{"id":171873,"date":"2026-09-05T15:43:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:43:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171873"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:09:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:09:25","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171873\" class=\"elementor elementor-171873 elementor-3065 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, fundador del Daoisme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, tamb\u00e9 Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) \u00e9s considerat en la tradici\u00f3 xinesa el fundador del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoisme<\/span> i l&#8217;autor llegendari del \u00abDaodejing\u00bb, un dels textos m\u00e9s influents de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa.<\/p><p>La seva exist\u00e8ncia hist\u00f2rica \u00e9s discutida en la investigaci\u00f3 moderna; les fonts sobre la seva vida s\u00f3n escasses, contradict\u00f2ries i en part revestides de mite. La investigaci\u00f3 religiosa sobre Laozi se centra avui menys en la persona hist\u00f2rica que en la hist\u00f2ria de la recepci\u00f3 dels textos que se li atribueixen i en la seva posterior divinitzaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat dins el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'acci\u00f3 clars: forces naturals, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; 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elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3217\" alt=\"Laozi\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts sobre la persona hist\u00f2rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La biografia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> m\u00e9s detallada de Laozi es troba en el \u00abShiji\u00bb (\u00abRegistres del Gran Historiador\u00bb) de Sima Qian, acabat cap al 90 abans de Crist. Sima Qian relata tres versions diferents sobre Laozi i admet ell mateix no saber quina \u00e9s la correcta.<\/p><p>La versi\u00f3 m\u00e9s popular fa de Laozi un funcionari a la cort de la dinastia Zhou oriental, que hauria estat bibliotecari o arxiver en el segle 6 abans de Crist.<\/p><p>Hauria trobat el jove Confuci (551 a 479 abans de Crist) i li hauria donat ensenyament. Finalment, decebut pel decliment del regne, Laozi hauria abandonat el pa\u00eds cap a l&#8217;oest i, a petici\u00f3 del guardi\u00e0 de la frontera Yinxi al pas de Han-Gu, hauria escrit el Daodejing en 5000 car\u00e0cters.<\/p>\n\n<p>La segona versi\u00f3 identifica Laozi amb Lao Laizi, un altre mestre daoista de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Zhou. La tercera versi\u00f3 el situa uns 100 anys m\u00e9s tard. Aquestes m\u00faltiples versions mostren que el mateix Sima Qian no disposava de dades biogr\u00e0fiques fiables i que va compilar el material a partir de diverses tradicions orals i escrites.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller ha demostrat en \u00abLaotse\u00bb (1995) i \u00abThe Philosophy of the Daodejing\u00bb (2006) que les escasses dades de Sima Qian tenen m\u00e9s subst\u00e0ncia llegend\u00e0ria que hist\u00f2rica.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historicitat en la investigaci\u00f3 moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La investigaci\u00f3 sinol\u00f2gica moderna debat intensament la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la historicitat de Laozi. Russell Kirkland ha defensat en \u00abTaoism: The Enduring Tradition\u00bb (2004) una posici\u00f3 cr\u00edtica, segons la qual Laozi com a persona hist\u00f2rica \u00e9s dif\u00edcilment tangible i els textos que se li atribueixen s\u00f3n m\u00e9s b\u00e9 un producte de diverses generacions d&#8217;erudits d&#8217;orientaci\u00f3 daoista.<\/span><\/p><p>Aquesta posici\u00f3 es veu recolzada per la investigaci\u00f3 sobre la hist\u00f2ria del text: segons el parer actual, el Daodejing no \u00e9s una obra escrita de manera unit\u00e0ria, sin\u00f3 una compilaci\u00f3 les capes m\u00e9s antigues de la qual es remunten al segle 4 o 3 abans de Crist.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Els textos de bamb\u00fa descoberts el 1993 a Guodian (prov\u00edncia de Hubei) contenien fragments d&#8217;una versi\u00f3 primerenca del Daodejing, datats a finals del segle 4 abans de Crist. Aquestes troballes han revifat el debat sobre la hist\u00f2ria de la formaci\u00f3 del text i mostren que el Daodejing va ser revisat i ampliat al llarg de diversos segles.<\/span><\/p><p>Una \u00fanica personalitat hist\u00f2rica com a autor resulta, doncs, poc probable. La tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;atribuir l&#8217;obra a Laozi correspon a un patr\u00f3 t\u00edpic xin\u00e8s d&#8217;atribuci\u00f3 pseudoepigr\u00e0fica a un fundador llegendari.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Daodejing (\u00abCl\u00e0ssic del Cam\u00ed i de la Virtut\u00bb) \u00e9s un text de 81 cap\u00edtols breus que desenvolupa, en forma po\u00e8tica i afor\u00edstica, els conceptes fonamentals del daoisme.<\/p><p>Els conceptes centrals s\u00f3n \u00abDao\u00bb (el Cam\u00ed, la realitat c\u00f2smica origin\u00e0ria), \u00abDe\u00bb (la Virtut, la for\u00e7a interior), \u00abWuwei\u00bb (el no-actuar, l&#8217;acci\u00f3 espont\u00e0nia), \u00abZiran\u00bb (la naturalitat, el ser-aix\u00ed-per-si-mateix) i \u00abPu\u00bb (la fusta sense esculpir, la simplicitat origin\u00e0ria). Aquests conceptes formen conjuntament un sistema filos\u00f2fic i religi\u00f3s que va ser desenvolupat en nombrosos comentaris posteriors.<\/p>\n\n<p>Els comentaris cl\u00e0ssics m\u00e9s importants al Daodejing procedeixen de Wang Bi (226 a 249) i Heshang Gong (segle 1 abans de Crist o segle 2 despr\u00e9s de Crist). Ambd\u00f3s representen lectures diferents: Wang Bi llegeix el text de manera filos\u00f2fico-ontol\u00f2gica, mentre que Heshang Gong el llegeix de manera religioso-pr\u00e0ctica, en relaci\u00f3 amb la meditaci\u00f3 i les t\u00e8cniques respirat\u00f2ries.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La tensi\u00f3 entre una lectura filos\u00f2fica i una lectura religiosa marca la recepci\u00f3 del Daodejing fins avui. Livia Kohn ha mostrat en \u00abDaoism and Chinese Culture\u00bb (2001) com aquesta doble naturalesa del text ha fet possible el seu extraordinari impacte en els contextos culturals m\u00e9s diversos.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Divinitzaci\u00f3 de Laozi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al segle 2 despr\u00e9s de Crist va comen\u00e7ar la divinitzaci\u00f3 religiosa de Laozi. En l&#8217;escola daoista primerenca dels Tianshi (\u00abMestres Celestials\u00bb), fundada per Zhang Daoling cap al 142 despr\u00e9s de Crist, Laozi era venerat com a mestre celestial i manifestaci\u00f3 del Dao.<\/p><p>Se li apareix suposadament a Zhang Daoling en una visi\u00f3 i li lliura els textos sagrats. Amb aix\u00f2, Laozi va deixar de ser nom\u00e9s un fil\u00f2sof llegendari per convertir-se en una figura c\u00f2smica amb una funci\u00f3 religiosa activa.<\/p>\n\n<p>Aquesta divinitzaci\u00f3 es va ampliar al llarg dels segles seg\u00fcents. En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoisme<\/span> de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Tang (618 a 907), Laozi era considerat Taishang Laojun (\u00abEl Suprem Antic Senyor\u00bb), una de les tres divinitats principals del pante\u00f3 daoista, junt amb Yuanshi Tianzun (\u00abEl Venerable Celestial de l&#8217;Origen\u00bb) i Lingbao Tianzun (\u00abEl Venerable Celestial del Tresor Sagrat\u00bb).<\/p><p>En aquesta forma, Laozi \u00e9s present encara avui en els temples daoistes de la Xina, Taiwan i Hong Kong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi i la pol\u00edtica imperial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi va tenir un paper especial en la pol\u00edtica imperial. Els emperadors de la dinastia Tang, que portaven el cognom Li, afirmaven descendir geneal\u00f2gicament de Laozi, del qual es deia que el seu cognom havia estat tamb\u00e9 Li.<\/p><p>Aquesta construcci\u00f3 geneal\u00f2gica es va convertir en el fonament ideol\u00f2gic de la dinastia Tang i va comportar un suport estatal al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span>. L&#8217;emperador Xuanzong (regn\u00e0 del 712 al 756) va concedir a Laozi el t\u00edtol de \u00abSant Avantpassat Suprem, Senyor Celestial Etern de Virtut Immensa\u00bb i va ordenar que el Daodejing esdevingu\u00e9s lectura obligat\u00f2ria en els examens estatals.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter ha mostrat a \u00abThe Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period\u00bb (1998) com d&#8217;estretament la veneraci\u00f3 religiosa de Laozi estava lligada a l&#8217;autorepresentaci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica de la dinastia Tang.<\/span><\/p><p>Aquest suport imperial va portar a una florida del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span>, a la construcci\u00f3 de nombrosos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> i a l&#8217;estandarditzaci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ordre establert del culte d'una comunitat religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">lit\u00fargia<\/span> taoista. Aquesta apropiaci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica va marcar profundament la imatge de Laozi i la diferencia de la recepci\u00f3 menys institucionalitzada de la l\u00ednia confuciana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la recerca de les ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3 es distingeix entre el \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> filos\u00f2fic\u00bb (Daojia) i el \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> religi\u00f3s\u00bb (Daojiao), una distinci\u00f3 habitual des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han (206 abans de Crist fins al 220 despr\u00e9s de Crist). Tot i aix\u00f2, aquesta distinci\u00f3 \u00e9s problem\u00e0tica, perqu\u00e8 totes dues l\u00ednies s&#8217;entrellacen en la realitat hist\u00f2rica.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet ha mostrat a \u00abTaoism: Growth of a Religion\u00bb (1997) i Harold Roth a \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (1999) que una separaci\u00f3 estricta no reflecteix adequadament els fets hist\u00f2rics. Tamb\u00e9 el Daodejing cont\u00e9 passatges que es poden llegir com a pr\u00e0ctica meditativa, mentre que els corrents religiosos utilitzen de manera central els conceptes filos\u00f2fics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles ha documentat en els seus treballs sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> a Sichuan la diversitat regional de la veneraci\u00f3 de Laozi. En algunes regions es venera Laozi com a principi cosmic, en d&#8217;altres com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> personal amb \u00e0mbits d&#8217;acci\u00f3 concrets (curaci\u00f3, protecci\u00f3, riquesa).<\/p><p>Aquesta diversitat mostra que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> no \u00e9s una religi\u00f3 tancada, sin\u00f3 una \u00e0mplia tradici\u00f3 religiosa amb nombrosos corrents i formes locals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi en comparaci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La comparaci\u00f3 de Laozi amb els grans fundadors d&#8217;altres tradicions religioses (Confuci, Buda, S\u00f2crates) es fa de vegades en la recerca, per\u00f2 \u00e9s metodol\u00f2gicament delicada. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller ha assenyalat que la idea d&#8217;un fundador individual, prominent en les religions occidentals, no s&#8217;aplica de la mateixa manera a la tradici\u00f3 xinesa.<\/p><p>Laozi \u00e9s menys un fundador en el sentit de Jes\u00fas o Mahoma, i m\u00e9s b\u00e9 una figura simb\u00f2lica llegend\u00e0ria que representa una determinada tradici\u00f3 sense haver-la creat activament.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dins de la tradici\u00f3 xinesa, Laozi se situa al costat de Zhuangzi (segle IV abans de Crist), el segon gran autor taoista, l&#8217;obra hom\u00f2nima del qual, \u00abZhuangzi\u00bb, tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 una import\u00e0ncia fonamental.<\/p><p>Sovint es consideren tots dos plegats com els fundadors del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> cl\u00e0ssic. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller i Harold Roth han mostrat que els dos textos posen \u00e8mfasi filos\u00f2fic diferent, per\u00f2 utilitzen conceptes b\u00e0sics comuns i es comenten m\u00fatuament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els manuscrits de Mawangdui i Guodian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La investigaci\u00f3 sobre la hist\u00f2ria textual del \u00abDaodejing\u00bb es va transformar profundament arran de dues troballes arqueol\u00f2giques del segle XX. El 1973, arque\u00f2legs xinesos van descobrir a la tomba 3 de Mawangdui, prop de Changsha (prov\u00edncia de Hunan), dos manuscrits de seda del text, datats al 168 abans de la nostra era.<\/span><\/p><p>Les versions \u00abMawangdui A\u00bb i \u00abMawangdui B\u00bb presenten, respecte al text est\u00e0ndard posterior, un ordre invertit de les parts principals: la \u00abpart De\u00bb (cap\u00edtols 38 a 81 del text est\u00e0ndard) precedeix la \u00abpart Dao\u00bb (cap\u00edtols 1 a 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aquesta troballa s&#8217;interpreta en la sinologia com un indici d&#8217;una redacci\u00f3 m\u00e9s antiga, anterior al text est\u00e0ndard. Robert G. Henricks va presentar a \u00abLao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching\u00bb (Nova York 1989) una traducci\u00f3 anglesa completa de les versions de Mawangdui amb aparat cr\u00edtic, assenyalant 130 difer\u00e8ncies de lectura substancials respecte a la vulgata de Wang Bi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>La segona troballa clau la constitueixen les tires de bamb\u00fa excavades el 1993 a Guodian (tamb\u00e9 a Hunan), procedents d&#8217;una tomba datada cap al 300 abans de la nostra era.<\/p><p>Contenen, en tres fascicles, aproximadament dues cinquenes parts del text del Daodejing, en una forma que encara no est\u00e0 dividida en dues parts. Aquesta versi\u00f3 es considera avui el testimoni textual material m\u00e9s antic del complex del Daodejing. Robert Henricks va presentar a \u00abLao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian\u00bb (Nova York 2000) una primera edici\u00f3 filol\u00f2gica; Sarah Allan i Crispin Williams van discutir al volum col\u00b7lectiu \u00abThe Guodian Laozi\u00bb (Berkeley 2000) les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies metodol\u00f2giques per a la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la dataci\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth ha mostrat a \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (Nova York 1999) que les tires de bamb\u00fa de Guodian situen el text del Daodejing com a part d&#8217;un corrent m\u00e9s ampli de reflexi\u00f3 meditativa i cosmol\u00f2gica primerenca, del qual tamb\u00e9 es troben traces a \u00abNeiye\u00bb i \u00abHeguanzi\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3 de comentaris i apropiaci\u00f3 religiosa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La productiva hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;efectes del Daodejing es deu, en primer lloc, a la seva tradici\u00f3 de comentaris.<\/p><p>Tres comentaris es consideren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertany al conjunt de textos reconegut com a vinculant per una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f2nics<\/span> en la sinologia. El \u00abComentari de Heshanggong\u00bb (\u00abComentari de Lao-tse del Mestre de la Riba del Riu\u00bb), datat tradicionalment en l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han (de fet probablement dels segles I al II de la nostra era), llegeix el text com un programa de cultiu corporal personal i, amb aix\u00f2, marca la posterior tradici\u00f3 daoista de l&#8217;alqu\u00edmia interior (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes va publicar el 1950 a \u00abArtibus Asiae\u00bb el primer estudi sistem\u00e0tic del comentari de Heshanggong en una llengua occidental; Alan K. L. Chan, a \u00abTwo Visions of the Way\u00bb (Albany 1991), va comparar el comentari de Heshanggong amb el segon comentari can\u00f2nic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Aquest segon comentari \u00e9s de Wang Bi (226-249), representant de la \u00abxuanxue\u00bb (\u00abdoctrina del misteri\u00f3s\u00bb) de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Wei-Jin, i reformula el text en una l\u00ednia ontol\u00f2gic-metaf\u00edsica en la qual el \u00abno-res\u00bb (\u00abwu\u00bb) es llegeix com a fonament ontol\u00f2gic de l&#8217;\u00e9sser.<\/p><p>El comentari de Wang Bi va marcar profundament la posterior lectura xinesa del text i \u00e9s la base de la gran majoria de les edicions est\u00e0ndard actuals.<\/p><p>El tercer comentari central \u00e9s el \u00abComentari Xiang&#8217;er\u00bb (\u00abExplicaci\u00f3 pensant en tu\u00bb), sorgit al segle II o III en els cercles dels primers daoistes \u00abTianshi\u00bb (Mestres del Cel).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp va traduir per primera vegada \u00edntegrament a l&#8217;angl\u00e8s el comentari Xiang&#8217;er a \u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb (Berkeley 1997), i va mostrar que l&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 religiosa de Laozi com a divinitat personal \u00abTaishang Laojun\u00bb ja estava plenament formada en aquesta capa, i no va sorgir nom\u00e9s amb les escoles posteriors de Lingbao i Shangqing.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 internacional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Daodejing \u00e9s, junt amb la B\u00edblia, el llibre tradu\u00eft a m\u00e9s idiomes del m\u00f3n. Les primeres traduccions europees daten del segle XVIII; als segles XIX i XX, l&#8217;obra va arribar a un ampli p\u00fablic occidental gr\u00e0cies a traductors com Richard Wilhelm, James Legge i Arthur Waley.<\/p><p>Al segle XX, Laozi tamb\u00e9 va tenir una influ\u00e8ncia considerable en la filosofia occidental, en la tradici\u00f3 psicoterap\u00e8utica i en el moviment esot\u00e8ric, sovint en una forma molt simplificada i reinterpretada occidentalment.<\/p>\n\n<p>Avui dia, la investigaci\u00f3 sobre Laozi \u00e9s un camp internacional en el qual participen sin\u00f2logues i sin\u00f2legs xinesos, taiwanesos, japonesos, europeus i nord-americans. Els debats sobre la dataci\u00f3, la hist\u00f2ria textual, la lectura filos\u00f2fica i la funci\u00f3 religiosa segueixen molt vius.<\/p><p>Es pot retenir una conclusi\u00f3 de la investigaci\u00f3 fins ara: la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 del Laozi hist\u00f2ric potser \u00e9s menys important que la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;efectes dels textos que li han estat atribu\u00efts, els quals figuren entre les obres m\u00e9s determinants de la literatura mundial i de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi \u2013 Fundador del Daoisme | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi \u00e9s el fundador m\u00edtic del Daoisme i l'autor del Daodejing. Divinitzat com un dels Tres Purs","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171873","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Laozi \u2013 Fundador del Daoisme | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Laozi \u00e9s el fundador m\u00edtic del Daoisme i l&#039;autor del Daodejing. 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