{"id":171861,"date":"2026-09-05T15:43:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171861"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:09:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:09:07","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171861\" class=\"elementor elementor-171861 elementor-3052 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, fundador de l'escola Gelug<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357 a 1419) va ser un erudit tibet\u00e0, reformador mon\u00e0stic i fundador de la tradici\u00f3 Gelug (\u00abEscola dels Virtuosos\u00bb), que des del segle XVII representa el corrent religi\u00f3s i pol\u00edtic dominant en el budisme tibet\u00e0.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquesta escola va sorgir el llinatge dels Dalai Lames i dels Panchen Lames. Tsongkhapa \u00e9s considerat un dels sistematitzadors m\u00e9s importants de la hist\u00f2ria del budisme tibet\u00e0 i va marcar la tradici\u00f3 escol\u00e0stica amb la seva extensa obra i amb la fundaci\u00f3 del monestir de Ganden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb atribucions clares: forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 tibetobudista i b\u00f6n \u2014 Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, m\u00f3n dels naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173436\" alt=\"Tsongkhapa - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traject\u00f2ria vital i biografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa va n\u00e9ixer a la regi\u00f3 de l&#8217;Amdo, a l&#8217;est del Tibet, en l&#8217;actual Qinghai. El seu lloc de naixement s&#8217;identifica amb Tsongkha, el que li va valer el sobrenom \u00abl&#8217;home de Tsongkha\u00bb. Els seus primers estudis religiosos els va fer en un monestir proper de les l\u00ednies nyingma i kadampa.<\/p><p>Als 16 anys va viatjar al Tibet central per estudiar als grans monestirs de Sangphu i Nethang. Durant les tres d\u00e8cades seg\u00fcents es va moure entre diversos monestirs i va aprendre amb mestres de totes les tradicions importants de l&#8217;\u00e8poca.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman, a \u00abLife and Teachings of Tsong Khapa\u00bb (1982), ha reconstru\u00eft detalladament el recorregut vital de Tsongkhapa i ha mostrat que la seva pol\u00edtica educativa apuntava deliberadament a la integraci\u00f3 de totes les tradicions d&#8217;estudi de l&#8217;\u00e8poca.<\/p><p>El seu mestre m\u00e9s important en estudis de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal de forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> va ser Drakpa Gyaltsen; per als estudis t\u00e0ntrics, sobretot Khedrup Je i Gyaltsab Je. Un altre mestre important va ser el mestre sakya Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6, que el va formar especialment en la filosofia Madhyamaka. Aquesta base formativa \u00e0mplia va marcar el perfil posterior de l&#8217;escola Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Programa religi\u00f3s-filos\u00f2fic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El programa filos\u00f2fic de Tsongkhapa buscava una estricta uni\u00f3 entre la tradici\u00f3 erudita del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal de forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> i la pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica.<\/p><p>Va insistir en que ambd\u00f3s camins s&#8217;havien de rec\u00f3rrer en un ordre prec\u00eds: primer els fonaments de la disciplina mon\u00e0stica (Vinaya), despr\u00e9s la filosofia sistem\u00e0tica del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal de forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> segons els criteris del Madhyamaka i el Pramana, i finalment les iniciacions i pr\u00e0ctiques t\u00e0ntriques. Aquesta gradaci\u00f3 va esdevenir la base de la reforma dels estudis Gelug i la norma de la formaci\u00f3 mon\u00e0stica tibetana posterior.<\/p>\n\n<p>La seva obra m\u00e9s important \u00e9s el \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb, el \u00abGran Tractat sobre les Etapes del Cam\u00ed cap a la Il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3\u00bb, completat el 1402, que presenta el cam\u00ed espiritual d&#8217;un bodhisattva en tres etapes (motivaci\u00f3 inferior, mitjana i superior).<\/p><p>Donald Lopez i Joshua Cutler han tradu\u00eft l&#8217;obra a l&#8217;angl\u00e8s en diversos volums i han explicat els seus pressup\u00f2sits filos\u00f2fics. \u00c9s considerada el manual central de la tradici\u00f3 Gelug i encara avui es memoritza i comenta als monestirs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretaci\u00f3 del Madhyamaka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit filos\u00f2fic, Tsongkhapa \u00e9s conegut sobretot per la seva interpretaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;escola Madhyamaka de Nagarjuna. Va defensar una posici\u00f3 anomenada \u00abprasangika-madhyamaka\u00bb, que rebutjava tota afirmaci\u00f3 positiva sobre la realitat \u00faltima i desenvolupava de manera consistentment dial\u00e8ctica la doctrina de la \u00abvacu\u00eftat\u00bb (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p><p>La seva obra principal en aquest camp \u00e9s \u00abClaredat del Pensament\u00bb (\u00abdgongs pa rab gsal\u00bb), en la qual va recollir la tradici\u00f3 de comentaris del mestre indi Madhyamika Candrakirti i la va defensar contra interpretacions divergents.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n, a \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (1992), ha mostrat que la comprensi\u00f3 del Madhyamaka de Tsongkhapa diferia en punts decisius de lectures tibetanes anteriors. En particular, va rebutjar la idea que la vacu\u00eftat es pogu\u00e9s entendre com un absolut propi i positivament determinable.<\/p><p>Aquesta posici\u00f3 va provocar oposici\u00f3 per part de les escoles Nyingma i Sakya, els representants de les quals el van acusar d&#8217;una negativitat massa estricta. La \u00abdisputa sobre la vacu\u00eftat\u00bb resultant va marcar la filosofia tibetana durant diversos segles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obres t\u00e0ntriques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A m\u00e9s dels estudis de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal de forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>, Tsongkhapa va ser un erudit i practicant destacat dels iogues t\u00e0ntrics superiors. La seva obra \u00absngags rim chen mo\u00bb (\u00abGran Tractat sobre els Mantres\u00bb, 1405) \u00e9s la contrapartida t\u00e0ntrica del \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb.<\/p><p>Aquesta obra ordena les pr\u00e0ctiques t\u00e0ntriques en quatre classes (Kriya-, Carya-, Ioga- i Anuttarayoga-tantra) i indica per a cadascuna els requisits, m\u00e8todes i resultats. Aquesta ordenaci\u00f3 sistem\u00e0tica va esdevenir la base de la formaci\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa va ser tamb\u00e9 un comentarista important del Guhyasamaja-tantra, que considerava el m\u00e9s central dels tantres Anuttarayoga. Tamb\u00e9 els tantres Chakrasamvara i Yamantaka van ser camps de la seva intensa activitat de comentari. Christian Wedemeyer, en els seus estudis sobre Aryadeva i Candrakirti, ha mostrat com Tsongkhapa va unir la tradici\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica amb la filosofia Madhyamaka en una concepci\u00f3 global unit\u00e0ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fundaci\u00f3 del monestir de Ganden i la gran preg\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;any 1409 Tsongkhapa va iniciar el \u00abMonlam Chenmo\u00bb, la \u00abGran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament ling\u00fc\u00edstic de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">preg\u00e0ria<\/span> de Lhasa\u00bb, una festa mon\u00e0stica de 21 dies que se celebrava anualment amb motiu de l&#8217;any nou tibet\u00e0 i que reunia milers de monjos i laics.<\/p><p>Aquesta festa va establir el moviment reformador de Tsongkhapa com una realitat visible en la vida religiosa del Tibet. Aquell mateix any va fundar el monestir de Ganden en una muntanya a l&#8217;est de Lhasa, que es va convertir en el monestir mare de la tradici\u00f3 Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Pocs anys despr\u00e9s van seguir les fundacions de Drepung (1416, per Jamyang Choje, un deixeble de Tsongkhapa) i de Sera (1419, per Sakya Yeshe, tamb\u00e9 deixeble seu). Aquests tres monestirs, els \u00abtres seients de l&#8217;erudici\u00f3\u00bb, es van convertir en els complexos mon\u00e0stics m\u00e9s grans del budisme tibet\u00e0 i, en el seu apogeu, van allotjar cadascun diversos milers de monjos.<\/p><p>Per S\u00f8rensen, en els seus treballs sobre la hist\u00f2ria mon\u00e0stica tibetana, ha mostrat que l&#8217;onada fundacional de l&#8217;escola Gelug a principis del segle XV va comportar una reorganitzaci\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica i pol\u00edtica del Tibet central.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reforma de la disciplina mon\u00e0stica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa va donar una import\u00e0ncia especial al compliment estricte del Vinaya, la disciplina mon\u00e0stica. Va criticar la barreja, freq\u00fcent en la seva \u00e8poca, entre la regla mon\u00e0stica i la pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica, i va insistir en que els monjos vivissin en celibat i respectessin les prescripcions aliment\u00e0ries tradicionals.<\/p><p>Aquesta rigorositat li va valer el sobrenom de \u00absegon Buda\u00bb (\u00absangs rgyas gnyis pa\u00bb), que encara s&#8217;utilitza avui en la tradici\u00f3 Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>La reforma tamb\u00e9 va afectar el pla d&#8217;estudis. Tsongkhapa va introduir un cicle fix d&#8217;estudis principals: Vinaya, Abhidharma, Pramana, Madhyamaka i Prajnaparamita. Cada estudi durava diversos anys i es clo\u00efa amb disputes i ex\u00e0mens.<\/p><p>El sistema d&#8217;\u00abex\u00e0mens Geshe\u00bb que va instituir va donar lloc finalment al \u00abGeshe Lharampa\u00bb, el grau acad\u00e8mic m\u00e9s alt de l&#8217;escola Gelug. Donald Lopez, a \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (2006), ha estudiat el significat epist\u00e8mic i institucional d&#8217;aquesta reforma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mort i perviv\u00e8ncia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa va morir l&#8217;any 1419 al monestir de Ganden. El seu cos embalsamat s&#8217;hi va conservar dins d&#8217;una estupa i, fins a la destrucci\u00f3 del monestir durant la Revoluci\u00f3 Cultural, va ser un dels llocs de pelegrinatge m\u00e9s importants del budisme tibet\u00e0.<\/p><p>La seva obra es va aplegar en 18 volums i es va editar com a corpus complet al segle XVII en la famosa edici\u00f3 de Lhasa. Als segles seg\u00fcents, nombrosos erudits van comentar les seves obres; nom\u00e9s el \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb ha generat m\u00e9s de 100 comentaris tibetans.<\/p>\n\n<p>El dia de Tsongkhapa, el dia 25 del des\u00e8 mes tibet\u00e0, se celebra encara avui com a \u00abGanden Ngamch\u00f6\u00bb amb grans festes de l\u00e0mpades de mantega. En el budisme tibet\u00e0 modern, la seva figura no es limita a l&#8217;escola Gelug; tamb\u00e9 en altres tradicions se&#8217;l valora com un erudit important, fins i tot quan es rebutgen les seves posicions filos\u00f2fiques.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel ha assenyalat que Tsongkhapa, com a figura clau institucional del budisme tibet\u00e0, ocupa una posici\u00f3 tan fonamental com la de Tom\u00e0s d&#8217;Aquino en la tradici\u00f3 cat\u00f2lica o Maim\u00f2nides en el judaisme rab\u00ednic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 internacional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la tibetologia occidental i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense comprom\u00eds de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span>, Tsongkhapa ha estat estudiat intensament des dels treballs de Giuseppe Tucci a la primera meitat del segle XX.<\/p><p>David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n i Jan-Ulrich Sobisch han analitzat la seva obra en diversos estudis fonamentals. El \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb de Tsongkhapa \u00e9s avui disponible \u00edntegrament en traducci\u00f3 anglesa, i alguns textos t\u00e0ntrics seleccionats s\u00f3n accessibles en edicions cr\u00edtiques.<\/p>\n\n<p>En l&#8217;exili tibet\u00e0 modern, Tsongkhapa serveix com a figura d&#8217;identificaci\u00f3 de la tradici\u00f3 Gelug i com a garant de la continu\u00eftat institucional. El 14\u00e8 Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, ha subratllat en nombroses confer\u00e8ncies i llibres, especialment en els seus comentaris al \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb, l&#8217;actualitat de Tsongkhapa per a la pr\u00e0ctica budista contempor\u00e0nia.<\/p><p>M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la recepci\u00f3 espec\u00edficament budista, Tsongkhapa ha estat rebut en la filosofia acad\u00e8mica europea i nord-americana com un dels sistematitzadors no occidentals m\u00e9s importants.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corpus de textos i hist\u00f2ria de les edicions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El \u00abgsung &#8216;bum\u00bb de Tsongkhapa (\u00abObres completes\u00bb) compr\u00e8n, en l&#8217;edici\u00f3 tradicional de Tashilhunpo, divuit volums que contenen aproximadament 210 obres independents i cartes.<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s del \u00abLamrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abGran cam\u00ed gradual cap a la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3\u00bb, 1402) i del \u00abNgakrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abGran cam\u00ed gradual del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix a l'hinduisme i al budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>\u00bb, 1405), es compten entre els textos m\u00e9s influents el \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb (\u00abEss\u00e8ncia de la distinci\u00f3 entre el provisional i el definitiu\u00bb, 1408), el \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb (\u00abOce\u00e0 de l&#8217;argumentaci\u00f3\u00bb, comentari a les M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101 de N\u0101g\u0101rjuna) i el \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb (escrit intermedi sobre la visi\u00f3 penetrant extret del Lamrim Chenmo).<\/p><p>Robert A. F. Thurman ha presentat a \u00abTsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence\u00bb (Princeton, 1984) una traducci\u00f3 anglesa completa del \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb amb un ampli aparat d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de les religions; Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n ha ofert a \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (Albany, 1992) una traducci\u00f3 del comentari de mKhas-grub-rje a la doctrina Madhyamaka de Tsongkhapa.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;estudi cr\u00edtic dels textos de les obres de Tsongkhapa ha avan\u00e7at considerablement en les darreres d\u00e8cades gr\u00e0cies a la \u00abSera Jey Library\u00bb i al \u00abTibetan Buddhist Resource Center\u00bb (TBRC, projecte de digitalitzaci\u00f3 iniciat el 1999 per E. Gene Smith).<\/p><p>Donald S. Lopez Jr. ha mostrat a \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (Chicago, 2006) i en els seus assaigs sobre l&#8217;hermen\u00e8utica Gelug que la t\u00e8cnica de comentari de Tsongkhapa era metodol\u00f2gicament innovadora: va combinar l&#8217;estil Prasa\u1e45gika indi de Candrak\u012brti amb una an\u00e0lisi epistemol\u00f2gica detallada segons Dharmak\u012brti, i va crear aix\u00ed un h\u00edbrid que va marcar l&#8217;escol\u00e0stica Gelug posterior fins al segle XX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La controv\u00e8rsia sobre la disputa \u00absvatantra\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una de les controv\u00e8rsies doctrinals centrals que Tsongkhapa va introduir en la hist\u00f2ria del pensament tibet\u00e0 concerneix la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de si, en el Madhyamaka, s\u00f3n admissibles raonaments l\u00f2gics aut\u00f2noms (svatantra-anum\u0101na, tib. \u00abrang rgyud\u00bb) o si \u00fanicament s&#8217;han d&#8217;emprar infer\u00e8ncies per conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia (prasa\u1e45ga). Tsongkhapa es va posicionar estrictament com a Prasa\u1e45gika en la l\u00ednia de Buddhap\u0101lita i Candrak\u012brti, en contra de la posici\u00f3 de Bh\u0101vaviveka, llegida com a svatantrika.<\/p><p>Aquest posicionament es desenvolupa al \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb i al \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb. Les escoles posteriors van reaccionar de maneres diferents: els mestres Sakya Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429 a 1489) i Shakya Chogden (1428 a 1507) es van oposar amb duresa a Tsongkhapa, la qual cosa va donar lloc al debat filos\u00f2fic intern m\u00e9s important del budisme tibet\u00e0 dels segles XV i XVI.<\/p>\n<p>Cabez\u00f3n i Geshe Lobsang Dargyay han reconstru\u00eft, en diversos assaigs recollits a \u00abScholasticism\u00bb (Albany, 1998), les l\u00ednies argumentatives d&#8217;aquest debat. Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n ha tradu\u00eft a \u00abFreedom from Extremes\u00bb (Somerville, 2007) l&#8217;obra principal de Gorampa, \u00ablTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8216;byed\u00bb (\u00abDistinci\u00f3 de les opinions\u00bb), i l&#8217;ha comparada amb la posici\u00f3 de Tsongkhapa.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso ha mostrat al \u00abJournal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies\u00bb (vol. 27, 2004) que el debat no va restar purament acad\u00e8mic, sin\u00f3 que va comportar, fins al segle XVII, conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies pol\u00edtiques per a la posici\u00f3 dels diferents centres mon\u00e0stics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaci\u00f3 amb la tradici\u00f3 B\u00f6n i amb escoles m\u00e9s antigues<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El programa de reforma de Tsongkhapa no va ser una ruptura completa amb la religiositat tibetana existent, sin\u00f3 una reordenaci\u00f3 dins del marc de les tradicions ja presents.<\/p><p>Va assumir elements essencials de l&#8217;escola kadampa, que remuntava al segle XI al mestre indi Atisha, i els va integrar en una concepci\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica i t\u00e0ntrica m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia. Respecte a la religi\u00f3 b\u00f6n, la tradici\u00f3 tibetana prebudista, va mantenir una dist\u00e0ncia expl\u00edcita, sense perseguir els seus representants.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tampoc va exercir hostilitat pol\u00edtica envers els nyingma-pa i els kagy\u00fc-pa, que conservaven moltes l\u00ednies t\u00e0ntriques de mestres indis i tibetans m\u00e9s antics. La posterior polaritzaci\u00f3 entre les tradicions gelug i nyingma-pa o<\/p><p>kagy\u00fc-pa \u00e9s m\u00e9s b\u00e9 conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia dels conflictes pol\u00edtics del segle XVII, no un llegat propi de Tsongkhapa. Klaus-Dieter Mathes ha subratllat repetidament aquesta distinci\u00f3 en els seus estudis sobre la hist\u00f2ria del budisme tibet\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa \u2013 Fundador de l'escola Gelug | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) \u00e9s el fundador de l'escola tibetana Gelug, pare espiritual dels Dalai Lames. 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