{"id":171853,"date":"2026-09-05T15:43:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171853"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:08:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:54","slug":"xi-wangmu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xi-wangmu\/","title":{"rendered":"Xi Wangmu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171853\" class=\"elementor elementor-171853 elementor-3044 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9657ee0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9657ee0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b1ecb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78b1ecb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a729d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74a729d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da3cc37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da3cc37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Xi Wangmu, Reina Mare de l'Oest<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9043efc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9043efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Xi Wangmu, la \u00abReina Mare de l&#8217;Oest\u00bb, \u00e9s una de les figures divines femenines m\u00e9s antigues i alhora m\u00e9s complexes de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> xinesa. Segons la concepci\u00f3 tradicional, resideix a les muntanyes Kunlun, a l&#8217;extrem oest, i posseeix els pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat, que maduren cada tres mil o nou mil anys.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, ha experimentat una transformaci\u00f3 notable: d&#8217;un monstre occidental arcaic i semianimal de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Shang a l&#8217;elegant reina celestial taoista de la tradici\u00f3 posterior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d13aac5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d13aac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fbc7a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5fbc7a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb atribucions clares \u2014 forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">Deessa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/china\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f3 xinesa de d\u00e9us, esperits i pr\u00e0ctiques populars \u2014 taoista, budista, confuciana.\">Xina<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-348dd89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"348dd89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c4cf6 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"54c4cf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a95859 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a95859\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08bc788 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"08bc788\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3214\" alt=\"Xi Wangmu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f79af e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1f79af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29633cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29633cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5895c46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5895c46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els primers testimonis al Shanhaijing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e617f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e617f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El testimoni m\u00e9s antic de Xi Wangmu es troba al \u00abShanhaijing\u00bb (\u00abCl\u00e0ssic de les muntanyes i els mars\u00bb), una obra les capes m\u00e9s antigues de la qual es remunten al segle IV o III abans de la nostra era.<\/p><p>El llibre \u00abMuntanyes occidentals\u00bb la descriu com un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser que reuneix trets de diverses criatures.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e9sser h\u00edbrid<\/span> amb trets humans, cua de pantera, dents de tigre i cabells salvatges, que habita en una muntanya de l&#8217;oest i \u00e9s responsable de pestes i c\u00e0stigs.<\/p><p>Aquesta figura primerenca no t\u00e9 res de graciosa; s&#8217;inscriu en una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;altres divinitats xineses arcaiques amb elements zoomorfs. Edward Schafer ha mostrat a \u00abThe Divine Woman\u00bb (San Francisco 1973) que la posterior estilitzaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica de Xi Wangmu no comen\u00e7a fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han, i reflecteix un canvi de significat profund.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca7262 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ca7262\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e575668 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e575668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La transformaci\u00f3 de l'\u00e8poca Han<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c2c7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6c2c7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han (206 abans de la nostra era fins al 220 de la nostra era), la imatge de Xi Wangmu es transforma radicalment. De deessa monstruosa de la pesta passa a ser la donadora de la immortalitat.<\/p><p>Els pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat, que creixen als seus arbres del Kunlun, esdevenen el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> central. L&#8217;\u00e8poca Han coneix una intensa preocupaci\u00f3 per la recerca de la immortalitat corporal (xian), i Xi Wangmu es converteix en la patrona suprema d&#8217;aquesta recerca.<\/p><p>Al \u00abHuainanzi\u00bb (segle II abans de la nostra era) \u00e9s la guardiana de l&#8217;elixir de la immortalitat, que l&#8217;arquer Hou Yi rep d&#8217;ella i que la seva dona Chang&#8217;e s&#8217;emporta despr\u00e9s a la lluna. Aquest relat vincula la Reina Mare de l&#8217;Oest amb la deessa lunar i estableix una dimensi\u00f3 astron\u00f2mica i cosmol\u00f2gica profunda.<\/p>\n<p>Un episodi significatiu \u00e9s la llegend\u00e0ria trobada de Xi Wangmu amb el rei Mu de Zhou, transmesa al \u00abMu Tianzi Zhuan\u00bb (segle IV o III abans de la nostra era). El rei viatja cap a l&#8217;oest, troba la Reina Mare en una de les seves muntanyes i intercanvia poemes amb ella.<\/p><p>Aquesta trobada va ser represa moltes vegades en la literatura i l&#8217;art xinesos posteriors, i simbolitzava la connexi\u00f3 del sobir\u00e0 terrenal amb els poders div\u00ed\u00adns de l&#8217;oest. Stephen Bokenkamp (\u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb, Berkeley 1997) ha analitzat la import\u00e0ncia d&#8217;aquest relat per a l&#8217;autolegitimaci\u00f3 dels primers moviments taoistes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691b21f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"691b21f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96514c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96514c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d9a7f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d9a7f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els Pantao, els pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat, s\u00f3n l&#8217;atribut ic\u00f2nic m\u00e9s important de Xi Wangmu. Segons la tradici\u00f3, maduren nom\u00e9s cada tres mil anys; algunes versions parlen de tres mil, sis mil i nou mil anys per a tres varietats diferents. Qui menja una fruita es converteix en xian, en immortal.<\/p><p>A \u00abViatge a l&#8217;Oest\u00bb (Xiyou Ji), el saqueig del jard\u00ed de pr\u00e9ssecs pel rei dels micos Sun Wukong \u00e9s un dels episodis m\u00e9s coneguts de la literatura novel\u00b7l\u00edstica xinesa. Aquesta elaboraci\u00f3 narrativa \u00e9s liter\u00e0ria, per\u00f2 es basa en un complex mitol\u00f2gic que existeix des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9650940 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9650940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45570bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45570bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinculaci\u00f3 amb Yu Huang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c03cc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c03cc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amb l&#8217;establiment de l&#8217;Emperador de Jade a l&#8217;\u00e8poca Song, Xi Wangmu es converteix en la \u00abMare Reial\u00bb (Wangmu Niangniang), la seva esposa. Aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 \u00e9s, des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, una construcci\u00f3 tardana que uneix dos complexos divins originalment separats. En aquesta constel\u00b7laci\u00f3, ella governa la meitat femenina del pante\u00f3 celestial i \u00e9s patrona de les immortals femenines, les dones xian.<\/p><p>Les seves set filles s\u00f3n figures centrals en els relats de la religi\u00f3 popular, sobretot la setena filla, Zhin\u00fc, la \u00abNoia Teixidora\u00bb, la hist\u00f2ria de la qual amb el pastor Niulang dona origen a la festa de Qixi, el set\u00e8 dia del set\u00e8 mes lunar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b0f263 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b0f263\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27c5721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"27c5721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99476c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99476c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La transformaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica de Xi Wangmu mostra un canvi de significat exemplar per a la hist\u00f2ria de les religions xineses. Els relleus de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han dels enterraments de Sichuan i Shandong encara la mostren sovint amb el tocat Sheng, un adorn caracter\u00edstic semblant a la llan\u00e7adora d&#8217;un teler, i amb el seu animal acompanyant, l&#8217;ocell de tres potes que li porta el menjar, aix\u00ed com la guineu de nou cues i la llebre lunar.<\/p><p>A partir de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Tang, la seva representaci\u00f3 es transforma en una dama idealitzada de la cort, amb vestits llargs, sovint amb un pr\u00e9ssec o una ploma de f\u00e8nix. A les \u00e8poques Ming i Qing, iconogr\u00e0ficament ja gaireb\u00e9 no es distingeix d&#8217;altres dames celestials taoistes; el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> continua sent el pr\u00e9ssec.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52bbc08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52bbc08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b24c721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b24c721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-026d838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"026d838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Xi Wangmu s\u00f3n molt estesos a la Xina, i es concentren especialment a l&#8217;oest i al nord del pa\u00eds. El palau Wangmu a la muntanya Huashan, a Shaanxi, \u00e9s un dels santuaris m\u00e9s famosos. Les seves festivitats cauen el tercer dia del tercer mes lunar (el seu aniversari) i el dia 18 del set\u00e8 mes lunar (dia de la festa dels pr\u00e9ssecs).<\/p><p>En aquests dies s&#8217;ofrenen pastissos de pr\u00e9ssec i fideus de la longevitat. A Taiwan i a la di\u00e0spora xinesa, la seva veneraci\u00f3 \u00e9s viva, especialment vinculada al desig de longevitat i associada a les celebracions d&#8217;aniversari dels membres m\u00e9s grans de la fam\u00edlia, als quals sovint es regalen escultures de pr\u00e9ssec fetes de pasta d&#8217;arr\u00f2s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b1d2b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b1d2b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b78191 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b78191\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Motiu occidental i contactes culturals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d6afc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30d6afc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La ubicaci\u00f3 de Xi Wangmu a l&#8217;\u00abextrem occident\u00bb \u00e9s un element interessant des del punt de vista de la geografia religiosa. En la consci\u00e8ncia de la primera \u00e8poca Han, l&#8217;extrem occident conegut se situava a les regions de l&#8217;actual Xinjiang, Kazakhstan i Iran. La Reina Mare es va convertir aix\u00ed en la personificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica de l&#8217;exterior desconegut.<\/p><p>Amb l&#8217;obertura de la Ruta de la Seda a partir de finals del segle II abans de la nostra era, van sorgir efectivament connexions amb regnes occidentals, i l&#8217;inter\u00e8s per Xi Wangmu es va intensificar.<\/p><p>Edward Schafer ha considerat en diversos estudis la possibilitat que concepcions religioses iranianes o de l&#8217;\u00c0sia central s&#8217;hagin incorporat a la configuraci\u00f3 posterior de la Reina Mare, sense que es pugui demostrar una via de transmissi\u00f3 directa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b4585 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5b4585\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0a352 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad0a352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apropiaci\u00f3 daoista<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58fef7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58fef7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dins del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religioso-filos\u00f2fica xinesa que s'orienta pel Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisme<\/span> organitzat, especialment a l&#8217;escola Shangqing dels segles IV al VI, Xi Wangmu es va convertir en la suprema mestra femenina de la immortalitat. Se li atribueix la revelaci\u00f3 de diversos textos centrals de l&#8217;escola, entre ells instruccions per a la meditaci\u00f3 respirat\u00f2ria i l&#8217;alqu\u00edmia interior. Suzanne Cahill, a \u00abTranscendence and Divine Passion.<\/p><p>The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China\u00bb (Stanford 1993), ha examinat detalladament aquesta apropiaci\u00f3 daoista i ha mostrat que Xi Wangmu ocupa a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Shangqing una posici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia, independent de la jerarquia posterior de car\u00e0cter confuci\u00e0.<\/p><p>El seu estudi tamb\u00e9 mostra que les practicants daoistes femenines trobaven en Xi Wangmu una figura d&#8217;identificaci\u00f3 directa, l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia de la qual no estava legitimada per cap mediaci\u00f3 masculina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71eb24 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c71eb24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6192592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6192592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f84b2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f84b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anne Birrell i Sarah Allan han assenyalat, de manera independent, que Xi Wangmu, com a figura divina, encarna un pas d&#8217;una concepci\u00f3 arcaica i naturalment m\u00e0gica cap a una concepci\u00f3 cortesana i civilitzadora.<\/p><p>Els pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat no simbolitzen nom\u00e9s el poder sobre la vida i la mort, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 una imatge de la cultivaci\u00f3, ja que el pr\u00e9ssec \u00e9s un fruit conscientment conreat i representa per tant un assoliment civilitzador.<\/p><p>En aquesta tensi\u00f3 entre poder salvatge i dignitat cultivada rau un dels fonaments del significat perdurable de Xi Wangmu per a la religi\u00f3 xinesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da9250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7da9250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7e447a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7e447a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia complement\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a634e28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a634e28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fonts prim\u00e0ries: Shanhaijing (\u00abCl\u00e0ssic de les muntanyes i els mars\u00bb), llibre \u00abMuntanyes occidentals\u00bb; Mu Tianzi Zhuan (segles IV al III abans de la nostra era); Huainanzi; relleus funeraris de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han de Sichuan i Shandong; textos Shangqing dels segles IV al VI; Viatge a l&#8217;Occident (Xiyou Ji).<\/p>\n<p>Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: Edward Schafer, \u00abThe Divine Woman\u00bb, San Francisco 1973; Suzanne Cahill, \u00abTranscendence and Divine Passion. The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China\u00bb, Stanford 1993; Anne Birrell, \u00abChinese Mythology.<\/p><p>An Introduction\u00bb, Baltimore 1993; Stephen Bokenkamp, \u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb, Berkeley 1997; Sarah Allan, \u00abThe Shape of the Turtle\u00bb, Albany 1991; Mark Lewis, \u00abThe Construction of Space in Early China\u00bb, Albany 2006.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6047f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b6047f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-515b864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"515b864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La muntanya Kunlun com a lloc c\u00f2smic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fef03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5fef03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La muntanya Kunlun, on segons la tradici\u00f3 resideix Xi Wangmu, \u00e9s un lloc c\u00f2smic central en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> xinesa.<\/p><p>Geogr\u00e0ficament sol identificar-se amb l&#8217;actual serralada de Kunlun a Xinjiang o amb les serres del Tibet oriental, per\u00f2 mitol\u00f2gicament \u00e9s sobretot una muntanya vertical, eix del m\u00f3n, comparable al Mont Meru de la tradici\u00f3 \u00edndia o a l&#8217;Olimp de la tradici\u00f3 grega.<\/p><p>Al seu cim es troba, segons la concepci\u00f3 del Huainanzi, el \u00abJard\u00ed Penjant\u00bb (Xuanpu), que porta els pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat. Del Kunlun brollen els principals rius xinesos, entre ells el Riu Groc, l&#8217;origen del qual, segons la concepci\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han, se situava en aquesta muntanya.<\/p><p>Edward Schafer ha exposat detalladament a \u00abPacing the Void\u00bb (Berkeley 1977) com el Kunlun va ser constru\u00eft en la cosmografia daoista de les \u00e8poques Han i Tang com el centre de la geografia c\u00f2smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab463b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab463b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e74366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e74366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'ocell de tres potes i la guineu de nou cues<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aaea46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aaea46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els acompanyants de Xi Wangmu, especialment en la iconografia de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han, formen un conjunt mitol\u00f2gic propi. L&#8217;ocell de tres potes (sanzu wu) \u00e9s considerat el portador d&#8217;aliments de la deessa; sovint tamb\u00e9 s&#8217;identifica amb el sol, on segons la concepci\u00f3 tradicional viu un corb de tres potes.<\/p><p>La guineu de nou cues (jiuwei hu) \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la prosperitat c\u00f2smica i de la felicitat, encara que en relats posteriors aquesta guineu ha adquirit tamb\u00e9 connotacions ambivalents, de vegades demon\u00edaques.<\/p><p>La llebre de la lluna, que picola l&#8217;elixir de la immortalitat, s&#8217;identifica en algunes versions amb la dona Chang&#8217;e, que va rebre l&#8217;elixir de Xi Wangmu i va ser transportada a la lluna. Aquestes tres figures animals formen conjuntament la cort c\u00f2smica de la Reina Mare i apareixen representades al seu voltant en nombrosos relleus funeraris de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83bf23e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83bf23e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1861bdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1861bdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Xi Wangmu i l'escola Shangqing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5de5307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5de5307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;escola Shangqing del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religioso-filos\u00f2fica xinesa que s'orienta pel Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisme<\/span>, fundada a la d\u00e8cada de 360 al sud de la Xina, ha atorgat a Xi Wangmu una posici\u00f3 especial. Segons les revelacions rebudes per Yang Xi i els seus companys, ella \u00e9s la suprema mestra femenina de la immortalitat.<\/p><p>Se li atribueix la revelaci\u00f3 de diversos textos centrals de l&#8217;escola, entre ells instruccions per a la meditaci\u00f3 respirat\u00f2ria, la imaginaci\u00f3 visual del cos interior i l&#8217;absorci\u00f3 de llums astrals.<\/p><p>Suzanne Cahill ha tradu\u00eft i comentat detalladament a \u00abTranscendence and Divine Passion\u00bb (Stanford 1993) els textos Shangqing dedicats a Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>Una de les seves observacions m\u00e9s importants \u00e9s que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Shangqing permet a les practicants femenines una identificaci\u00f3 directa amb Xi Wangmu, sense necessitat de mediaci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de mestres masculins. Aquesta constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 ha estat descrita en la investigaci\u00f3 de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions com un dels pocs espais de pr\u00e0ctica daoista aut\u00f2noms per a dones.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32649c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32649c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b9c39c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b9c39c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El pr\u00e9ssec com a s\u00edmbol cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab018e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab018e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El pr\u00e9ssec (tao), l&#8217;atribut m\u00e9s important de Xi Wangmu, \u00e9s m\u00e9s que una simple fruita en el context cultural xin\u00e8s. Representa la longevitat, t\u00e9 una efic\u00e0cia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia: dit de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span> (la fusta de presseguer s&#8217;utilitza tradicionalment per expulsar dimonis) i simbolitza la fertilitat, la joventut i la gr\u00e0cia femenina.<\/p><p>En les celebracions d&#8217;aniversari dels membres m\u00e9s grans de la fam\u00edlia, es regalen tradicionalment pastissos de pasta de riu en forma de pr\u00e9ssec (shoutao, \u00abpr\u00e9ssecs de la longevitat\u00bb). Aquesta tradici\u00f3 es remunta a la veneraci\u00f3 del Pantao de Xi Wangmu i \u00e9s un bon exemple de com una idea religiosa pot transformar-se en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de costums transmesos d'una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> cultural secular, sense que l&#8217;arrel religiosa hagi de romandre expl\u00edcitament present.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e77517 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e77517\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b8a308 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b8a308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La trobada del Mu Tianzi Zhuan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45abd8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45abd8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El \u00abMu Tianzi Zhuan\u00bb (Registres del Fill del Cel Mu), un text probablement originat a finals de la dinastia Zhou o principis de la dinastia Han, narra el viatge llegendari del rei Mu de Zhou (regnat cap al 956-918 abans de la nostra era) fins a la resid\u00e8ncia de Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>El text va ser retrobat l&#8217;any 281 de la nostra era en una tomba reial a Ji (Henan), per la qual cosa est\u00e0 testimoniat arqueol\u00f2gicament. Descriu detalladament el viatge del rei cap a l&#8217;oest, la trobada amb Xi Wangmu a la muntanya Kunlun i l&#8217;intercanvi de can\u00e7ons po\u00e8tiques entre ambd\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Aquest relat marca la transici\u00f3 de Xi Wangmu, d&#8217;una semidivinitat salvatge en els estrats m\u00e9s antics, a una reina digna que tracta de igual a igual amb el Fill del Cel. R\u00e9mi Mathieu va traduir i comentar el Mu Tianzi Zhuan al franc\u00e8s el 1978.<\/p><p>La import\u00e0ncia cient\u00edfica del text rau en el fet que documenta la transformaci\u00f3 de la deessa en una fase interm\u00e8dia: l&#8217;\u00e9sser salvatge amb dents de tigre del Shanhaijing ja hi apareix suavitzat, per\u00f2 encara falta la refinaci\u00f3 completa cap a deessa cortesana pr\u00f2pia de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10145e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c10145e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99228bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99228bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els relleus Han i el motiu de l'oest<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aafbe47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aafbe47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En els relleus funeraris de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han (segles I a III de la nostra era), Xi Wangmu \u00e9s una de les representacions m\u00e9s freq\u00fcents. Sol seure en un tron, flanquejada per l&#8217;ocell de tres potes (san zu wu), la guineu de nou cues (jiu wei hu) i la llebre lunar, que trepitja l&#8217;elixir de la immortalitat.<\/p><p>Aquests animals acompanyants s\u00f3n atributs iconogr\u00e0fics est\u00e0ndard. Suzanne Cahill (\u00abTranscendence and Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China\u00bb, Stanford 1993) ha analitzat sistem\u00e0ticament la iconografia Han i ha mostrat que els relleus es concentren en dues regions principals: Shandong i Sichuan.<\/p><p>Els relleus de Sichuan, procedents de les cambres funer\u00e0ries de Cangshan i altres llocs, s\u00f3n especialment rics en detalls i representen Xi Wangmu en una cort celestial de l&#8217;oest envoltada de nombrosos immortals. Aquesta visualitzaci\u00f3 tenia una motivaci\u00f3 religiosa-escatol\u00f2gica: s&#8217;esperava arribar fins a Xi Wangmu en l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n i assolir la immortalitat a la seva cort.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddcc500 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ddcc500\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-198facc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"198facc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El motiu del pr\u00e9ssec al Han Wudi neizhuan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9300987 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9300987\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> dels presseguers al jard\u00ed de Xi Wangmu, els fruits dels quals nom\u00e9s madurent cada 3000 o 9000 anys i concedeixen la immortalitat, \u00e9s una tradici\u00f3 antiga de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han i va rebre la seva forma can\u00f2nica al \u00abHan Wudi neizhuan\u00bb (Registres interns de l&#8217;emperador Wu dels Han, probablement segles IV a VI).<\/p><p>All\u00ed es narra com Xi Wangmu va regalar set pr\u00e9ssecs a l&#8217;emperador Wu dels Han (regnat 141-87 abans de la nostra era).<\/p><p>L&#8217;emperador va guardar els pinyols per plantar-los ell mateix, cosa que Xi Wangmu va comentar dient que aquests pr\u00e9ssecs nom\u00e9s creixien al Cel de l&#8217;Oest i no al m\u00f3n terrenal.<\/p><p>Aquest episodi \u00e9s interessant des del punt de vista de la pol\u00edtica religiosa, ja que tracta la tensi\u00f3 entre el poder imperial i la immortalitat transcendent. Al \u00abXiyou Ji\u00bb (Viatge a l&#8217;Oest, segle XVI), el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> va ser recuperat liter\u00e0riament quan Sun Wukong saqueja la plantaci\u00f3 de presseguers de Xi Wangmu, fent malb\u00e9 aix\u00ed la famosa festa buc\u00f2lica dels d\u00e9us.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab076aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab076aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070a91a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"070a91a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'escola Shangqing i la transformaci\u00f3 espiritual de Xi Wangmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1004c74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1004c74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A l&#8217;escola Shangqing del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa-filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> (fundada al segle IV de la nostra era), Xi Wangmu va experimentar una reinterpretaci\u00f3 espiritual. Es va convertir en mestra dels immortals i guardiana de les revelacions secretes.<\/p><p>Els textos Shangqing, sobretot les \u00abEscriptures veritables del Gran Pur\u00bb (Shangqing Jing), narren com Xi Wangmu es va apar\u00e8ixer a Yang Xi (330-386) i a altres visionaris a l&#8217;interior de les muntanyes, transmetent-los ensenyaments secrets.<\/p><p>Isabelle Robinet (\u00abM\u00e9ditation tao\u00efste\u00bb, Par\u00eds 1979) i Edward Schafer (\u00abMirages on the Sea of Time\u00bb, Berkeley 1985) han examinat detalladament la literatura vision\u00e0ria Shangqing. La refinaci\u00f3 de Xi Wangmu com a taoista femenina suprema queda completada en aquesta escola: es converteix en la mare de totes les immortals femenines i mestra de textos d&#8217;iniciaci\u00f3 paradigm\u00e0tics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa41cd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa41cd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d92d15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d92d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El pr\u00e9ssec com a s\u00edmbol de longevitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e41e4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e41e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El pr\u00e9ssec \u00e9s un dels s\u00edmbols de longevitat m\u00e9s destacats de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit cultural xin\u00e8s. Aquesta simbologia es remunta directament al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>En les arts pl\u00e0stiques de les dinasties Ming i Qing, el pr\u00e9ssec, junt amb la grua i el pi, s&#8217;ha convertit en una xifra visual establerta per a una vida llarga. Tamb\u00e9 en la cultura moderna de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de parla xinesa, els pr\u00e9ssecs s\u00f3n regals d&#8217;aniversari tradicionals per a les persones grans.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 popular interpreta a m\u00e9s el pr\u00e9ssec de manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia: dit de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span>: les espases de fusta de presseguer (taomu jian) es consideren eficaces contra els dimonis. Aquesta funci\u00f3 apotropaica est\u00e0 documentada al comentari del Yijing i als manuals de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Han (Shuowen Jiezi). El presseguer de Xi Wangmu no \u00e9s, per tant, nom\u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la immortalitat, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 del poder protector cosmol\u00f2gic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eef0f8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eef0f8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa7c6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5aa7c6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La llebre lunar i l'elixir de la immortalitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be3c720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be3c720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El conill de la lluna (Yutu) forma part de la cort de Xi Wangmu i tritura l&#8217;elixir de la immortalitat en un morter dins de la lluna. Aquesta representaci\u00f3 est\u00e0 documentada des dels relleus de la dinastia Han i s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s de manera similar a trav\u00e9s de Corea, el Jap\u00f3 i el Vietnam.<\/p><p>La vinculaci\u00f3 del conill amb la lluna i la immortalitat t\u00e9 possiblement un origen centreasi\u00e0tic i podria haver arribat al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de textos sagrats reconegut com a v\u00e0lid en una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> xin\u00e8s a trav\u00e9s de la Ruta de la Seda.<\/p><p>El conill apareix ja en hist\u00f2ries \u00edndies del Jataka i en mites mongolo-turcs. Edward Schafer ha analitzat en diversos estudis sobre l&#8217;\u00e8poca Tang la difusi\u00f3 transcontinental del motiu del conill lunar. En la festa moderna xinesa de la Tardor Mitjana (Zhongqiu Jie), el conill de la lluna \u00e9s una figura ic\u00f2nica central, sobretot en la literatura infantil i en el disseny dels embolcalls dels pastissos de lluna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95dbd08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"95dbd08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f7ec17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f7ec17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntes freq\u00fcents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3e0453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3e0453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Qui \u00e9s Xi Wangmu?<\/strong> La \u00abReina Mare de l&#8217;Oest\u00bb, una de les figures divines femenines m\u00e9s antigues de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> xinesa. Al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa va passar de ser una arcaica divinitat de la pesta a convertir-se en l&#8217;elegant donadora de la immortalitat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat?<\/strong> Els Pantao, que segons la tradici\u00f3 nom\u00e9s maduren cada tres mil, sis mil o nou mil anys. Qui en menja un es converteix en un xian, un immortal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>On viu Xi Wangmu?<\/strong> A la muntanya Kunlun, a l&#8217;extrem occidental. Geogr\u00e0ficament, aquesta muntanya s&#8217;identifica sovint amb l&#8217;actual serralada de Kunlun a Xinjiang o amb el Tibet oriental, per\u00f2 mitol\u00f2gicament \u00e9s sobretot una muntanya vertical de l&#8217;eix del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quina relaci\u00f3 t\u00e9 amb l&#8217;Emperador de Jade?<\/strong> En el posterior culte popular xin\u00e8s (a partir de la dinastia Song) se la venera com a esposa de l&#8217;Emperador de Jade. Aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica tardana que uneix dos complexos divins origin\u00e0riament separats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3214,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Xi Wangmu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Xi Wangmu \u2013 Reina Mare de l'Oest | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Xi Wangmu, la Reina Mare de l'Oest, guarda l'arbre de pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat. Deessa principal del taoisme, muntanyes Kunlun. Mite i culte.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"china","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171853","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Xi Wangmu \u2013 Reina Mare de l&#039;Oest | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Xi Wangmu, la Reina Mare de l&#039;Oest, guarda l&#039;arbre de pr\u00e9ssecs de la immortalitat. Deessa principal del taoisme, muntanyes Kunlun. 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