{"id":171850,"date":"2026-09-05T15:42:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:42:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171850"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:08:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:49","slug":"padmasambhava","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/padmasambhava\/","title":{"rendered":"Padmasambhava"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171850\" class=\"elementor elementor-171850 elementor-3039 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9a7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52e9a7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56d75fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56d75fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf05bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf05bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a6dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26a6dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava, fundador del budisme tibet\u00e0<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a21472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a21472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> tibetana, Padmasambhava \u00e9s considerat el mestre t\u00e0ntric que va arrelar de manera duradora el budisme al Tibet i que va instituir nombrosos ritus de protecci\u00f3. Padmasambhava (\u00abel nascut del lotus\u00bb), anomenat en tibet\u00e0 sobretot Guru Rinpoche o Padmakara, \u00e9s considerat el fundador central del budisme vajrayana tibet\u00e0.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> el relaciona amb la transmissi\u00f3 del tantra indi al Tibet a finals del segle VIII. En l&#8217;escola tibetana m\u00e9s antiga, la nyingma, se&#8217;l venera com el \u00absegon Buda\u00bb. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, la seva exist\u00e8ncia hist\u00f2rica \u00e9s discutida, i la imatge transmesa est\u00e0 fortament configurada per la llegenda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4c9fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc4c9fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-695667b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"695667b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb compet\u00e8ncies clares \u2014 forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/budisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 budista amb bodhisattvas, divinitats protectores, esperits famolencs i guardians dels inferns.\">Budisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f9eb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13f9eb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-411777f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"411777f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08182e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08182e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864be76 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"864be76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173431\" alt=\"Padmasambhava - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 budista, historicoil\u00b7lustratiu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5748d05 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5748d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a7ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11a7ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882952f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"882952f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rerefons hist\u00f2ric<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1a168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1a168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les poques fonts contempor\u00e0nies esmenten un mestre t\u00e0ntric d&#8217;origen indi o originari d&#8217;Oddiyana, convidat al Tibet en temps del rei Trisong Detsen (va regnar aprox. entre 755 i 797).<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 actual identifica Oddiyana sobretot amb la vall de Swat, a l&#8217;actual Pakistan, o amb Odisha, a l&#8217;\u00cdndia oriental. El rei necessitava un t\u00e0ntric perqu\u00e8 el mestre mon\u00e0stic indi Shantarakshita s&#8217;havia trobat amb la resist\u00e8ncia dels esperits aut\u00f2ctons durant la construcci\u00f3 del primer monestir tibet\u00e0, Samye.<\/p><p>Se sost\u00e9 que Padmasambhava va sotmetre aquests esperits i els va integrar en el sistema budista com a divinitats protectores. La data de fundaci\u00f3 de Samye se situa tradicionalment l&#8217;any 779. David Snellgrove i Hugh Richardson (\u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, Londres 1968) consideren plausible aquest nucli hist\u00f2ric, tot atribuint els nombrosos ornaments mitol\u00f2gics a una formaci\u00f3 llegend\u00e0ria posterior.<\/p>\n<p>Les fonts m\u00e9s extenses, el Padma Thang Yig (Cr\u00f2nica de Padma) i el Pema Kathang, s&#8217;han transm\u00e8s com a \u00abtextos tresor\u00bb (terma) de l&#8217;escola dels descobridors de tresors (tert\u00f6n). Van ser \u00abdescobertes\u00bb sobretot al segle XIV per Orgyen Lingpa i al segle XVII per altres descobridors de tresors.<\/p><p>La fiabilitat hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;aquests textos \u00e9s limitada, per\u00f2 el seu efecte religi\u00f3s ha estat enorme. Janet Gyatso, a \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb (Princeton 1998), ha estudiat la tradici\u00f3 terma com una forma pr\u00f2pia d&#8217;autoritzaci\u00f3 religiosa, en la qual les visions, l&#8217;ocultaci\u00f3 i la redescoberta assumeixen funcions can\u00f2niques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e027c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1e027c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0260798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0260798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El naixement del lotus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebd706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ebd706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segons el relat tradicional, Padmasambhava no va n\u00e9ixer d&#8217;una mare, sin\u00f3 que va apar\u00e8ixer com un infant de vuit anys sobre una flor de lotus enmig del llac Dhanakosha, al pa\u00eds d&#8217;Oddiyana.<\/p><p>El rei Indrabhuti, que en aquell moment cercava pedres precioses sense tenir fills, va trobar l&#8217;infant i el va adoptar com a fill seu. Aquest relat contrasta clarament amb el naixement hum\u00e0 de Shakyamuni i subratlla l&#8217;estatus extraordinari del personatge.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o en la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> s&#8217;ha de llegir com un element t\u00edpic de l&#8217;hagiografia t\u00e0ntrica, que situa l&#8217;origen \u00absobrenatural\u00bb del mestre per damunt de la veracitat biogr\u00e0fica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2be71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2be71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b10303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b10303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vuit manifestacions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6317e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6317e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 compta vuit manifestacions principals de Padmasambhava, que encarnen les seves diverses activitats en diferents etapes de la vida o situacions d&#8217;il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Entre elles hi ha Guru Padma Gyalpo (el reial), Guru Loden Chokse (el perfectament omniscient), Guru Pema Jungne (el nascut del lotus), Guru Padmasambhava (manifestaci\u00f3 de pau), Guru Shakya Senge (Lle\u00f3 dels Shakya, en forma mon\u00e0stica), Guru Senge Dradok (Lle\u00f3 Tronador, en disputa amb els heretges), Guru Nyima Ozer (Raig de Sol, com a iogui als cementiris) i Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (forma iracunda sobre una tigressa voladora).<\/p><p>Aquestes vuit formen un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de textos sagrats d'una religi\u00f3 reconegut com a vinculant.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> sistematitzat que ordena la diversitat mitol\u00f2gica de la vida de Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708cb59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"708cb59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7d36b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b7d36b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les cinc companyes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2616577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2616577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un paper important en la tradici\u00f3 de Padmasambhava el tenen les seves cinc \u00abcompanyes de saviesa\u00bb (yum). Les m\u00e9s conegudes s\u00f3n Yeshe Tsogyal, una reina tibetana considerada la seva deixebla principal i companya, i Mandarava, una princesa \u00edndia. Yeshe Tsogyal \u00e9s l&#8217;autora o compiladora de nombrosos textos terma que van ser descoberts posteriorment.<\/p><p>La seva vida (\u00abLady of the Lotus-Born\u00bb) no es va posar per escrit en la forma coneguda avui fins al segle XVII. La investigaci\u00f3 discuteix si es tracta d&#8217;una persona hist\u00f2rica o d&#8217;una personificaci\u00f3 religiosa.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso, a \u00abWomen in Tibet\u00bb (Bloomington 2005), defensa una lectura matisada que situa Yeshe Tsogyal com una figura probablement hist\u00f2rica per\u00f2 fortament configurada liter\u00e0riament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f50750 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f50750\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe3315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe3315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els textos tresor (terma)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a3df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39a3df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Es diu que Padmasambhava, durant la seva estada al Tibet, va amagar nombrosos textos d&#8217;ensenyament destinats a \u00e8poques futures. Aquests \u00abtresors\u00bb (terma) es divideixen en materials (ter) i mentals (gongter). Els materials estan amagats en coves, roques, est\u00e0tues o cursos d&#8217;aigua, i s\u00f3n redescoberts en vides predeterminades per descobridors de tresors predestinats (tert\u00f6n).<\/p><p>Els mentals estan impresos en un \u00abestat mental\u00bb especial, que es pot percebre directament. Aquesta concepci\u00f3 ha perm\u00e8s a les generacions posteriors legitimar nous textos d&#8217;ensenyament com a procedents directament de Padmasambhava, sense que sigui possible cap verificaci\u00f3 textcr\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, la tradici\u00f3 terma \u00e9s un exemple de tradici\u00f3 textual religiosa \u00aboberta\u00bb, que es contraposa a la transmissi\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica \u00edndia, tancada de manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertany al conjunt de textos reconegut de manera vinculant en una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f2nica<\/span>, en la seva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801c16e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801c16e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e817ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e817ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Doctrina i pr\u00e0ctica vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad8fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ad8fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els continguts doctrinals atribu\u00efts a la tradici\u00f3 de Padmasambhava comprenen sobretot la \u00abGran Perfecci\u00f3\u00bb (Dzogchen), la branca de transmissi\u00f3 considerada com el sistema doctrinal m\u00e9s elevat de l&#8217;escola Nyingma. A m\u00e9s, diversos tantres iogues superiors formen part del corpus de Padmasambhava, com el Tantra de Vajrakilaya.<\/p><p>La forma pr\u00e0ctica \u00e9s el \u00abGuru Yoga\u00bb (Lama Yoga), en el qual els deixebles visualitzen Padmasambhava com l&#8217;encarnaci\u00f3 de tots els budes, bodhisattves i mestres. El mantra radical de set s\u00edl\u00b7labes \u00abom ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb \u00e9s molt dif\u00f3s en tota la pr\u00e0ctica Nyingma i tamb\u00e9 en les escoles tibetanes que no s\u00f3n Nyingma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cfb39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38cfb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ada09d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ada09d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Difusi\u00f3 fora del Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f838d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f838d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava \u00e9s venerat per igual a les regions de cultura tibetana de Bhutan, Sikkim, Ladakh i l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 mongol. A Bhutan \u00e9s la figura religiosa central; el monestir de Taktsang (\u00abCau del Tigre\u00bb), situat en un vessant escarpat de la vall de Paro, marca segons la tradici\u00f3 el lloc on va meditar damunt d&#8217;una tigressa.<\/p><p>Es considera que la seva vuitena i darrera vida acaba a la \u00abMuntanya de Coure\u00bb (Zangdok Palri), una terra pura que existeix en paral\u00b7lel amb el Sukhavati d&#8217;Amitabha i que es considera el dest\u00ed de renaixement dels practicants al final de la vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150951a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"150951a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7dc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb7dc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Discussi\u00f3 des de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8b2c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d8b2c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de fins a quin punt la imatge transmesa es correspon amb una persona hist\u00f2rica no es pot respondre de manera definitiva. Robert Mayer i Cathy Cantwell han mostrat en diversos treballs (\u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013) que la difusi\u00f3 del culte a Padmasambhava va estar estretament relacionada amb els canvis pol\u00edtics al Tibet.<\/p><p>En les fases d&#8217;afebliment del poder central, la import\u00e0ncia de Padmasambhava augmentava, ja que com a patr\u00f3 protector translocal del Tibet podia fundar una identitat m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les estructures din\u00e0stiques. Aquesta funci\u00f3 explica en part per qu\u00e8 la tradici\u00f3 de Padmasambhava va assolir una expansi\u00f3 tan gran precisament durant els \u00absegles foscos\u00bb posteriors a la desintegraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;imperi de Yarlung al segle IX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fba3c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fba3c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca67a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca67a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia complement\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcc19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatura\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fonts prim\u00e0ries: Padma Thang Yig (Cr\u00f2nica de Padma), atribu\u00efda a Orgyen Lingpa; Pema Kathang; Bardo Th\u00f6dol (Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts, atribu\u00eft a Padmasambhava en el seu colof\u00f3); Tantra de Vajrakilaya.<\/p>\n<p>Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: David Snellgrove i Hugh Richardson, \u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, Londres 1968; David Snellgrove, \u00abIndo-Tibetan Buddhism\u00bb, Londres 1987; Janet Gyatso, \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, Princeton 1998; Cathy Cantwell i Robert Mayer, \u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013; Robert Buswell i Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p>\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000<\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f489c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f489c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50de9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50de9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Samye i les \u00abTres Joies\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a016ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a016ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El monestir de Samye, a uns 50 quil\u00f2metres al sud-est de Lhasa, \u00e9s el primer monestir tibet\u00e0 i tradicionalment es considera obra de Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita i el rei Trisong Detsen.<\/p><p>Aquest trio (les \u00abtres joies\u00bb, ston pa gsum) \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent al conjunt d'escriptures reconegut oficialment per una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f2nic<\/span> en la mem\u00f2ria religiosa tibetana, i representa la uni\u00f3 entre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> t\u00e0ntrica (Padmasambhava), la disciplina mon\u00e0stica (Shantarakshita) i el poder reial (Trisong Detsen).<\/p><p>El monestir es va concebre seguint el model del monestir indi d&#8217;Odantapuri; la seva planta forma un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que a l'hinduisme i al budisme representa el cosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> del mont Meru al centre, quatre capelles principals orientades als punts cardinals i un mur perimetral amb 108 estupes.<\/p><p>Ha estat restaurat diverses vegades despr\u00e9s de repetides destruccions, la darrera durant la revolta de 1959. El fam\u00f3s \u00abConcili de Samye\u00bb (792 a 794) va decidir a favor de la forma \u00edndia del budisme davant la xinesa, la qual cosa va fixar l&#8217;orientaci\u00f3 a llarg termini del budisme tibet\u00e0 cap a la tradici\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica \u00edndia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8734ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8734ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb26340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb26340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les l\u00ednies de transmissi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd23e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fd23e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les l\u00ednies doctrinals de Padmasambhava (man ngag) se divideixen en tres branques principals. La \u00abl\u00ednia llarga\u00bb (ring brgyud) va de Padmasambhava, passant pels principals deixebles hist\u00f2rics, fins a l&#8217;actualitat mitjan\u00e7ant transmissi\u00f3 oral ininterrompuda. La \u00abl\u00ednia curta\u00bb (nye brgyud) passa pels descobridors de tresors (tert\u00f6n), que estableixen contacte directe amb Padmasambhava en visions i aix\u00ed escurcen el cam\u00ed de transmissi\u00f3.<\/p><p>La \u00abl\u00ednia de visi\u00f3 pura\u00bb (dag snang brgyud), en la qual els mestres reben instruccions directes gr\u00e0cies a una visi\u00f3 pura. Aquesta estructura tripartida \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 tibetana caracter\u00edstica que integra en un sol sistema les visions, les troballes de tresors i la transmissi\u00f3 oral. Les escoles Karma Kagy\u00fc, Sakya, Gelug i, sobretot, Nyingma, mantenen cadascuna les seves pr\u00f2pies l\u00ednies de Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8cb80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd8cb80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f063a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f063a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els vint Sad-Mahasiddhas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6733e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6733e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Es diu que Padmasambhava va ser mestre de vint \u00abmahasiddhes\u00bb, \u00e9s a dir, iogis t\u00e0ntrics de la m\u00e9s alta realitzaci\u00f3. Aquests solen dividir-se en dos grups, els \u00abexterns\u00bb (deixebles al Tibet) i els \u00abinterns\u00bb (companys de deixebletge a l&#8217;\u00cdndia). Els primers inclouen Yeshe Tsogyal, Vairochana, Nyak Jnanakumara, Drogmi Palgi Yeshe i altres iogis tibetans dels segles VIII i IX documentats hist\u00f2ricament.<\/p><p>Aquest grup est\u00e0 relativament ben documentat des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions; els textos del fons de Dunhuang (segles VIII a X), procedents de les coves de Dunhuang, confirmen alguns d&#8217;aquests noms. Janet Gyatso i Sam van Schaik han analitzat en diversos estudis la relaci\u00f3 entre les troballes de Dunhuang i la posterior hagiografia tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c4b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8c4b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d67f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d67f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava i el Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d615a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d615a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El \u00abLlibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts\u00bb (Bardo Th\u00f6dol), atribu\u00eft a Padmasambhava en el seu colof\u00f3, \u00e9s una de les obres m\u00e9s conegudes de la literatura religiosa tibetana a Occident.<\/p><p>Segons la concepci\u00f3 tradicional, el va escriure Padmasambhava, el va amagar Yeshe Tsogyal i el va redescobrir com a terma Karma Lingpa al segle XIV. Des del punt de vista acad\u00e8mic, l&#8217;atribuci\u00f3 a Padmasambhava \u00e9s incerta; el text en la seva forma actual \u00e9s una compilaci\u00f3 de finals del segle XIV.<\/p><p>Descriu les fases per les quals passa la consci\u00e8ncia despr\u00e9s de la mort i dona instruccions sobre com el moribund o els seus familiars poden ajudar la consci\u00e8ncia en el seu tr\u00e0nsit pels estats intermedis (bardo).<\/p><p>La primera traducci\u00f3 anglesa, de Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford 1927), va tenir un efecte considerable en l&#8217;espiritualitat occidental, per\u00f2 ja no \u00e9s filol\u00f2gicament actual. Robert Thurman va publicar el 1994 una edici\u00f3 anglesa moderna i fiable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b544069 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b544069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fcc070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fcc070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La forma iracunda Dorje Drol\u00f6<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8569b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8569b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una de les vuit manifestacions principals de Padmasambhava, el Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6, ha rebut una atenci\u00f3 especial en la religiositat tibetana moderna. Aquesta forma iracunda mostra Padmasambhava muntant una tigressa prenyada en ple vol, amb la pell d&#8217;un roig fosc, tres ulls i un phurpa de vajra com a arma.<\/p><p>El model iconogr\u00e0fic prov\u00e9 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> segons la qual Padmasambhava, en aquesta forma, hauria fundat el monestir de Paro Taktsang (\u00abNiu del Tigre\u00bb) a Bhutan, constru\u00eft en un vessant roc\u00f3s escarpat sobre la vall de Paro.<\/p><p>La devoci\u00f3 a Dorje Drol\u00f6 \u00e9s especialment estesa a Bhutan i a les prov\u00edncies tibetanes orientals. Encarna la for\u00e7a transformadora amb la qual Padmasambhava converteix les forces hostils en guardians protectors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d51bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65d51bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79206f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79206f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Padma bka' thang com a font principal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04fb02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04fb02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El \u00abPadma bka&#8217; thang\u00bb (Llibre de les paraules de Padmasambhava) \u00e9s l&#8217;hagiografia m\u00e9s extensa del mestre. Va ser descobert per Orgyan Lingpa al segle XIV com a terma (text tresor amagat) i cont\u00e9 108 cap\u00edtols que descriuen el naixement, l&#8217;activitat docent, els prodigis i la partida de Padmasambhava. La recerca d&#8217;Anne-Marie Blondeau i Matthew Kapstein ha estudiat l&#8217;estratificaci\u00f3 textual d&#8217;aquesta font.<\/p><p>Mentre que les capes m\u00e9s antigues es remunten als segles XI i XII, moltes narracions de prodigis s\u00f3n afegits de l\u00ednies de terma posteriors. La font paral\u00b7lela \u00abPema Kathang Yiges Cinma\u00bb (Set cap\u00edtols) de Sangye Lingpa (segle XIV) ofereix una capa narrativa alternativa. Tots dos textos encara es recitten lit\u00fargicament a l&#8217;Him\u00e0laia occidental i al Sikkim, sobretot durant les festes Tsechu a Bhutan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afb269 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afb269\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47ed18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a47ed18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les vuit manifestacions en detall<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcab2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcab2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les vuit formes d&#8217;aparici\u00f3 de Padmasambhava (gu ru mtshan brgyad) s\u00f3n: Guru Tsokye Dorje (nascut del lotus), Guru Shakya Senge (en forma de monjo), Guru Padmasambhava (al palau d&#8217;Indrabhuti), Guru Padmakara (en la fase de pr\u00e0ctica), Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (forma iracunda), Guru Nyima \u00d6zer (en resplendor budista), Guru Senge Dradok (veu de lle\u00f3) i Guru Loden Choksey (el que posa fi a la vida).<\/p><p>Cada manifestaci\u00f3 correspon a una fase d&#8217;ensenyament i a un \u00e8mfasi pr\u00e0ctic determinat. Aquesta estructura vuitfold va ser codificada al segle XII i est\u00e0 estandarditzada en les pintures murals dels temples tibetans. No \u00e9s casualitat que correspongui als vuit grans bodhisattvas del mahayana. Roger Jackson ha interpretat aquesta analogia estructural com una inculturaci\u00f3 conscient de l&#8217;esquema indi dels bodhisattvas dins la doctrina tibetana del guru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91bea2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c91bea2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b57c1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b57c1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yeshe Tsogyal com a escrivana i co-mestra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd743ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd743ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yeshe Tsogyal (aproximadament 757 a 817), la companya espiritual i principal deixebla de Padmasambhava, \u00e9s considerada l&#8217;escrivana dels textos terma m\u00e9s importants. Se diu que, gr\u00e0cies a la seva mem\u00f2ria prodigiosa, va posar per escrit tots els ensenyaments de Padmasambhava i que en va amagar part en roques, llacs i en el flux mental de les seves futures reincarnacions.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso (\u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, Princeton 1998) ha analitzat la funci\u00f3 de Yeshe Tsogyal com a model per a la classe, sorgida m\u00e9s tard, de les tert\u00f6n femenines.<\/p><p>La seva hagiografia \u00abMkha&#8217; &#8216;gro ye shes mtsho rgyal gyi rnam thar\u00bb va ser revelada com a terma per Taksham Nuden Dorje i \u00e9s una de les poques biografies femenines extenses de la literatura religiosa tibetana. Combina elements biogr\u00e0fics amb una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina erudita sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> vision\u00e0ria i ocupa aix\u00ed un lloc especial en la hist\u00f2ria liter\u00e0ria tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06cb12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06cb12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0f880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0f880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tradici\u00f3 terma i la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la seva autenticitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 terma, pilar central de l&#8217;escola nyingma, es basa en la creen\u00e7a que Padmasambhava i Yeshe Tsogyal van amagar ensenyaments que serien redescoberts en moments posteriors per \u00abdescobridors de tresors\u00bb (tert\u00f6n) predestinats.<\/p><p>Aquesta tradici\u00f3 va produir, des del segle XI fins al segle XX, una capa pr\u00f2pia de literatura budista. La q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de l&#8217;autenticitat es debat tant dins la mateixa tradici\u00f3 com en la recerca moderna.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso, a \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, ha argumentat que els textos terma s&#8217;han de distingir entre \u00abterma de la terra\u00bb (sa gter, troballes materials) i \u00abterma de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>\u00bb (dgongs gter, revelacions vision\u00e0ries).<\/p><p>Ambdues categories requereixen m\u00e8todes filol\u00f2gics i cient\u00edfics diferents. Ronald Davidson (\u00abTibetan Renaissance\u00bb, Nova York 2005) ha situat la tradici\u00f3 terma en el context m\u00e9s ampli de la formaci\u00f3 de la identitat tibetana, iniciada al segle XI despr\u00e9s de l&#8217;enfonsament del regne de Yarlung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00aa18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e00aa18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7d49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59e7d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava i els ensenyaments del bardo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4394f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4394f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un pilar central de la tradici\u00f3 de Padmasambhava \u00e9s l&#8217;ensenyament del bardo, l&#8217;estat intermedi entre la mort i el renaixement. El \u00abBardo Th\u00f6dol\u00bb (Alliberament mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;audici\u00f3 en l&#8217;estat intermedi, conegut a Occident com el \u00abLlibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts\u00bb) es transmet com un terma de Padmasambhava, descobert per Karma Lingpa al segle XIV.<\/p><p>El text descriu sis fases del bardo, en les quals la consci\u00e8ncia t\u00e9 la possibilitat de fer les darreres passes cap a l&#8217;alliberament.<\/p><p>Bryan Cuevas (\u00abThe Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead\u00bb, Oxford 2003) ha reconstru\u00eft detalladament la hist\u00f2ria textual de l&#8217;obra i ha mostrat que a Occident no es va con\u00e8ixer fins a la traducci\u00f3 de Walter Y. Evans-Wentz (1927), realitzada amb la col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 de Kazi Dawa Samdup.<\/p><p>Aquesta recepci\u00f3 occidental ha donat lloc a una tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia d&#8217;interpretaci\u00f3 del bardo, que no sempre \u00e9s compatible amb la pr\u00e0ctica tradicional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e57d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"542e57d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els cinc reis tert\u00f6n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6707d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6707d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 tibetana coneix cinc \u00abreis tert\u00f6n\u00bb (gter ston rgyal po lnga), considerats els descobridors de tresors m\u00e9s importants: Nyangrel Nyima \u00d6zer (1124 a 1192), Guru Ch\u00f6wang (1212 a 1270), Dorje Lingpa (1346 a 1405), Padma Lingpa (1450 a 1521) i Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820 a 1892).<\/p><p>Junts van redescobrir milers de textos i tradicions de pr\u00e0ctica. El recompte varia segons les fonts, i algunes escoles hi afegeixen altres noms com Sangye Lingpa, Ratna Lingpa o Orgyen Lingpa. Aquesta l\u00ednia de tert\u00f6n no s&#8217;ent\u00e9n com una successi\u00f3 apost\u00f2lica, sin\u00f3 com una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de redescobridors predestinats, el karma dels quals estava orientat des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca de Padmasambhava cap a aquesta funci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d745c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d745c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957a0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"957a0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntes freq\u00fcents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d276cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d276cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Padmasambhava va ser una persona hist\u00f2rica?<\/strong> El nucli hist\u00f2ric \u00e9s plausible: un mestre t\u00e0ntric indi o d&#8217;\u00c0sia central que va arribar al Tibet a finals del segle VIII. Tot i aix\u00f2, la vida narrada est\u00e0 fortament ornamentada per la llegenda i, en la majoria dels detalls, no \u00e9s verificable hist\u00f2ricament.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els terma?<\/strong> \u00abTresors\u00bb, textos o objectes doctrinals que, segons la tradici\u00f3, Padmasambhava hauria amagat i que m\u00e9s tard s\u00f3n redescoberts per descobridors predestinats de tresors (tert\u00f6n). Formen una part important de la tradici\u00f3 doctrinal Nyingma.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qu\u00e8 significa el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> de Padmasambhava?<\/strong> \u00abOm ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb significa aproximadament \u00abom ah hum, mestre de diamant del lotus, atorga la realitzaci\u00f3, hum\u00bb. \u00c9s un dels mantres m\u00e9s importants del budisme tibet\u00e0 i es recita en la pr\u00e0ctica del guru ioga.<\/p>\n<p><strong>On viu avui Padmasambhava segons la tradici\u00f3?<\/strong> Al m\u00f3n pur de la \u00abMuntanya Color de Coure\u00bb (Zangdok Palri), que existeix en paral\u00b7lel al m\u00f3n hum\u00e0. Els practicants esperen ren\u00e9ixer-hi al final de la seva vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3277,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Padmasambhava","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Padmasambhava \u2013 Mestre t\u00e0ntric del Tibet | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), el mestre t\u00e0ntric nascut del lotus, va portar el budisme al Tibet al segle VIII. 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