u016fsoby psan\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sumersky:<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Akkadsky: <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>B\u011b\u017en\u011b jako skupina: \u010dasto \u201esedm gallu\u201c, typick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> \u00fapln\u00e9ho po\u010dtu v mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 demonologii.<\/p><p>Etymologie je sporn\u00e1; diskutuj\u00ed se souvislosti s v\u00fdrazy pro \u201evykonavatel\u201c nebo \u201en\u00e1sil\u00ed\u201c. D\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e odvozen\u00ed je pevn\u00e1 role: gallu jsou v\u017edy v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm org\u00e1nem, jen z\u0159\u00eddka samostatnou postavou. Objevuj\u00ed se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ve skupin\u00e1ch, jednaj\u00ed v zastoupen\u00ed podsv\u011bt\u00ed a jsou bezejmenn\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzhled<\/strong><\/p><p>Texty popisuj\u00ed gallu sp\u00ed\u0161e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm toho, co <em>nejsou<\/em>. Neznaj\u00ed pokrm, \u017e\u00edze\u0148, dar ani sladkost. Tam, kde jsou zachyceny obrazov\u00e9 podoby, jsou nez\u0159eteln\u00ed, d\u011bsiv\u00ed a obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b uchopiteln\u00ed. Pat\u0159\u00ed tak sp\u00ed\u0161e mezi nezn\u00e1zorniteln\u00e9 d\u00e9mony Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/p><p><strong>Chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Gallu p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed, aby si n\u011bkoho odvedli. Odn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed du\u0161e um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch do podsv\u011bt\u00ed, po\u017eaduj\u00ed n\u00e1hradu, pokud byl naru\u0161en \u0159\u00e1d, a vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozsudky \u0159\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00fdch. Jejich jedn\u00e1n\u00ed je c\u00edlen\u00e9 a nevyjednateln\u00e9; dary nebo za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinkuj\u00ed jen v \u00fazk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch mez\u00edch.<\/p><p><strong>Oblast p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>P\u0159echod mezi \u017eivotem a smrt\u00ed, smrteln\u00e9 l\u016f\u017eko, m\u00edsta n\u00e1siln\u00e9 smrti, ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed mezn\u00ed situace. P\u016fsob\u00ed tam, kde se rozhoduje o \u017eivot\u011b nebo smrti, nebo kde kosmick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d vy\u017eaduje n\u00e1hradu.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00fd p\u016fvod<\/strong><\/p><p>Gallu jsou slu\u017eebn\u00edky podsv\u011bt\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na Ere\u0161kigal. V \u201eInanniin\u011b sestupu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u201c vystupuj\u00ed jako skupina, kter\u00e1 donut\u00ed bohyni sestoupit do podsv\u011bt\u00ed a pozd\u011bji po\u017eaduje Dumuz\u00edho jako n\u00e1hradu. Jejich role je tak struktur\u00e1ln\u011b pevn\u011b dan\u00e1: jsou vysunut\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem podsv\u011bt\u00ed v oblasti \u017eiv\u00fdch.<\/p><p><strong>Vzhled a symbolika<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1ni jako d\u011bsiv\u00e9, temn\u00e9 postavy s nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdmi rysy, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi t\u011bly (lev, b\u00fdk), z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi o\u010dima a dr\u00e1py nebo pazoury. Mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 vyobrazeni jako humanoidn\u00ed bytosti s d\u00e9monick\u00fdmi rysy, rohy, ztemn\u011blou tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a d\u011bsiv\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem.<\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> \u010dasto nos\u00ed pouta nebo \u0159et\u011bzy, nebo\u0165 jsou to \u00fanosci a ti, kdo spout\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Jejich t\u011blo je temn\u00e9, \u010dasto zbarven\u00e9 \u010dern\u011b nebo tmav\u011b rud\u011b. Pohybuj\u00ed se rychle a ne\u010dekan\u011b. Jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost je chladn\u00e1 a d\u011bsiv\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty gallu na jeden pohled. Podrobnosti k n\u00e1zvu, popisu, ochran\u011b a paralel\u00e1m najdete v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch odd\u00edlech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fvod gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slu\u017eebn\u00edci podsv\u011bt\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na Ere\u0161kigal. \u010casto zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ni jako skupina, \u201esedm gallu\u201c. Nejsou individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi postavami, n\u00fdbr\u017e kolektivn\u00edmi vykonavateli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed, lid\u00e9 v ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed mezn\u00ed situaci, ti, kdo poru\u0161ili tabu, vin\u00edci, n\u00e1hradn\u00ed osoby v\u00fdm\u011bnou za jin\u00e9 (jako Dumuzi za Inannu).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejasn\u00fd, v\u011bdom\u011b nezachytiteln\u00fd: \u201enejed\u00ed pokrm, nepij\u00ed vodu, neznaj\u00ed sladkost\u201c. Nez\u0159eteln\u00ed, d\u011bsiv\u00ed, neur\u010dit\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsobnost<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1hl\u00e1 smrt, \u00fanos du\u0161e, rychle prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed nemoc, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu postupu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1ln\u011b<\/span> podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd z\u00e1sah. Jejich p\u0159\u00edchod je nevyjednateln\u00fd, jen odlo\u017eiteln\u00fd nebo p\u0159esm\u011brovateln\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u00fdzvou k n\u00e1vratu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed, ritu\u00e1ly o\u010disty, substitu\u010dn\u00ed ob\u011btiny (n\u00e1hradn\u00ed postava, kter\u00e1 je odvedena m\u00edsto \u010dlov\u011bka).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Srovnateln\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erinye a K\u00e9ry (\u0159ecky), Thanatos (\u0159ecky), Tzitzimime (azt\u00e9cky), motivy posl\u016f smrti v Evrop\u011b, postava Kostlivce s kosou v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm lidov\u00e9m pod\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly na odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Ritu\u00e1ly proti Gallu nesm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed k jejich zni\u010den\u00ed, ale k odkladu nebo p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zn\u00e1m\u00fd je princip substituce: symbolick\u00e1 n\u00e1hradn\u00ed postava, zv\u00ed\u0159e nebo mal\u00e1 figurka z t\u011bsta \u010di hl\u00edny je \u201ep\u0159ed\u00e1na&#8220; Gallu m\u00edsto \u010dlov\u011bka. Toto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> m\u00e1 nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mytologick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu \u201eInannin sestup do podsv\u011bt\u00ed&#8220;.<\/p><p><strong>Za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Formule vz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Gallu, pojmenov\u00e1vaj\u00ed jejich p\u016fvod a odkazuj\u00ed je zp\u011bt do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. \u010casto je z\u00e1rove\u0148 vz\u00fdv\u00e1na bo\u017esk\u00e1 autorita, jej\u00ed\u017e pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje. Struktura z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ve v\u0161ech mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edch podobn\u00e1: identifikace, legitimizace, odesl\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u011bt.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/strong><\/p><p>Amulety specificky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 proti Gallu nejsou hlavn\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed; d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou p\u0159\u00edkazy \u010distoty a spole\u010dn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 ob\u0159ady pro d\u016fm, m\u00edsto nebo m\u011bsto. Ochrana se spol\u00e9h\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b na p\u0159edm\u011bt, v\u00edce na ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed discipl\u00ednu a spr\u00e1vn\u00fd vztah k boh\u016fm.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> nebyli p\u0159\u00edmo uct\u00edv\u00e1ni jako bohov\u00e9, ale ob\u00e1vali se jich a odh\u00e1n\u011bli je za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm a ochrann\u00fdmi kouzly. Ochrann\u00e9 amulety proti <em>Gallu<\/em> byly b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na v domech, kde le\u017eeli nemocn\u00ed nebo um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Kouzeln\u00edci a kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011blli ochrann\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, aby udr\u017eeli <em>Gallu<\/em> na odstup. Kouzeln\u00edci v\u0161ak <em>Gallu<\/em> n\u011bkdy p\u0159ivol\u00e1vali i v r\u00e1mci <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, aby u\u0161kodili nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm nebo dos\u00e1hli rychl\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. S <em>Gallu<\/em> se zach\u00e1zelo se strachem a obavami, ne s uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0158ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd sv\u011bt<\/strong><\/p><p>K\u00e9ry a Erinye jsou nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi funk\u010dn\u00edmi paralelami. K\u00e9ry si odn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed du\u0161e padl\u00fdch, Erinye se mst\u00ed za krevn\u00ed viny. Thanatos jako personifikace smrti p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 podobn\u00e9 funkce posla a jeho motiv se d\u00e1le \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch a hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>St\u0159edn\u00ed Amerika:<\/strong> Azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 Tzitzimime jsou no\u010dn\u00ed d\u00e9moni, kte\u0159\u00ed v kritick\u00fdch okam\u017eic\u00edch kosmick\u00e9ho cyklu ohro\u017euj\u00ed \u017eivoty lid\u00ed. Jejich role vykonavatel\u016f hroz\u00edc\u00edho kosmick\u00e9ho konce se svou strukturou i funkc\u00ed podob\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivu<\/span> Gallu.<\/p><p><strong>Evropa (pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lidov\u00e1 tradice)<\/strong><\/p><p>Postava Kostlivce s kosou evropsk\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku a novov\u011bku shrnuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> neosobn\u00ed, nesmlouvav\u00e9 postavy odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed do smrti. I kdy\u017e p\u0159\u00edmou linii nelze prok\u00e1zat, ukazuje se stejn\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorec: posel, kter\u00fd p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e vypr\u0161el \u010das.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o Inannin\u011b sestupu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed vystoupen\u00ed Gallu se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v sumersk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o Inannin\u011b sestupu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed a v jeho pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edm se past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00e9ho boha Dumuziho. Text je dochov\u00e1n na hlin\u011bn\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch a pat\u0159\u00ed mezi podrobn\u011b rekonstruovan\u00e1 d\u00edla sumersk\u00e9 literatury.<\/p><p>Bohyn\u011b Inanna sestupuje do podsv\u011bt\u00ed, do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e sv\u00e9 sestry Ere\u0161kigal, kde je zabita a zav\u011b\u0161ena na kol\u00edk.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1sahem boha Enkiho je znovu o\u017eivena, av\u0161ak podsv\u011bt\u00ed nepropust\u00ed nikoho bez n\u00e1hrady. Inanna mus\u00ed ur\u010dit z\u00e1stupce, kter\u00fd sestoup\u00ed na jej\u00ed m\u00edsto. P\u0159i v\u00fdstupu ji doprov\u00e1zej\u00ed Gallu, d\u00e9moni podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Text tyto Gallu popisuje s velkou nal\u00e9havost\u00ed. Neznaj\u00ed hlad ani \u017e\u00edze\u0148, nejed\u00ed j\u00eddlo a nepij\u00ed vodu, nep\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed ob\u011bti ani \u00faplatky. Neznaj\u00ed rodinu, d\u011bti ani p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Vytrh\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017eenu z mu\u017eov\u00fdch pa\u017e\u00ed a d\u00edt\u011b z prsu kojn\u00e9. T\u00edm jsou p\u0159esn\u00fdm protikladem lidsk\u00e9ho nebo bo\u017esk\u00e9ho prot\u011bj\u0161ku, se kter\u00fdm by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyjedn\u00e1vat.<\/p><p>Jako n\u00e1hrada za Inannu je kone\u010dn\u011b ur\u010den jej\u00ed man\u017eel Dumuzi, kter\u00fd ji neoplakal. Gallu ho pron\u00e1sleduj\u00ed, unik\u00e1 a prom\u011b\u0148uje se, ale je dosti\u017een a odvle\u010den do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>A\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby \u010di uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bt\u00ed<\/span> jeho sestry Ge\u0161tinanny, kter\u00e1 na jeho m\u00edst\u011b zauj\u00edm\u00e1 post po \u010d\u00e1st roku, je jeho osud zm\u00edrn\u011bn. Gallu jsou v tomto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu ne\u00faplatn\u00fdmi vykonavateli \u0159\u00e1du podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu v za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00edch textech a odvracen\u00ed nemoc\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mimo vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literaturu se Gallu objevuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v mezopotamsk\u00fdch zakl\u00ednac\u00edch a ochrann\u00fdch textech. Tyto texty, dochovan\u00e9 v akkadsk\u00e9m a sumersk\u00e9m jazyce na mnoha tabulk\u00e1ch, slou\u017eily jako ochrana p\u0159ed nemoc\u00ed, ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00edm a d\u00e9monick\u00fdm \u00fatokem.<\/p><p>V akkadsk\u00e9 podob\u011b se jm\u00e9no objevuje jako <em>gallu<\/em> nebo ve spojen\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi ozna\u010den\u00edmi d\u00e9mon\u016f. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u010dasto se vyskytuje skupina Sedmi, tlupy zl\u00fdch duch\u016f, v jejich\u017e v\u00fd\u010dtech se Gallu opakovan\u011b objevuje.<\/p><p>Tyto texty popisuj\u00ed, jak d\u00e9moni pronikaj\u00ed dve\u0159mi a z\u00e1vorami, dr\u017e\u00ed se cest a zd\u00ed a napadaj\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka, ani\u017e by se mohl obr\u00e1nit.<\/p><p>Obrana se prov\u00e1d\u011bla prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zakl\u00ednac\u00edch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, v Mezopotamii naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch <em>a\u0161ipu<\/em>. Ti recitovali pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9 formule, vz\u00fdvali proti d\u00e9mon\u016fm velk\u00e9 bohy, zejm\u00e9na Eu, jeho syna Marduka a boha ohn\u011b, a doprov\u00e1zeli je dal\u0161\u00edmi \u00fakony, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm nebo p\u00e1len\u00edm n\u00e1hradn\u00edch figurek, kou\u0159en\u00edm a st\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00edm vodou.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eitou roli v t\u00e9to praxi hr\u00e1ly ochrann\u00e9 figurky a amulety. Z mezopotamsk\u00fdch dom\u016f jsou zn\u00e1my mal\u00e9 hlin\u011bn\u00e9 figurky ochrann\u00fdch bytost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se zahrab\u00e1valy pod prahy, a tak\u00e9 popsan\u00e9 desti\u010dky.<\/p><p>N\u00e1lezy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Gallu nebyl pro tehdej\u0161\u00ed lidi abstraktn\u00ed mytickou bytost\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e re\u00e1ln\u011b poci\u0165ovanou hrozbou, proti n\u00ed\u017e existoval rozpracovan\u00fd ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed reperto\u00e1r. Texty tak spojuj\u00ed demonologii a l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed v jeden celek, v n\u011bm\u017e nemoc a d\u00e9monick\u00fd \u00fatok \u010dasto znamenaj\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od sumersk\u00e9ho slova k akkadsk\u00e9mu d\u00e9monu: etymologie a klasifikace<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Gallu vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 z jazykov\u00e9ho i n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska \u0159adu ot\u00e1zek, kter\u00e9 jsou diskutov\u00e1ny v asyriologii. Slovo je sumersk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a v nejstar\u0161\u00edch dokladech ozna\u010duje podsv\u011btn\u00edho d\u00e9mona, sluhu nebo lapa\u010de podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Do akkad\u0161tiny bylo p\u0159evzato jako v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dka.<\/p><p>Badatel\u00e9 za\u0159azuj\u00ed Gallu do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho syst\u00e9mu mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdch ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch bytost\u00ed. Tento syst\u00e9m zn\u00e1 celou \u0159adu ozna\u010den\u00ed pro d\u00e9mony, mezi nimi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145563\">Utukku<\/a>, Rabisu, Lilu a dal\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ozna\u010duj\u00ed oblasti z\u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159esn\u011b vymezen\u00e9, z\u010d\u00e1sti se p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed. Gallu pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny bytost\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s podsv\u011bt\u00edm a s n\u00e1siln\u00fdm odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm lid\u00ed.<\/p><p>Samostatnou ot\u00e1zkou je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed slova. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aramejsk\u00e9 a v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 tradici existuj\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed d\u00e9mon\u016f, kter\u00e1 zvukov\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed <em>gallu<\/em>, a bylo zva\u017eov\u00e1no, zda zde nejde o linii tradice odvozenou z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato ot\u00e1zka nen\u00ed definitivn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161ena. Pouh\u00e1 zvukov\u00e1 podobnost toti\u017e nen\u00ed d\u016fkazem a p\u0159echody mezi d\u00e9monick\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my star\u00e9ho Orientu jsou slo\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Pro pochopen\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jasn\u011b rozli\u0161ovalo mezi velk\u00fdmi, jmenovan\u00fdmi a v chr\u00e1mech uct\u00edvan\u00fdmi bohy a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi bytostmi, jako byl Gallu.<\/p><p>Gallu nebyli uct\u00edv\u00e1ni. Byli funk\u010dn\u00edmi bytostmi kosmick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fdm se ne\u010delilo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span>, n\u00fdbr\u017e obranou. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed cel\u00fd mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fd vztah k d\u00e9monick\u00e9mu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145113\">Edimmu, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fd duch mrtv\u00fdch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145110\">Lamashtu, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e1 d\u00e9monka<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145111\">Pazuzu, apotropaikon proti Lamashtu a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm d\u00e9mon\u016fm<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145283\">Ereshkigal, vl\u00e1dkyn\u011b podsv\u011bt\u00ed, zadavatelka Gall\u016f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145276\">Nergal, b\u016fh podsv\u011bt\u00ed, spojenec<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145374\">Rabisu, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd d\u00e9mon \u201e\u010d\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145109\">Mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e1 tradice, celkov\u00fd kontext<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0158\u00edzen\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Popsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe je religionistick\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm historick\u00fdch tradic. iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje jej\u00ed sou\u010dasnou podobu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu - podsv\u011btn\u00ed d\u00e9moni, poslov\u00e9 a vykonavatel\u00e9 posmrtn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gallu pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm dolo\u017een\u00fdm d\u00e9monick\u00fdm bytostem Mezopot\u00e1mie. Jsou bl\u00edzce spjati s podsv\u011bt\u00edm a jeho vl\u00e1dkyn\u00ed Ere\u0161kigal","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145114","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gallu - podsv\u011btn\u00ed d\u00e9moni, poslov\u00e9 a vykonavatel\u00e9 posmrtn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gallu pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm dolo\u017een\u00fdm d\u00e9monick\u00fdm bytostem Mezopot\u00e1mie. 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