{"id":171851,"date":"2026-09-05T15:42:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:42:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171851"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:08:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:52","slug":"milarepa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/milarepa\/","title":{"rendered":"Milarepa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171851\" class=\"elementor elementor-171851 elementor-3040 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c0acb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52c0acb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0ff9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac0ff9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c2abb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c2abb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f96346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f96346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa, iogui i sant tibet\u00e0<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1d9b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1d9b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa \u00e9s un iogui i sant tibet\u00e0 el cam\u00ed vital del qual, des de la falta greu fins a la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3, \u00e9s considerat exemplar. Milarepa (en tibet\u00e0 Mila Repa, \u00abel Mila vestit de cot\u00f3\u00bb, cap al 1052-1135) \u00e9s un dels ioguis m\u00e9s coneguts de la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 tibetana.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de Padmasambhava, es tracta d&#8217;una persona hist\u00f2ricament documentada, la biografia de la qual va ser alhora fortament estilitzada des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions. \u00c9s considerat el mestre central de l&#8217;escola Kagy\u00fc, i els seus versos (mgur) figuren entre els textos m\u00e9s llegits de la literatura religiosa tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4728ea5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4728ea5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa2e6bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"aa2e6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb compet\u00e8ncies clares \u2014 forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/budisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 budista amb bodhisattvas, divinitats protectores, esperits famolencs i guardians dels inferns.\">Budisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f06c579 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f06c579\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c92ad8a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"c92ad8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d7944c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d7944c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd599cd iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dd599cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173432\" alt=\"Milarepa - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 budista, historicoil\u00b7lustratiu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61fa776 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"61fa776\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecda391 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ecda391\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d89a9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d89a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts biogr\u00e0fiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da35bc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da35bc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La descripci\u00f3 vital m\u00e9s detallada \u00e9s el \u00abNampar Tharpa\u00bb (t\u00edtol complet de l&#8217;alliberament), abreujat \u00abMila Tharpa\u00bb, escrit per Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka (1452-1507), un iogui i escriptor que va reformular Milarepa com una figura iogu\u00ed idealitzada per al seu moviment de reforma dels Kagy\u00fc tardans.<\/p><p>Aquesta vida \u00e9s liter\u00e0riament excepcional i ha estat tradu\u00efda a diverses lleng\u00fces occidentals, per\u00f2 va ser escrita uns tres-cents cinquanta anys despr\u00e9s de la mort de Milarepa i es basa en tradicions orals i escrites anteriors, algunes de les quals s&#8217;han perdut en part.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman ha reconstru\u00eft a \u00abThe Yogin and the Madman\u00bb (New York 2014) l&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 textual de la vida de Milarepa i ha demostrat que van existir com a m\u00ednim tres versions m\u00e9s antigues, algunes de les quals nom\u00e9s s&#8217;han conservat en fragments.<\/p>\n<p>El \u00abCent mil cants\u00bb (Mila Gurbum), tamb\u00e9 compilat per Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, recull els versos que Milarepa hauria improvisat en diverses situacions d&#8217;ensenyament davant deixebles i sol\u00b7licitants. Aquesta col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 \u00e9s la segona font central sobre Milarepa; els seus cants individuals estan datats de manera molt diversa i probablement reflecteixen una tradici\u00f3 formada al llarg de diversos segles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9c360 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a9c360\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a83792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a83792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Joventut i m\u00e0gia negra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a21ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16a21ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segons la vida, Milarepa va n\u00e9ixer com a fill d&#8217;un ric propietari a Kya Ngatsa, a l&#8217;oest del Tibet. El seu pare va morir aviat, i el seu oncle i la seva tia es van apropiar de la fortuna familiar i van esclavitzar la fam\u00edlia.<\/p><p>Instigat per la seva mare, Milarepa va aprendre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> negra i va matar, mitjan\u00e7ant un ritual de calamarsa, trenta-cinc parents de l&#8217;oncle, aix\u00ed com les collites que constitu\u00efen la seva riquesa.<\/p><p>El mal karma d&#8217;aquest acte el va portar m\u00e9s endavant a cercar l&#8217;alliberament religi\u00f3s. Aquest relat \u00e9s important des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3: presenta un sant que no \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a l'\u00e0mbit div\u00ed i, per tant, excl\u00f2s de l'\u00fas quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrat<\/span> des del principi, sin\u00f3 que arriba a la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 des d&#8217;una culpa profunda.<\/p><p>Donald Lopez (\u00abReligions of Tibet in Practice\u00bb, Princeton 1997) interpreta aquest element com un reflex dels ensenyaments t\u00e0ntrics, que reconeixen el \u00abcam\u00ed de la contaminaci\u00f3\u00bb (kleshamarga) com una possibilitat d&#8217;alliberament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e753fd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e753fd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84127d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84127d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marpa com a mestre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d27889e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d27889e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa va trobar el seu mestre en Marpa Ch\u00f6kyi Lodr\u00f6 (1012-1097), un traductor tibet\u00e0 que havia fet diversos viatges a l&#8217;\u00cdndia i que hi havia estat instru\u00eft per Naropa.<\/p><p>Marpa va sotmetre Milarepa, durant molts anys, a una prova extrema: el va fer construir tot sol nombroses torres de pedra, amb l&#8217;ordre d&#8217;enderrocar-les cada cop que estaven acabades.<\/p><p>La torre de Sekhar Guthok, encara conservada avui al sud del Tibet, a Lhodrak, es considera tradicionalment l&#8217;edifici definitiu que Milarepa ja no va haver d&#8217;enderrocar. Segons la vida, aquesta prova servia per purificar el mal karma de la m\u00e0gia de la calamarsa abans que Milarepa poguera rebre les iniciacions t\u00e0ntriques superiors.<\/p>\n<p>Un cop conclosa la prova, va rebre la transmissi\u00f3 completa de l&#8217;ensenyament del Mahamudra i dels Sis Ioges de Naropa, entre els quals la calor interior (tummo), el cos de llum clara (\u00f6dsal) i el ioga del somni (milam). Aquestes transmissions constitueixen el nucli de l&#8217;ensenyament Kagy\u00fc i encara avui es transmeten en llinatge ininterromput.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec45904 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec45904\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e685e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e685e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vida d'eremita a les coves<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8377eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8377eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Despr\u00e9s del per\u00edode de formaci\u00f3, Milarepa es va retirar a les coves de l&#8217;Him\u00e0laia, especialment a la regi\u00f3 del mass\u00eds de Lapchi, situat entre el Tibet i el Nepal.<\/p><p>La vida el descriu durant d\u00e8cades en ermitatges muntanyencs remots, sovint gaireb\u00e9 nu, alimentant-se d&#8217;ortiga salvatge, que se suposa que va donar al seu cos una coloraci\u00f3 verdosa. Va desenvolupar la calor interior fins a tal punt que suportava tempestes de neu vestit nom\u00e9s amb un drap de cot\u00f3 (repa), d&#8217;on prov\u00e9 el sobrenom Repa.<\/p><p>Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica tamb\u00e9 est\u00e0 documentada fora del relat hagiogr\u00e0fic dins la tradici\u00f3 iogu\u00ed tibetana; al segle XX, Alexandra David-N\u00e9el la va documentar etnogr\u00e0ficament, i estudis fisiol\u00f2gics m\u00e9s recents sobre practicants de tummo a Ladakh i el Nepal han pogut mesurar efectes d&#8217;escalfament.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, \u00e9s rellevant que la connexi\u00f3 entre ascetisme extrem i generaci\u00f3 de calor corporal en el Vajrayana \u00e9s una via de pr\u00e0ctica descrita de manera sistem\u00e0tica en els tantres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d6d992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d6d992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef249c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef249c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cants i forma d'ensenyament<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33c35c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33c35c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa no ensenyava mitjan\u00e7ant discursos can\u00f2nics o llibres, sin\u00f3 que improvisava versos espontanis segons la situaci\u00f3 donada en cada moment. Un ca\u00e7ador, una deixebla que dubtava, un grup de bandits: tots eren interpel\u00b7lats segons el seu nivell de consci\u00e8ncia respectiu. Els \u00abCent mil cants\u00bb s\u00f3n la recopilaci\u00f3 escrita d&#8217;aquestes improvisacions.<\/p><p>S&#8217;inscriuen en la tradici\u00f3 de la literatura \u00edndia doha i caryagiti, que ja tenia un paper important en el Vajrayana indi. En el Tibet del segle XI, la forma de l&#8217;ensenyament cantat era un m\u00e8tode efectiu per transmetre continguts doctrinals tamb\u00e9 a oients analfabets.<\/p><p>Roger Jackson ha exposat detalladament, a \u00abTantric Treasures\u00bb (Oxford 2004), la connexi\u00f3 entre la tradici\u00f3 tibetana mgur i els models indis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e19ec7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e19ec7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2e0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4f2e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deixebles i successi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b11763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b11763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa va tenir dos deixebles principals, Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079-1153) i Rechungpa (1085-1161). Gampopa, antic metge i monjo de l&#8217;escola Kadam, va integrar la pr\u00e0ctica iogu\u00ed t\u00e0ntrica de Milarepa en un marc mon\u00e0stic, i amb aix\u00f2 va fundar el llinatge mon\u00e0stic de les escoles Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Rechungpa va preservar la tradici\u00f3 iogu\u00ed no mon\u00e0stica. Dels deixebles de Gampopa van sorgir les \u00abquatre grans\u00bb i les \u00abvuit petites\u00bb subtradicions Kagy\u00fc, entre elles la Karma Kagy\u00fc, amb el fam\u00f3s llinatge d&#8217;encarnacions dels Karmapa. D&#8217;aquesta manera, l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia individual de prova i il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 de Milarepa es va convertir en el fonament d&#8217;una gran escola institucional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9ff0fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9ff0fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edca6c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"edca6c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af3f9de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af3f9de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew Quintman mostra que la vida de Milarepa va establir un model de \u00abil\u00b7luminat des d&#8217;una culpa profunda\u00bb que s&#8217;ha repetit sovint en la posterior hist\u00f2ria religiosa tibetana.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de la concepci\u00f3 therav\u00e0dica de santedat, en la qual la puresa i el m\u00e8rit ja estan presents des del principi, la tradici\u00f3 de Milarepa subratlla que fins i tot faltes morals greus poden ser purificades mitjan\u00e7ant la pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica dins d&#8217;una mateixa vida.<\/p><p>Fenomenol\u00f2gicament, aquesta \u00e9s una afirmaci\u00f3 central del vajrayana, que el distingeix d&#8217;escoles budistes m\u00e9s antigues, en les quals es considerava necessari passar per diverses exist\u00e8ncies per aconseguir una purificaci\u00f3 completa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47965f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47965f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555a7da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"555a7da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 a Occident<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82970f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82970f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La primera traducci\u00f3 europea de la vida de Milarepa \u00e9s de Jacques Bacot (Par\u00eds 1925); la primera anglesa, de Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford 1928). Aquesta darrera \u00e9s coneguda per la seva tonalitat teos\u00f2fica i avui es considera superada per la tibetologia cient\u00edfica. Lobsang Lhalungpa va presentar el 1977 una traducci\u00f3 anglesa filol\u00f2gicament fiable.<\/p><p>Al segle XX, Milarepa es va convertir, juntament amb Padmasambhava, en la figura tibetana m\u00e9s prominent de la recepci\u00f3 occidental del budisme. La seva concreci\u00f3 biogr\u00e0fica, la barreja entre falta moral i santedat, i les seves can\u00e7ons senzilles, sovint de car\u00e0cter po\u00e8tic i natural, li han donat una resson\u00e0ncia pr\u00f2pia m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la l\u00ednia estrictament t\u00e0ntrica de transmissi\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96d20ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96d20ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d10a01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d10a01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia complement\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-050e560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"050e560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fonts prim\u00e0ries: Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, \u00abMila Tharpa\u00bb (Vida de Milarepa), segle XV; \u00abMila Gurbum\u00bb (Cent mil can\u00e7ons de Milarepa), segle XV.<\/p>\n<p>Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: Andrew Quintman, \u00abThe Yogin and the Madman.<\/p><p>Reading the Biographical Corpus of Tibet&#8217;s Great Saint Milarepa\u00bb, Nova York 2014; Donald Lopez, \u00abReligions of Tibet in Practice\u00bb, Princeton 1997; David Snellgrove, \u00abIndo-Tibetan Buddhism\u00bb, Londres 1987; Roger Jackson, \u00abTantric Treasures\u00bb, Oxford 2004; Lobsang Lhalungpa, \u00abThe Life of Milarepa\u00bb, Nova York 1977; Robert Buswell i Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6396940 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6396940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7811b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7811b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahamudra i Dzogchen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d7f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5d7f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;ensenyament que Milarepa va rebre de Marpa i que va transmetre als seus deixebles pertany a la tradici\u00f3 del Mahamudra (\u00abGran Segell\u00bb). Aquesta busca el coneixement directe i no conceptual de la naturalesa de la ment. El Mahamudra \u00e9s estructuralment similar a la tradici\u00f3 del Dzogchen (\u00abGran Perfecci\u00f3\u00bb) de l&#8217;escola Nyingma, per\u00f2 metodol\u00f2gicament diferent.<\/p><p>Mentre que el Dzogchen parteix de la puresa original de la ment com a punt de partida, el Mahamudra avan\u00e7a de manera gradual des del coneixement conceptual fins a la visi\u00f3 directa.<\/p><p>David Jackson va documentar a \u00abEnlightenment by a Single Means\u00bb (Viena 1994) la controv\u00e8rsia hist\u00f2rica entre la interpretaci\u00f3 sakya del Mahamudra i la interpretaci\u00f3 kagy\u00fc. Aquest debat \u00e9s un dels m\u00e9s importants de la filosofia tibetana entre els segles XIII i XV i afecta directament la interpretaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ensenyament de Milarepa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e68a954 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e68a954\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c788afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c788afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els sis iogues de Naropa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cdc8ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cdc8ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A m\u00e9s del Mahamudra, la transmissi\u00f3 dels \u00absis iogues de Naropa\u00bb \u00e9s la segona l\u00ednia principal de la pr\u00e0ctica kagy\u00fc que es remunta a Milarepa.<\/p><p>Aquests sis iogues comprenen la calor interior (tummo), el cos de llum clara (\u00f6dsal), el ioga del somni (milam), el ioga del bardo (ioga de l&#8217;estat intermedi), la transfer\u00e8ncia de consci\u00e8ncia (phowa) i la pr\u00e0ctica del cos il\u00b7lusori (gyul\u00fc). Formen un programa sistem\u00e0tic de pr\u00e0ctica que es remunta al iogui indi Naropa i que va ser transm\u00e8s a Milarepa a trav\u00e9s de Marpa.<\/p><p>La calor interior, amb la qual Milarepa es va fer fam\u00f3s, \u00e9s la primera d&#8217;aquestes pr\u00e0ctiques i, en molts sentits, la fonamental. Glenn Mullin va traduir i comentar aquest corpus de pr\u00e0ctiques a \u00abThe Six Yogas of Naropa\u00bb (Ithaca 1996).<\/p><p>La recerca etnogr\u00e0fica sobre practicants actuals del tummo, especialment els treballs d&#8217;Herbert Benson a la Harvard Medical School durant els anys 1980, ha documentat augments de temperatura cut\u00e0nia mesurables fisiol\u00f2gicament, sense que aix\u00f2 confirmi ni refuti les pretensions religioses de la tradici\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8c8bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a8c8bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02be439 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02be439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les coves de Milarepa com a llocs de pelegrinatge<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a9549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05a9549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les coves on, segons la tradici\u00f3, Milarepa va meditar continuen sent llocs de pelegrinatge fins avui. Especialment destacades s\u00f3n la cova de Drakar Taso (\u00abRoca Blanca Dent de Cavall\u00bb), les coves de Lapchi a la frontera entre el Tibet i el Nepal, les coves de Chuwar a la regi\u00f3 de Nyalam, i les coves de Kyirong, tamb\u00e9 a la frontera nepalesa.<\/p><p>Els camins de pelegrinatge cap a aquests llocs van ser, fins a l&#8217;annexi\u00f3 xinesa del Tibet, un eix important de l&#8217;espiritualitat budista.<\/p><p>Avui s\u00f3n parcialment accessibles de nou, per\u00f2 el tr\u00e0nsit de pelegrins est\u00e0 limitat per restriccions pol\u00edtiques. Al Nepal, la regi\u00f3 de Lapchi i el Mont Kailash (accessible des del Tibet) s\u00f3n destinacions centrals de pelegrinatge tamb\u00e9 per a la veneraci\u00f3 de Milarepa. Toni Huber va documentar detalladament la geografia del pelegrinatge tibet\u00e0 a \u00abThe Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain\u00bb (Nova York 1999).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42766a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a42766a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3699add elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3699add\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa en la recepci\u00f3 moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5e66d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a5e66d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al segle XX, Milarepa es va convertir en una de les figures tibetanes m\u00e9s prominents de la recepci\u00f3 occidental del budisme.<\/p><p>Lama Anagarika Govinda li va dedicar passatges extensos a \u00abThe Way of the White Clouds\u00bb (Londres 1966), en els quals la uni\u00f3 entre vida asc\u00e8tica i coneixement m\u00edstic es presenta com un assoliment central tibet\u00e0. La traducci\u00f3 de Lobsang Lhalungpa (1977) va donar lloc a una \u00e0mplia recepci\u00f3 occidental.<\/p><p>La pel\u00b7l\u00edcula tibetana \u00abMilarepa\u00bb (2006), del mestre Neten Chokling, va portar per primera vegada aquesta hist\u00f2ria a un p\u00fablic cinematogr\u00e0fic internacional. En el budisme tibet\u00e0 occidental, especialment en les l\u00ednies kagy\u00fc, Milarepa \u00e9s una figura central d&#8217;identificaci\u00f3 per als practicants, en la vida del qual la combinaci\u00f3 de falta \u00e8tica, superaci\u00f3 i il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 es llegeix com a model per al propi cam\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c510076 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c510076\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b269ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b269ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa i la poesia de la natura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b42109d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b42109d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una l\u00ednia liter\u00e0ria pr\u00f2pia de les can\u00e7ons de Milarepa la formen els seus poemes de natura. Descriuen la vida a les ermites de muntanya, la percepci\u00f3 de les estacions, dels animals, de les roques, de la neu i del vent. Aquests poemes s&#8217;inscriuen en una tradici\u00f3 de poesia asc\u00e8tica tibetana que, de manera semblant a la poesia zen japonesa, desenvolupa un llenguatge de la natura directe i sense artifici.<\/p><p>Van ser llegits per literats occidentals com Gary Snyder i Allen Ginsberg, i aix\u00ed van tenir una influ\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia que la que es limita a la tradici\u00f3 estrictament religiosa. Per S\u00f8rensen va tra\u00e7ar les connexions estructurals entre les can\u00e7ons de Milarepa i la posterior poesia amorosa profana tibetana a \u00abDivinity Secularized.<\/p><p>An Inquiry into the Nature and Form of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama\u00bb (Viena 1990).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05aa2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c05aa2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a11e89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a11e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka i la vida est\u00e0ndard<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a17ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a17ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La biografia de Milarepa avui can\u00f2nica (Mi la ras pa&#8217;i rnam thar) va ser redactada l&#8217;any 1488 per Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka (1452 a 1507).<\/p><p>Tsangny\u00f6n, ell mateix un iogui exc\u00e8ntric de la tradici\u00f3 dels \u00absants bojos\u00bb, es va basar en fonts anteriors, per\u00f2 les va donar forma en una obra liter\u00e0ria unit\u00e0ria amb una estructura clara: antecedents i naixement, joventut i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span>, Marpa i les proves, el cam\u00ed d&#8217;alliberament, els anys d&#8217;aprenentatge, la mort.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman (\u00abThe Yogin and the Madman\u00bb, Nova York 2014) ha reconstru\u00eft detalladament la hist\u00f2ria de les fonts de la vida de Milarepa. Demostra que existeixen almenys nou estrats m\u00e9s antics de la biografia, dels quals el m\u00e9s antic remunta a Gampopa (1079 a 1153), deixeble directe de Milarepa.<\/p><p>La versi\u00f3 de Tsangny\u00f6n va tenir tant \u00e8xit literari que pr\u00e0cticament va despla\u00e7ar les fonts m\u00e9s antigues. S&#8217;ha convertit en el referent de l&#8217;hagiografia tibetana i encara avui defineix la imatge popular de Milarepa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6ef287 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6ef287\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84b2d5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84b2d5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els 100.000 cants com a obra liter\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9be78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c9be78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 \u00abMila Grubum\u00bb (100.000 cants de Milarepa) va ser igualment posada en forma liter\u00e0ria per Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, per\u00f2 cont\u00e9 material m\u00e9s antic. Compr\u00e8n unes 130 episodis en els quals Milarepa transmet ensenyaments en versos po\u00e8tics (\u00abmgur\u00bb), posa a prova deixebles o busca el di\u00e0leg amb la gent. Els mgur constitueixen un g\u00e8nere literari tibet\u00e0 propi que uneix l&#8217;espiritualitat religiosa amb la poesia popular.<\/p><p>Garma C.C. Chang (\u00abThe Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa\u00bb, Nova York 1962) n&#8217;ha presentat una traducci\u00f3 completa a l&#8217;angl\u00e8s. Els cants presenten estructures m\u00e8triques diverses i segueixen una alternan\u00e7a entre el contingut doctrinal i el record personal. S\u00f3n alhora material de pr\u00e0ctica religiosa i literatura popular, cosa que explica el seu ampli abast.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d9990 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5d9990\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e21311c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e21311c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les coves i llocs de pelegrinatge de Milarepa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a26a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a26a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les coves m\u00e9s importants on, segons la tradici\u00f3, Milarepa va meditar s\u00f3n Drakar Taso, prop de Nyalam al sud del Tibet, Chubar prop de Kyirong, Lapchi a la zona frontera entre el Tibet i el Nepal, i les coves al mont Kailash. Lapchi i Kailash s\u00f3n avui dif\u00edcils d&#8217;accedir a causa de la pand\u00e8mia i de les restriccions de viatge xineses; Drakar Taso va ser parcialment reconstru\u00efda com a ru\u00efna mon\u00e0stica despr\u00e9s de 1980.<\/p><p>Toni Huber (\u00abThe Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain\u00bb, Nova York 1999) ha documentat etnogr\u00e0ficament la pr\u00e0ctica de pelegrinatge al voltant de Tsari, un altre indret vinculat a Milarepa, i ha mostrat com els llocs de pelegrinatge funcionen com una extensi\u00f3 espacial de l&#8217;hagiografia.<\/p><p>La connexi\u00f3 entre el text vital i el lloc de pelegrinatge \u00e9s un fenomen cl\u00e0ssic de la geografia religiosa, i Milarepa \u00e9s un dels sants tibetans amb m\u00e9s arrelament espacial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1971a07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1971a07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5980702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5980702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El llinatge Kagy\u00fc i les seves quatre grans subdivisions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dfbe61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dfbe61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa se situa en el llinatge principal de l&#8217;escola Kagy\u00fc (bka&#8217; brgyud, \u00abllinatge de transmissi\u00f3 de les instruccions orals\u00bb). Aquest llinatge va ser portat de l&#8217;\u00cdndia al Tibet per Marpa Lotsawa. Despr\u00e9s de Gampopa, el principal deixeble de Milarepa, la Kagy\u00fc es va dividir en quatre grans llinatges i vuit menors. Els quatre grans s\u00f3n Karma Kagy\u00fc (amb els Karmapas), Tselpa Kagy\u00fc, Baram Kagy\u00fc i Phagdru Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Del llinatge Phagdru en van sorgir al seu torn el Drikung Kagy\u00fc, el Drugpa Kagy\u00fc i el Taglung Kagy\u00fc. El llinatge Drukpa \u00e9s l&#8217;escola d&#8217;estat de Bhutan. Karenina Kollmar-Paulenz (\u00abGeschichte der Mongolen\u00bb, Munic 2005) i Matthew Kapstein (\u00abThe Tibetans\u00bb, Oxford 2006) han descrit respectivament aquest desenvolupament escolar en el context de la hist\u00f2ria pol\u00edtica del Tibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5359825 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5359825\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddc1941 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ddc1941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'ensenyament del Mahamudra de Milarepa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce56ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce56ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa va practicar i transmetre l&#8217;ensenyament del Mahamudra (\u00abGran Segell\u00bb), considerat l&#8217;etapa m\u00e9s elevada de la pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica Anuttarayoga. La transmissi\u00f3 del Mahamudra va arribar, a trav\u00e9s de Maitripa i Naropa, a Marpa i despr\u00e9s a Milarepa.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;ensenyament del Dzogchen de l&#8217;escola Nyingma, amb el qual el Mahamudra est\u00e0 filos\u00f2ficament molt emparentat, la pr\u00e0ctica del Mahamudra emfatitza l&#8217;ascens gradual a trav\u00e9s del shamatha (calma mental) i el vipashyana (visi\u00f3 penetrant) fins al coneixement directe de la naturalesa de la ment.<\/p><p>Els \u00abquatre iogues del Mahamudra\u00bb, la concentraci\u00f3 en un sol punt, la no-elaboraci\u00f3, el gust \u00fanic i la realitzaci\u00f3 no meditativa, es consideren la seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia central d&#8217;etapes. David Jackson (\u00abEnlightenment by a Single Means\u00bb, Viena 1994) ha estudiat \u00e0mpliament la tradici\u00f3 del Mahamudra en comparaci\u00f3 amb la tradici\u00f3 Lam-Rim dels Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adcdb10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adcdb10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa12c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daa12c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa a la literatura i l'art modern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f003a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7f003a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa ha tingut una \u00e0mplia hist\u00f2ria de recepci\u00f3 en la literatura i les arts pl\u00e0stiques occidentals. Eric Frechette va traduir el 1968 els \u00abCent mil cants\u00bb al franc\u00e8s. Lobsang Lhalungpa va oferir el 1977 una traducci\u00f3 anglesa molt reconeguda de la biografia. El director bhutan\u00e8s Neten Chokling va rodar el 2006 una pel\u00b7l\u00edcula en dues parts titulada \u00abMilarepa\u00bb, que representa la joventut i el cam\u00ed d&#8217;alliberament.<\/p><p>El pintor su\u00eds Aldo Walker i l&#8217;artista budista nord-americ\u00e0 Robert Beer han creat retrats de Milarepa inspirats en els models tibetans tradicionals. La di\u00e0spora tibetana moderna ha fet de Milarepa una figura d&#8217;identificaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una espiritualitat que fa de pont entre la disciplina mon\u00e0stica i l&#8217;autonomia iogui.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2207bde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2207bde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f7a869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f7a869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntes freq\u00fcents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a39e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86a39e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Va ser Milarepa una persona hist\u00f2rica?<\/strong> S\u00ed. Les seves dates de vida se situen generalment cap al 1052-1135, encara que alguns aspectes s\u00f3n discutits. Andrew Quintman ha examinat detalladament, a \u00abThe Yogin and the Madman\u00bb, la fiabilitat hist\u00f2rica de les fonts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els \u00absis iogues de Naropa\u00bb?<\/strong> Un programa de pr\u00e0ctica i\u00f2guica t\u00e0ntrica que compr\u00e8n la calor interna, el cos de llum clara, el ioga del somni, el ioga del bardo, la transfer\u00e8ncia de consci\u00e8ncia i la pr\u00e0ctica del cos il\u00b7lusori. Constitueixen el llinatge central de pr\u00e0ctica de les escoles Kagy\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Per qu\u00e8 es diu que Milarepa era verd\u00f3s?<\/strong> Segons la biografia, es va alimentar durant d\u00e8cades quasi exclusivament d&#8217;ortiga silvestre, cosa que hauria acolorit el seu cos. Si aix\u00f2 va succeir exactament aix\u00ed des del punt de vista hist\u00f2ric \u00e9s incert; en qualsevol cas, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> subratlla la seva extrema ascesi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qui van ser els deixebles m\u00e9s importants de Milarepa?<\/strong> Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079 a 1153), que va fundar el llinatge mon\u00e0stic de les escoles Kagy\u00fc, i Rechungpa (1085 a 1161), que va continuar la tradici\u00f3 iogui no mon\u00e0stica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3276,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Milarepa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Milarepa \u2013 Iogui i sant tibet\u00e0 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Milarepa (1052-1135) \u00e9s el iogui i poeta m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre del Tibet, deixeble de Marpa, fundador del llinatge Kagy\u00fc. Del mag negre a la bude\u00eftat.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171851","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Milarepa \u2013 Iogui i sant tibet\u00e0 | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Milarepa (1052-1135) \u00e9s el iogui i poeta m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre del Tibet, deixeble de Marpa, fundador del llinatge Kagy\u00fc. 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