{"id":171857,"date":"2026-09-05T15:43:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171857"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:09:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:09:01","slug":"epona","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/epona\/","title":{"rendered":"Epona"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171857\" class=\"elementor elementor-171857 elementor-3048 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff0e099 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff0e099\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6974cef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6974cef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec56d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ec56d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1d5167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1d5167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Epona, deessa c\u00e8ltica del cavall<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b51227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b51227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona \u00e9s una deessa gal\u00b7loromana del cavall, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> de la qual est\u00e0 documentat del segle I al III despr\u00e9s de Crist a tot l&#8217;imperi occidental. Va ser venerada per pobles c\u00e8ltics de genets gals i es va difondre molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la seva zona d&#8217;origen a trav\u00e9s de les tropes auxiliars muntades de l&#8217;ex\u00e8rcit rom\u00e0.<\/p><p>Inscripcions i relleus votius la mostren majorit\u00e0riament com una dona asseguda sobre un cavall o entre dos cavalls, amb una banya de l&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia, un cistell o una p\u00e0tera a la m\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c120e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66c120e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08de5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"08de5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder personificat suprem dins el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'acci\u00f3 clars: forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">Deessa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/celtic\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f3 c\u00e8ltica de l'Europa occidental i les illes brit\u00e0niques, transmesa mitol\u00f2gicament a trav\u00e9s de textos irlandesos i gal\u00b7lesos.\">C\u00e8ltic<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3da32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f3da32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab5f8e1 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ab5f8e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b10eb2a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b10eb2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2e912 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa2e912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173464\" alt=\"Epona - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 c\u00e8ltica, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 historicista\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b775121 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b775121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a5dc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58a5dc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baf0e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"baf0e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i testimonis antics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a615986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a615986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia de la majoria de divinitats c\u00e8ltiques, la documentaci\u00f3 sobre Epona \u00e9s extraordin\u00e0riament rica. S&#8217;han documentat m\u00e9s de 300 inscripcions i m\u00e9s de 150 representacions iconogr\u00e0fiques, sobretot procedents de la G\u00e0l\u00b7lia, les regions del Rin i el Danubi, Brit\u00e0nia i It\u00e0lia.<\/p><p>Apuleu la menciona a les \u00abMetamorfosis\u00bb (III, 27) com a exemple de la veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;imatgets divins a les cavallerisses. Juvenal ridiculitza a la s\u00e0tira VIII, 157 els genets romans que \u00abadoren Epona i fastigoses imatges de cavalls\u00bb. El seu nom tamb\u00e9 apareix a l&#8217;\u00abApologeticum\u00bb de Tertul\u00b7li\u00e0 i en Minuci F\u00e8lix.<\/p>\n\n<p>Bernhard Maier va assenyalar a \u00abDie Religion der Kelten\u00bb (2001) que Epona \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00fanica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> gal\u00b7loromana que va entrar al calendari oficial de festes rom\u00e0 (Feriale Duranum), fet que documenta la gran estima que li tenien les unitats de cavalleria militars.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green va recollir sistem\u00e0ticament el material iconogr\u00e0fic a \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span> and Image in Celtic Religious Art\u00bb (1989) i hi va distingir tres tipus de representaci\u00f3: Epona a cavall, Epona entre dos cavalls i Epona com a matrona imperial amb refer\u00e8ncia equina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b771b95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b771b95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5baf139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5baf139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f92fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f92fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom Epona prov\u00e9 de l&#8217;arrel c\u00e8ltica *epo- (\u00abcavall\u00bb, emparentada amb el llat\u00ed equus i el grec hippos) i del sufix -ona, utilitzat sovint en te\u00f2nims gal\u00b7loromans per formar noms de deesses femenines, comparable a Sirona, Damona o Belisama.<\/p><p>El significat es pot traduir com \u00absenyora dels cavalls\u00bb o \u00abdeessa del cavall\u00bb. Wolfgang Meid, en treballs sobre l&#8217;onom\u00e0stica gal\u00b7la, ha descrit aquesta formaci\u00f3 com t\u00edpicament gal\u00b7la i compatible amb la distribuci\u00f3 de les inscripcions.<\/p>\n\n<p>Des de la perspectiva de la celtologia, Epona pertany a un grup de deesses-animal la funci\u00f3 de les quals est\u00e0 vinculada a un animal concret. Helmut Birkhan va interpretar aquest grup a \u00abKelten\u00bb (1997) com una expressi\u00f3 t\u00edpica d&#8217;una societat marcada per la ramaderia i l&#8217;equitaci\u00f3, en la qual el cavall no nom\u00e9s era central econ\u00f2micament, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 ocupava un paper mediador espiritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f305b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f305b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d2ca642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a73cf16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a73cf16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;esquema iconogr\u00e0fic m\u00e9s freq\u00fcent mostra Epona com una dona jove asseguda de costat sobre un cavall que camina cap a la dreta. Porta una t\u00fanica llarga, sovint amb els cabells recollits, i sost\u00e9 una p\u00e0tera, una banya de l&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia o un cistell amb fruites.<\/p><p>En una segona variant, apareix dreta entre dos cavalls col\u00b7locats sim\u00e8tricament, als quals alimenta o guia, una composici\u00f3 que recorda la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi dels continguts d'una imatge i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> de les matrones renanes. Una tercera variant la mostra entronitzada amb un poltre als seus peus.<\/p>\n\n<p>Els atributs simb\u00f2lics indiquen funcions que van m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la simple compet\u00e8ncia equina. La banya de l&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia i el cistell de pa la relacionen amb la fertilitat i l&#8217;alimentaci\u00f3, el que suggereix una esfera m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia de \u00abprove\u00efment\u00bb.<\/p><p>Marie-Louise Sjoestedt ja va destacar el 1940 aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 entre la cria de cavalls, la riquesa i la fertilitat com un tret t\u00edpic de la religiositat gal\u00b7la. Treballs recents de Garrett Olmsted i Miranda Aldhouse-Green recolzen aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 amb material iconogr\u00e0fic m\u00e9s ampli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf68cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1bf68cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f16de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33f16de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Distribuci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a463e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a463e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les zones nuclears del culte a Epona s\u00f3n la G\u00e0l\u00b7lia oriental, la regi\u00f3 del Rin amb els grans campaments militars de Mag\u00fancia, Col\u00f2nia i Bonn, l&#8217;avantpa\u00eds alp\u00ed noric i les prov\u00edncies del Danubi.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 es troben inscripcions a Brit\u00e0nia i Hisp\u00e0nia, sovint en llocs on hi havia tropes auxiliars muntades. A la zona nuclear it\u00e0lica, Epona \u00e9s menys freq\u00fcent, per\u00f2 queda testimoniada indirectament per la seva incorporaci\u00f3 al calendari rom\u00e0 i per refer\u00e8ncies liter\u00e0ries com la de Juvenal.<\/p>\n\n<p>Les inscripcions estan redactades en llat\u00ed i solen anomenar Epona amb l&#8217;ep\u00edtet \u00abAugusta\u00bb o \u00abRegina\u00bb, el que documenta la transici\u00f3 del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> local a religi\u00f3 oficial de l&#8217;Imperi. Els dedicants s\u00f3n sovint soldats de les tropes auxiliars, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 criadors de cavalls civils, carreters i genets. La dispersi\u00f3 social \u00e9s m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia que en moltes altres divinitats gal\u00b7les.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972cde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9972cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4899a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4899a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funcions i paper religi\u00f3s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2dc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona era responsable de la fertilitat dels cavalls, del seu part segur, de la seva protecci\u00f3 a l&#8217;estable i en els viatges llargs. Els genets l&#8217;invocaven abans de les batalles, els carreters abans dels viatges llargs, els pagesos abans de la sembra. La combinaci\u00f3 de compet\u00e8ncia equina i simbolisme general d&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia la va convertir en una deessa protectora de la llar, la casa i el viatge.<\/p>\n\n<p>Alguns investigadors, com R\u00e9ne Magnen i Garrett Olmsted, han dedu\u00eft un paper especial com a figura psicopompa, \u00e9s a dir, com a acompanyant de les \u00e0nimes cap a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n, a partir de la vinculaci\u00f3 entre el cavall i el viatge.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier considera aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 possible, per\u00f2 no confirmada de manera clara per les fonts antigues. La majoria d&#8217;inscripcions i imatges tenen un car\u00e0cter votiu i de dedicaci\u00f3, sense una significaci\u00f3 relacionada amb l&#8217;altra vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec119bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec119bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c034a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c034a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaci\u00f3 amb altres deesses del cavall<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos en una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> gal\u00b7lesa, Rhiannon apareix al \u00abMabinogi\u00bb com hereva altmedieval d&#8217;una antiga deessa dels cavalls. Arriba a Pwyll damunt un cavall d&#8217;un blanc resplendent, \u00e9s acusada injustament d&#8217;infanticidi i, com a c\u00e0stig, ha de portar viatgers a l&#8217;esquena fins al castell.<\/p><p>Aquest relat \u00e9s considerat per molts celt\u00f2legs com el record fragmentari d&#8217;una deessa dels cavalls del tipus d&#8217;Epona. No es pot establir una l\u00ednia ling\u00fc\u00edstica directa, per\u00f2 el parentiu funcional \u00e9s evident.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tamb\u00e9 la deessa irlandesa Macha, que embarassada corre una cursa de cavalls i, despr\u00e9s de guanyar, cau v\u00edctima de dolors de part, s&#8217;inscriu en aquest context. Marie-Louise Sjoestedt va agrupar Macha, Rhiannon i Epona sota la denominaci\u00f3 de \u00abdeesses c\u00e8ltiques del cavall\u00bb, amb una funci\u00f3 comuna centrada en la uni\u00f3 entre cavall, sobirania i territori.<\/p><p>John Carey ha matisat aquesta agrupaci\u00f3 en treballs m\u00e9s recents; considera que Macha \u00e9s sobretot una deessa reial i de la sobirania, i que el seu aspecte equ\u00ed constitueix un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> independent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41645b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b41645b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a198b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3a198b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supressi\u00f3 cristiana i perviv\u00e8ncia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc42d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bc42d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amb la cristianitzaci\u00f3 de la G\u00e0l\u00b7lia als segles IV i V, Epona desapareix de les inscripcions p\u00fabliques. En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit rural, les restes del seu culte es van mantenir m\u00e9s temps, com mostren actes sinodals del segle VI que prohibeixen cultes pagans dels cavalls i ritus a les cavallerisses.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier i Bernadette Filotas (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sin\u00f2nim de pag\u00e0; pertanyent a una religi\u00f3 precristiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pagan<\/span> Survivals\u00bb, 2005) han interpretat aquestes prohibicions com a testimoni indirecte d&#8217;una llarga perviv\u00e8ncia de la deessa dels cavalls.<\/p>\n\n<p>De la baixa edat mitjana ja no es poden documentar records clars d&#8217;Epona. Tradicions populars posteriors que associen el cavall amb la protecci\u00f3 i la sort, com penjar ferradures, no es poden relacionar directament amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> d&#8217;Epona, sin\u00f3 que s\u00f3n desenvolupaments aut\u00f2noms que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia la cultura quotidiana, els costums i les tradicions transmeses.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklor\u00edstica<\/span> del segle XIX va documentar i estudiar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0922de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0922de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9920ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9920ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3 i recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c7f78d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c7f78d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La investigaci\u00f3 moderna sobre Epona comen\u00e7a amb la recopilaci\u00f3 fonamental de materials de R\u00e9ne Magnen, que \u00c9mile Th\u00e9venot va publicar el 1975 amb el t\u00edtol \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise des chevaux\u00bb. Encara avui \u00e9s la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 de fonts central. Miranda Aldhouse-Green en va presentar una an\u00e0lisi iconogr\u00e0fica sistem\u00e0tica. Helmut Birkhan i Bernhard Maier han aprofundit la seva ubicaci\u00f3 dins la hist\u00f2ria religiosa del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> galorom\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n<p>En la recepci\u00f3 neopagana moderna, Epona \u00e9s venerada com a deessa protectora dels cavalls i dels viatges. Federacions d&#8217;esports eq\u00fcestres a Fran\u00e7a i Alemanya la fan servir de vegades com a figura simb\u00f2lica.<\/p><p>En la literatura de fantasia i en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit dels jocs de rol apareix regularment, per exemple com a inspiraci\u00f3 del nom en el joc \u00abThe Legend of Zelda\u00bb. Aquestes refer\u00e8ncies en la cultura popular tenen poc a veure amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> antic pel que fa al contingut, per\u00f2 mantenen el nom present en la consci\u00e8ncia p\u00fablica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83329fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83329fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da26b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8da26b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suport social del culte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614e44f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"614e44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El material epigr\u00e0fic permet una descripci\u00f3 relativament precisa del suport social del culte. Aproximadament dos ter\u00e7os de les dedicat\u00f2ries conservades provenen de militars, especialment de genets de les ales i de les cohorts equitades, estacionats a les prov\u00edncies frontereres de l&#8217;Imperi. Tamb\u00e9 hi ha documentats alts oficials, com a prefectes i tribuns, com a donants.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit civil, destaquen com a donants els carreters, criadors de cavalls, muleters i encarregats de postes, fet que subratlla la vinculaci\u00f3 de la deessa amb el transport. Ocasionalment es troben dedicat\u00f2ries fetes per dones de les elits locals, que van triar Epona com a deessa protectora personal.<\/p>\n\n<p>Una particularitat \u00e9s la veneraci\u00f3 m\u00faltiple d&#8217;Epona juntament amb les \u00abEponabus\u00bb, \u00e9s a dir, \u00ables Epones\u00bb en plural. Aquesta forma poc freq\u00fcent es documenta sobretot a la zona del Rin i suggereix una multiplicaci\u00f3 de la figura en un grup de deesses del cavall, comparable a les tr\u00edades de les Matronae.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green ha interpretat aquesta forma com un indici d&#8217;una veneraci\u00f3 col\u00b7lectiva m\u00e9s antiga, de la qual es va desenvolupar Epona com a figura individualitzada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fde11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10fde11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7ddf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a7ddf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testimonis epigr\u00e0fics clau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13348ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13348ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El grup central de fonts per al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> d&#8217;Epona \u00e9s format per unes dues-centes cinquanta inscripcions conservades, documentades al \u00abCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum\u00bb i a \u00abL&#8217;Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique\u00bb.<\/p><p>Entre els testimonis m\u00e9s importants hi ha el relleu votiu de Mag\u00fancia CIL XIII 11801, en el qual un soldat de la Legio XXII Primigenia dedica un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> a \u00abEpona Augusta\u00bb, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport permanent.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> de Carnuntum CIL III 4438 procedent del quarter de l&#8217;Ala I Thracum, i les inscripcions votives d&#8217;Antunnacum (avui Andernach) i de la gal\u00b7la Al\u00e8sia.<\/p><p>Un lloc especial ocupa la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport permanent.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> llatina tardana CIL XII 1797 de Vienne, que designa Epona com \u00abEpona Regina\u00bb i formula aix\u00ed la pretensi\u00f3 d&#8217;una deessa protectora concebuda a escala supraregional.<\/p><p>Hubert Cancik i Manfred Clauss han precisat, a la \u00abEpigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg\u00bb i en els comentaris que l&#8217;acompanyen, la base social dels dedicants: es tracta majorit\u00e0riament de genets professionals, personal d&#8217;estables i veterans amb tracte amb cavalls, a m\u00e9s d&#8217;alguns dedicants privats d&#8217;origen rural.<\/p>\n<p>Anne-Marie Pailler ha analitzat estad\u00edsticament la distribuci\u00f3 de les inscripcions a \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise\u00bb (Bordeus, 2006) i ha assenyalat la concentraci\u00f3 a la regi\u00f3 del Rin i el Mosel\u00b7la, a Pann\u00f2nia i al nord d&#8217;It\u00e0lia. Les datacions van des de finals del segle I fins a principis del segle IV dC, amb un punt culminant sota els Severs.<\/p><p>\u00c9s remarcable el nombre esc\u00e0s de testimonis del territori nuclear dels pobles gals al Mac\u00eds Central, fet que Patrice Lajoye interpreta, en el seu recull d&#8217;assaigs \u00abCultes des sources et des eaux en Gaule\u00bb (2017), com un indici de que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> d&#8217;Epona documentat arqueol\u00f2gicament representa ja una transformaci\u00f3 romano-militar d&#8217;una veneraci\u00f3 gal\u00b7la anterior, sense testimonis escrits.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6d7250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6d7250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac05975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac05975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mencions liter\u00e0ries de l'antiguitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5368abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5368abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les poques mencions liter\u00e0ries d&#8217;Epona en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> romana s\u00f3n molt interessants des del punt de vista cr\u00edtic perqu\u00e8 mostren l&#8217;estatus marginal d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> \u00abprovincial\u00bb des de la perspectiva de l&#8217;elit de Roma.<\/p><p>Juvenal es burla, en la vuitena s\u00e0tira (versos 156 a 157), d&#8217;un consular que \u00abiurat solam Eponam\u00bb en abeurar els cavalls, \u00e9s a dir, que nom\u00e9s coneix Epona i no els d\u00e9us romans oficials. Apuleu, a \u00abMetamorfosis\u00bb III 27, esmenta un n\u00ednxol amb una imatge d&#8217;Epona a l&#8217;estable d&#8217;una finca provincial, decorat amb roses fresques.<\/p><p>Minuci F\u00e8lix, a \u00abOctavius\u00bb 28, esmenta la veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Epona com a exemple de les \u00abdivinitats animals i d&#8217;estable\u00bb de les prov\u00edncies, contra les quals polemitza.<\/p><p>Tertul\u00b7li\u00e0 (\u00abApologeticum\u00bb 16, \u00abAd nationes\u00bb I 11) recull aquesta pol\u00e8mica i cita Epona com a exemple del rid\u00edcul de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda per una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> pagana. Aquestes notes liter\u00e0ries reforcen la impressi\u00f3 que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> d&#8217;Epona era sobretot un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> de les classes baixes, de les tropes auxiliars de cavalleria i de les explotacions rurals.<\/p>\n<p>A m\u00e9s, la \u00abHistoria Augusta\u00bb, a la \u00abVita Veri\u00bb 6, transmet una an\u00e8cdota segons la qual Lucius Verus, en la guerra contra els parts, portava amb ell un cap de cavall de fusta com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> d&#8217;Epona.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier assenyala, en els seus treballs sobre la religi\u00f3 galoromana, que la \u00abHistoria Augusta\u00bb \u00e9s poc fiable des del punt de vista cr\u00edtic, per\u00f2 que aquesta nota reflecteix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte transm\u00e8s, repetit regularment dins d'una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> real de les unitats de cavalleria romanes de col\u00b7locar petites imatges d&#8217;Epona als seus quarters. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica est\u00e0 confirmada arqueol\u00f2gicament per troballes als castells de Saalburg, Niederbieber i Carnuntum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a6cd4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30a6cd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d09aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28d09aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Problemes metodol\u00f2gics de la recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e120bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e120bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre Epona s&#8217;enfronta a diverses dificultats metodol\u00f2giques. Les fonts s\u00f3n abundants, per\u00f2 estan marcades de manera constant per una perspectiva romano-provincial. Com era la forma prerromana i purament c\u00e8ltica del culte ja no es pot reconstruir.<\/p><p>Les inscripcions s\u00f3n llatines, les representacions art\u00edstiques segueixen convencions romanes i els testimonis literaris procedeixen exclusivament d&#8217;autors romans. D&#8217;aquest material no se&#8217;n pot extreure una Epona \u00abaut\u00e8nticament c\u00e8ltica\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n<p>Alhora, identificar una composici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica amb Epona comporta riscos, ja que icones similars de genets i cavalls es feien servir tamb\u00e9 per a altres divinitats, com els genets tracis, les figures il\u00b7l\u00edries de tipus heroi o les Matronae renanes amb carro tirat per animals.<\/p><p>Garrett Olmsted ha exigit un criteri iconogr\u00e0fic prec\u00eds: nom\u00e9s les imatges confirmades per una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport permanent.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> que les acompanyi es poden considerar representacions d&#8217;Epona. Els estudis de conjunt actuals treballen amb aquest corpus m\u00e9s restringit, considerablement menor que el conjunt total d&#8217;imatges potencials.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3242,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Epona","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Epona \u2013 Deessa c\u00e8ltica del cavall | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Epona \u00e9s la deessa c\u00e8ltica del cavall, protectora dels cavalls, els genets i la fertilitat. 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