{"id":171860,"date":"2026-09-05T15:43:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171860"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:09:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:09:06","slug":"rei-gesar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/rei-gesar\/","title":{"rendered":"Rei Gesar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171860\" class=\"elementor elementor-171860 elementor-3051 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d2ada e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87d2ada\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac6fc8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ac6fc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-422fa97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"422fa97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d166bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d166bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rei Gesar, epopeia heroica tibetana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ce150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10ce150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El rei Gesar \u00e9s la figura central de la m\u00e9s extensa epopeia heroica tibetana, encara avui recitada oralment per cantors. El rei Gesar de Ling (en tibet\u00e0 Gling Ge-sar rgyal-po) \u00e9s el sobir\u00e0 m\u00edtic de l&#8217;epopeia nacional tibetana i \u00e9s considerat la figura heroica central de la tradici\u00f3 narrativa de l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior.<\/p><p>L&#8217;epopeia de Gesar, amb m\u00e9s d&#8217;un mili\u00f3 de versos en les seves versions completes, \u00e9s probablement l&#8217;epopeia viva m\u00e9s llarga del m\u00f3n, i el 2009 va ser inclosa a la llista del patrimoni cultural immaterial de la UNESCO. Encara avui \u00e9s recitada per cantors professionals al Tibet, a Mong\u00f2lia, a Buri\u00e0tia, a Ladakh i a Bhutan, en moltes variants.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b0985e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b0985e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebc04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ebc04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb atribucions clares: forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 tibetobudista i b\u00f6n \u2014 Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, m\u00f3n dels naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b6fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7b6fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1c2f54 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e1c2f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77063d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77063d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da61ab iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5da61ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173437\" alt=\"Gesar - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 historicista\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ea962f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ea962f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fdeb0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fdeb0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b83c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd6b83c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts i hist\u00f2ria textual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6ed28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c6ed28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els testimonis escrits m\u00e9s antics de l&#8217;epopeia de Gesar daten dels segles XIV al XVI, per\u00f2 la tradici\u00f3 oral probablement es remunta molt m\u00e9s enrere.<\/p><p>R. A. Stein, a \u00abRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u00bb (1959), va posar de manifest la complexitat de la hist\u00f2ria textual i va mostrar que l&#8217;epopeia existeix en nombroses versions regionals, que en part difereixen considerablement entre elles. La forma canonitzada, avui conservada a les biblioteques mon\u00e0stiques tibetanes, compr\u00e8n generalment entre 30 i 120 volums.<\/p>\n\n<p>Per S\u00f8rensen i Andreas Gruschke, en els seus treballs sobre la hist\u00f2ria i la geografia tibetanes, han estudiat la connexi\u00f3 de l&#8217;epopeia amb espais geogr\u00e0fics concrets de l&#8217;est del Tibet (Kham, Amdo) i de les regions frontereres amb Sichuan, Qinghai i Gansu.<\/p><p>El regne de Ling, on regna Gesar, es relaciona amb la regi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica del curs superior del riu Groc, sense que s&#8217;hagi arribat a una identificaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica clara. Klaus Sagaster, en els seus estudis sobre la tradici\u00f3 mongola de Gesar, ha investigat la via de transmissi\u00f3 de l&#8217;epopeia cap a les estepes mongoles i la seva adaptaci\u00f3 all\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-508239c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"508239c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f77a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60f77a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estructura del contingut<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e3a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30e3a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;epopeia comen\u00e7a amb la decisi\u00f3 celestial d&#8217;enviar a la terra un heroi bodhisattva per salvar el pa\u00eds de Ling, amena\u00e7at per dimonis. Gesar neix com a fill del d\u00e9u Brahma i de la dona humana Gogmo.<\/p><p>El seu nom terrenal \u00e9s Joru, i la seva infantesa est\u00e0 marcada per la humiliaci\u00f3 i el desconeixement. Nom\u00e9s en una cursa de cavalls, que guanya contra totes les expectatives, \u00e9s reconegut com a rei de Ling i adopta el nom reial de Gesar.<\/p>\n\n<p>Les parts principals de l&#8217;epopeia consisteixen en 18 anomenades \u00abconquestes\u00bb (\u00abdgra &#8216;dul\u00bb), en les quals Gesar lluita contra dimonis, tirans i reis enemics i sotmet els seus territoris al budisme.<\/p><p>Entre els episodis m\u00e9s coneguts hi ha la conquesta de Hor (al nord), la conquesta de Mon (al sud), la conquesta de Jang (a l&#8217;est) i la conquesta final de la fortalesa de ferro a la zona frontera amb la Xina. Al final, Gesar torna al cel, amb la promesa de tornar com a salvador en temps apocal\u00edptics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b972b1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b972b1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6e3e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf6e3e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Capes hist\u00f2riques i m\u00edtiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f188d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f188d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geoffrey Samuel, a \u00abCivilized Shamans\u00bb (1993), va analitzar l&#8217;estratificaci\u00f3 de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa de l&#8217;epopeia de Gesar i va distingir tres capes principals. En la capa b\u00f6n prebudista, Gesar apareix com un rei div\u00ed amb trets xam\u00e0nics. En la capa budista, se l&#8217;estilitza com a bodhisattva i defensor del Dharma. En una capa tardana, parcialment espec\u00edfica de les escoles ge-lug-pa i nyingma-pa, se&#8217;l relaciona amb Padmasambhava i amb pr\u00e0ctiques t\u00e0ntriques.<\/p><p>Aquesta estratificaci\u00f3 explica les tensions dins de les versions transmeses.<\/p>\n\n<p>La identificaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica de Gesar amb el C\u00e8sar xin\u00e8s (a trav\u00e9s de la mediaci\u00f3 persa i uigur \u00abKesar\u00bb) \u00e9s una hip\u00f2tesi m\u00e9s antiga de Stein i altres, recolzada per coincid\u00e8ncies fon\u00e8tiques per\u00f2 no per proves hist\u00f2riques clares.<\/p><p>Altres investigadors, entre ells Lauran Hartley i Pema Bhum, situen el nucli hist\u00f2ric de Gesar m\u00e9s b\u00e9 en un rei local tibet\u00e0 real dels segles XI o XII, que va ser elevat a la categoria de figura llegend\u00e0ria. Encara no s&#8217;ha arribat a una aclariment definitiu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6f9b6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6f9b6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8280c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8280c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de recitaci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2aef01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2aef01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;epopeia \u00e9s recitada per cantors professionals, anomenats en la tradici\u00f3 tibetana \u00absgrung-mkhan\u00bb o \u00abgling-pa\u00bb. Sovint afirmen no haver apr\u00e8s l&#8217;epopeia, sin\u00f3 haver-la rebuda en somnis o visions.<\/p><p>Alguns cantors pertanyen a un llinatge de \u00abportadors de crani\u00bb, als quals l&#8217;epopeia els \u00e9s transmesa per esperits en un lloc d&#8217;iniciaci\u00f3 determinat. Investigacions de Hu Jinpu, Yang Enhong i Lauran Hartley han documentat detalladament aquesta pr\u00e0ctica cultural.<\/p>\n\n<p>La durada de la recitaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una versi\u00f3 completa pot allargar-se diverses setmanes. Episodis individuals es canten en un per\u00edode de 2 a 12 hores.<\/p><p>Les cantores i els cantors utilitzen barrets tradicionals, tambors i flautes d&#8217;os, i s&#8217;inscriuen en una l\u00ednia amb antigues tradicions de bards de l&#8217;\u00c0sia central, comparades en la recerca amb els \u00abmanaschis\u00bb del Kirguistan (epopeia de Manas) i amb els \u00aby\u00f6r\u00f6\u00f6lchis\u00bb de Mong\u00f2lia. Klaus Sagaster i Walther Heissig han investigat sistem\u00e0ticament les connexions d&#8217;aquestes tradicions de bards.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a4dd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59a4dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d787b8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d787b8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Significat religi\u00f3s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9ca0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9ca0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la religiositat tibetana, Gesar no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un heroi literari, sin\u00f3 una figura sagrada venerada activament en determinades l\u00ednies. Sobretot a l&#8217;escola nyingma-pa i en algunes l\u00ednies kagy\u00fc, Gesar \u00e9s considerat una manifestaci\u00f3 guerrera de Padmasambhava i protector de l&#8217;ensenyament.<\/p><p>En el seu honor se celebren pr\u00e0ctiques de protecci\u00f3 (gsol-kha) i rituals (fumigacions sang). Donald Lopez, a \u00abPrisoners of Shangri-La\u00bb (1998), va esbossar el paper de Gesar en la religiositat tibetana moderna i va mostrar com \u00e9s utilitzat pels moviments pol\u00edtics com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> nacional.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman, en els seus treballs sobre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> tibetana, ha assenyalat l&#8217;ambig\u00fcitat de la figura de Gesar: combina el paper d&#8217;heroi guerrer, la protecci\u00f3 sagrada, la mem\u00f2ria social i la identitat pol\u00edtica. En els rituals mon\u00e0stics, Gesar sol representar-se com un genet de rostre vermell amb llan\u00e7a i espasa, acompanyat del seu cavall blanc Kyang Bu i dels seus 30 herois.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9cc33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df9cc33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d0e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06d0e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Difusi\u00f3 m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c839d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c839d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;epopeia de Gesar no es limita al Tibet, sin\u00f3 que ha penetrat a les estepes mongoles, a la regi\u00f3 buriata del llac Baikal, a la zona ling\u00fc\u00edstica tuvana i a les comunitats de parla monguor, salar i yugur als marges de l&#8217;imperi xin\u00e8s.<\/p><p>A Mong\u00f2lia, l&#8217;epopeia es coneix com \u00abGeser khaan\u00bb i va ser tradu\u00efda en els segles XVII i XVIII a una versi\u00f3 mongola completa. La variant buriata t\u00e9 trets xam\u00e0nics i es diferencia clarament de la versi\u00f3 tibetana principal, de car\u00e0cter budista.<\/p>\n\n<p>Walther Heissig ha estudiat en diversos volums la tradici\u00f3 mongola i buriata de Gesar i ha mostrat com el material va adquirir matisos locals propis a cada regi\u00f3. A Ladakh, l&#8217;epopeia es recita en tibet\u00e0 i en dialectes locals i est\u00e0 vinculada als llocs de pelegrinatge de la zona. La inscripci\u00f3 a la UNESCO de 2009 reconeix aquest car\u00e0cter transnacional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073fee5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"073fee5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-568986a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"568986a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 moderna i recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192990c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"192990c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A la Rep\u00fablica Popular de la Xina, l&#8217;epopeia de Gesar es va documentar sistem\u00e0ticament des dels anys 1950 i es va editar en desenes de volums. La feina dels recopiladors i editors va generar alhora tend\u00e8ncies de modernitzaci\u00f3, com l&#8217;establiment d&#8217;una \u00abversi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard\u00bb que no correspon a la diversitat de la tradici\u00f3 oral. Lauran Hartley i Pema Bhum han documentat aquesta tend\u00e8ncia i l&#8217;han reflexionada cr\u00edticament.<\/p>\n\n<p>En la recerca europea i americana, Gesar \u00e9s des de Stein i Heissig un camp clau de la tibetologia i la mongol\u00edstica. Treballs actuals sobre cantors, estructures liter\u00e0ries, recerca comparada sobre epopeies i la seva funci\u00f3 contempor\u00e0nia es deuen, entre d&#8217;altres, a Solomon Mowtschanetz, Yang Enhong i Robin Kornman.<\/p><p>La traducci\u00f3 a l&#8217;angl\u00e8s de grans parts de l&#8217;epopeia, publicada per Robin Kornman i el seu equip sota el t\u00edtol \u00abThe Epic of Gesar of Ling\u00bb (2012), ha ampliat notablement la recepci\u00f3 internacional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e24dbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e24dbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78f666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e78f666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Instrumentalitzaci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c80fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8c80fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;epopeia de Gesar ha complert diverses funcions pol\u00edtiques en els darrers segles. A finals de la dinastia Qing es considerava un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de l&#8217;autonomia tibetana, i durant el per\u00edode republic\u00e0, una expressi\u00f3 de la germanor mongolo-tibetana.<\/p><p>A la Rep\u00fablica Popular de la Xina, Gesar es presenta oficialment com a \u00abheroi de la fam\u00edlia multi\u00e8tnica xinesa\u00bb, cosa que intel\u00b7lectuals tibetans com Tsering Shakya han criticat com a intent d&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3. A l&#8217;\u00cdndia i a l&#8217;exili tibet\u00e0, Gesar serveix com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> nacional de resist\u00e8ncia contra l&#8217;esborrament cultural.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tamb\u00e9 dins les religions tibetanes l&#8217;epopeia \u00e9s pol\u00edticament rellevant. Les l\u00ednies nyingma-pa i algunes kagy\u00fc emfasitzen Gesar com a senyor protector del poble tibet\u00e0, mentre que la tradici\u00f3 gelug-pa, a la qual pertany tamb\u00e9 el Dalai Lama, tracta l&#8217;epopeia amb m\u00e9s dist\u00e0ncia, perqu\u00e8 conserva molts elements prebudistes.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel ha analitzat aquestes l\u00ednies de tensi\u00f3 com a expressi\u00f3 t\u00edpica de la pluralitat interna de la religi\u00f3 tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4695fd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4695fd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b02e27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b02e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3 de cantors i composici\u00f3 oral<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ce5353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els narradors de l&#8217;epopeia de Gesar es divideixen, en l&#8217;\u00fas tibet\u00e0, en diverses categories: \u00abbabs sgrung\u00bb (cantors als quals l&#8217;epopeia ha \u00abbaixat\u00bb a trav\u00e9s de visions o tr\u00e0ngol), \u00abthos sgrung\u00bb (cantors auditius, que han apr\u00e9s escoltant), \u00abdgongs sgrung\u00bb (aprenents per transmissi\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritual<\/span>) i \u00abbrda sgrung\u00bb (cantors de signes, que treballen amb suports escrits).<\/p><p>Aquesta classificaci\u00f3 ja apareix en els primers informes de Rolf Alfred Stein a \u00abL&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e tib\u00e9taine de Gesar dans sa version lama\u00efque de Ling\u00bb (Par\u00eds 1956) i a \u00abRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u00bb (Par\u00eds 1959).<\/p><p>Stein hi documenta les biografies de diversos cantors, la majoria dels quals havien patit, en la joventut, una malaltia greu o un episodi de tr\u00e0ngol, despr\u00e9s del qual els havien \u00absortit\u00bb els episodis de l&#8217;epopeia.<\/p><p>Aquesta observaci\u00f3 va ser confirmada per Yang Enhong (\u00abA Comparative Study of the Singing Styles of Mongolian and Tibetan Geser\/Gesar Artists\u00bb, 2002) i Lauran Hartley per als cantors actuals de les prov\u00edncies de Qinghai i Sichuan.<\/p>\n<p>Geoffrey Samuel, a \u00abCivilized Shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan Societies\u00bb (Washington 1993) i en el seu recull posterior \u00abTantric Revisionings\u00bb (Aldershot 2005), ha mostrat que els tipus de cantors s&#8217;emparenten tipol\u00f2gicament amb patrons d&#8217;iniciaci\u00f3 xam\u00e0nica, sense mantenir una relaci\u00f3 directa de l\u00ednia amb l&#8217;especialisme b\u00f6n.<\/p><p>La durada mitjana de la representaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un episodi complet de l&#8217;epopeia se situa, segons els registres de Stein, entre sis i dotze hores; l&#8217;epopeia completa, en els seus 120 episodis transmesos avui dia, compr\u00e8n, segons estimacions de Donald Lopez i Yang Enhong, aproximadament un mili\u00f3 de versos, cosa que la converteix en una de les epopeies orals m\u00e9s extenses del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56fff50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56fff50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7005d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7005d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 mongola, buriata i ladakhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302d3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"302d3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La versi\u00f3 mongola de l&#8217;epopeia, \u00abGeser Khan\u00bb, es va transmetre a trav\u00e9s de Mong\u00f2lia i Buri\u00e0tia en paral\u00b7lel amb la tradici\u00f3 tibetana i es conserva en diverses versions manuscrites. La m\u00e9s important \u00e9s la \u00abEdici\u00f3 xilogr\u00e0fica de Pequ\u00edn\u00bb de 1716, publicada sota l&#8217;emperador Kangxi, que situa la cultura cortesana mongola en una relaci\u00f3 de protecci\u00f3 amb el complex de Geser. Walther Heissig ha demostrat a \u00abGeser-Studien.<\/p><p>Untersuchungen zu den Erz\u00e4hlstoffen in den neuen Kapiteln des mongolischen Geser-Zyklus\u00bb (Wiesbaden 1983), aix\u00ed com en diversos volums de la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 \u00abAsiatische Forschungen\u00bb, que les versions mongoles ometen alguns episodis tibetans i, en canvi, incorporen material \u00e8pic local mongol (l&#8217;espasa de Geser, el combat contra el Mangus de dotze caps).<\/p><p>Els cantants buriats (\u00ab\u00fclgershin\u00bb) van desenvolupar a partir d&#8217;aix\u00f2 una tradici\u00f3 \u00e8pica pr\u00f2pia, en la qual Geser esdev\u00e9 un fill del cel provinent del pante\u00f3 estepari septentrional.<\/p>\n<p>A Ladakh es documenta una forma narrativa pr\u00f2pia, editada per August Hermann Francke sota el t\u00edtol \u00abKesar Saga\u00bb en diversos volums de l&#8217;\u00abAsiatic Society of Bengal\u00bb (1905 a 1909). Francke havia recollit pr\u00e8viament, durant m\u00e9s de deu anys a Khalatse i Leh, versions orals, i les va publicar en transcripci\u00f3 tibetana amb traducci\u00f3 anglesa.<\/p><p>Aquesta edici\u00f3 \u00e9s valuosa des del punt de vista cr\u00edtic de les fonts perqu\u00e8 documenta una regi\u00f3 perif\u00e8rica occidental de la tradici\u00f3, en la qual Geser encara no est\u00e0 plenament integrat en el marc doctrinal budista, sin\u00f3 que conserva trets d&#8217;un heroi solar i reial preexistent al budisme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd96ac9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd96ac9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be9da4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be9da4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbolisme i representaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6868e04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6868e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la tradici\u00f3 pict\u00f2rica, Gesar es representa com un genet guerrer, sovint amb cuirassa de ferro, llan\u00e7a, arc, casc emplomallat i muntant un cavall velo\u00e7 com el vent.<\/p><p>El seu cavall blanc Kyang Bu, d&#8217;origen celestial, forma part fixa de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estudia els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span>. En els thangkas, Gesar apareix de vegades al centre d&#8217;un mandala, envoltat pels seus 30 herois i els quatre reis dels punts cardinals. Aquestes representacions estan documentades en gran nombre des del segle XVII.<\/p>\n\n<p>El vincle amb els quatre reis celestials dona a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estudia els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> de Gesar una dimensi\u00f3 cosmol\u00f2gica que va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la seva funci\u00f3 purament heroica. Andreas Gruschke ha mostrat en els seus treballs sobre l&#8217;art d&#8217;Amdo que els thangkas i les pintures murals dedicades a Gesar presenten una gran diversitat regional i que els monestirs del Tibet oriental han desenvolupat una tradici\u00f3 pict\u00f2rica especialment rica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3271,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Rei Gesar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Rei Gesar \u2013 Epopeia heroica tibetana | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"El rei Gesar de Ling \u00e9s l'heroi de l'epopeia m\u00e9s llarga del m\u00f3n: Tibet, Mong\u00f2lia, Bhutan. Encarnaci\u00f3 de Padmasambhava, patr\u00f3 dels guerrers.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171860","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Rei Gesar \u2013 Epopeia heroica tibetana | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El rei Gesar de Ling \u00e9s l&#039;heroi de l&#039;epopeia m\u00e9s llarga del m\u00f3n: Tibet, Mong\u00f2lia, Bhutan. 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