{"id":171835,"date":"2026-09-05T15:42:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:42:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171835"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:08:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:26","slug":"hachiman","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hachiman\/","title":{"rendered":"Hachiman"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171835\" class=\"elementor elementor-171835 elementor-3024 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25d5452 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"25d5452\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7141ae8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7141ae8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e69993c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e69993c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f4cd04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f4cd04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hachiman, d\u00e9u japon\u00e8s de la guerra dels samurais<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b743cbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b743cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hachiman \u00e9s un d\u00e9u japon\u00e8s de la guerra, venerat des de l&#8217;edat mitjana especialment pels samurais com a senyor protector en el combat. Hachiman, amb el nom complet de Hachiman-Daibosatsu o Yawata-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shint\u014d japon\u00e8s, els \u00e9ssers espirituals venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span>, \u00e9s en el shint\u014d japon\u00e8s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shint\u014d japon\u00e8s, els \u00e9ssers espirituals venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> de la guerra, del tir amb arc i de la protecci\u00f3 dels guerrers.<\/p><p>Des de finals de l&#8217;antiguitat se&#8217;l considera d\u00e9u protector de la casa Tenn\u014d, patr\u00f3 protector del llinatge Minamoto i, per tant, dels samurais en general. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques religioses de veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> combina de manera especialment marcada elements shintoistes i budistes, i \u00e9s considerat des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions un exemple clau del shinbutsu-sh\u016bg\u014d japon\u00e8s, la fusi\u00f3 entre la veneraci\u00f3 dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shint\u014d japon\u00e8s, els \u00e9ssers espirituals venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> i la del Buda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36e4a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e36e4a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd64877 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bd64877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder personificat suprem en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'actuaci\u00f3 clars \u2014 forces naturals, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/japo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kami del Shint\u014d japon\u00e8s i mons budistes-yokai.\">Jap\u00f3<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d151654 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d151654\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e006062 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e006062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e006062\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e006062\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e006062\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c54b873 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c54b873\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bde348 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5bde348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173473\" alt=\"Hachiman - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa, representaci\u00f3 historicoil\u00b7lustrativa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bacfd50 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bacfd50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99efe39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99efe39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35a1a3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"35a1a3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen i identificaci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b1452f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b1452f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom Hachiman significa literalment \u00abvuit banderes\u00bb (hachi = vuit, man\/hata = bandera) i es remunta a un episodi del \u00abNihon Shoki\u00bb en qu\u00e8, en n\u00e9ixer l&#8217;emperador \u014cjin, baixen del cel vuit banderes celestials.<\/p><p>L&#8217;\u00abEngishiki\u00bb i el \u00abHachiman-gud\u014dkun\u00bb (segle XIII) identifiquen Hachiman amb l&#8217;emperador \u014cjin de\u00efficat (que hauria governat m\u00edtica\u00adment entre els anys 270 i 310). Junt amb \u014cjin tamb\u00e9 es veneren, al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lloc sagrat de cust\u00f2dia o espai de devoci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> de Hachiman, la seva mare Jing\u016b-k\u014dg\u014d i la seva esposa Hime-gami; aquesta tr\u00edada constitueix la invocaci\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard.<\/p>\n<p>La primera menci\u00f3 escrita de Hachiman no prov\u00e9 del corpus mitol\u00f2gic, sin\u00f3 del \u00abShoku Nihongi\u00bb (797), on es comunica, referent a l&#8217;any 720, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on s'obt\u00e9 un veredicte div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> del \u00abGran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shint\u014d japon\u00e8s, els \u00e9ssers espirituals venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> Hachiman d&#8217;Usa\u00bb.<\/p><p>Hachiman pertany, doncs, als d\u00e9us principals m\u00e9s recents del shint\u014d. La seva ascensi\u00f3 es produeix als segles VIII i IX en paral\u00b7lel a l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 de l&#8217;estat mon\u00e0stic budista i a la consolidaci\u00f3 militar de la capital Heian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74043ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74043ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd395ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd395ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mite, Jing\u016b i la campanya coreana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db28fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db28fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el \u00abKojiki\u00bb i el \u00abNihon Shoki\u00bb, \u014cjin neix com a fill de l&#8217;emperadriu Jing\u016b-k\u014dg\u014d, que segons la tradici\u00f3 hauria dirigit una campanya victoriosa contra el regne core\u00e0 de Silla.<\/p><p>Segons els relats, Jing\u016b estava embarassada durant la conquesta i va retardar el part mitjan\u00e7ant una pedra m\u00e0gica que portava a la seva vestimenta. \u014cjin es considera, doncs, ja abans del seu naixement, un cabdill militar, i \u00e9s de\u00efficat posteriorment com Hachiman.<\/p>\n<p>La campanya de Jing\u016b contra Silla no \u00e9s hist\u00f2ricament sostenible, per\u00f2 t\u00e9 una import\u00e0ncia notable des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, ja que va constituir la base ideol\u00f2gica de la idea japonesa d&#8217;una expansi\u00f3 legitimada divinament a la regi\u00f3 del Pac\u00edfic.<\/p><p>Klaus Antoni ha mostrat a \u00abDer himmlische Herrscher und sein Staat\u00bb (1991) com aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats mitol\u00f2gics transmesos d'una cultura sobre els seus d\u00e9us.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> va ser emprada en el shint\u014d estatal de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Meiji i d&#8217;abans de la guerra per justificar l&#8217;annexi\u00f3 de Corea (1910) i l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 al Pac\u00edfic entre 1931 i 1945.<\/p>\n<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> del naixement de Hachiman est\u00e0 estretament lligat als immigrants coreans de les \u00e8poques Yayoi i Kofun. La recerca (Hardacre, Antoni, Vollmer) interpreta la figura de Hachiman com una elaboraci\u00f3 religiosa de la hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;interconnexi\u00f3 entre Corea i el Jap\u00f3, en la qual el tir amb arc, la metal\u00b7l\u00fargia i la cria de cavalls van ser introdu\u00efts pels immigrants continentals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e60f3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e60f3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c505e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c505e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia, s\u00edmbols i atributs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5638f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f5638f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En les arts pl\u00e0stiques, Hachiman se sol representar com un home vell i venerable amb tonsura, vestit amb l&#8217;h\u00e0bit d&#8217;un monjo budista i amb una espasa o un arc a les mans.<\/p><p>Aquesta figura de monjo es remunta a la concessi\u00f3 del rang budista de bodhisattva l&#8217;any 781; des de llavors porta el t\u00edtol de Hachiman-Daibosatsu. En les representacions guerreres apareix sobre un cavall blanc, amb casc i armadura, sovint envoltat de vuit banderes.<\/p>\n<p>El seu atribut principal \u00e9s l&#8217;arc (yumi) i la fletxa (ya); el ritual de tir amb arc Yabusame, en qu\u00e8 arquers a cavall encerten discs de fusta a galop desenfrenat, es representa durant les seves festes i encara avui es practica a Tsurugaoka-Hachimang\u016b, a Kamakura, a Shimogamo-jinja, a Kyoto, i a molts altres santuaris.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 el colom (hato) es considera el seu missatger; el car\u00e0cter pictogr\u00e0fic \u00abHachiman\u00bb es dibuixava a l&#8217;edat mitjana amb dos coloms estilitzats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a96b58c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a96b58c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fe76bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1fe76bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneraci\u00f3 i llocs de culte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-783fb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"783fb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El santuari originari d&#8217;Hachiman \u00e9s Usa-jingu, a la prefectura d&#8217;\u014cita, a Kyushu. Aqu\u00ed es diu que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i les forces divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> es va manifestar per primera vegada l&#8217;any 571 a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on es demana un veredicte div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>; el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lloc sagrat de cust\u00f2dia o de recolliment.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> gaudeix de reconeixement imperial des del segle vuit\u00e8.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;Usa, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Hachiman es va estendre sistem\u00e0ticament per tot el pa\u00eds. Avui, segons el recompte de la Jinja-Honch\u014d, hi ha uns 44.000 santuaris dedicats a Hachiman al Jap\u00f3, cosa que el situa entre els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i les forces divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> m\u00e9s densament venerats.<\/p>\n<p>Els santuaris m\u00e9s importants fora d&#8217;Usa s\u00f3n Iwashimizu-Hachimangu, al sud de Kyoto (fundat el 859, santuari protector de la cort imperial), i Tsurugaoka-Hachimangu, a Kamakura (fundat el 1063, santuari protector del clan Minamoto i del shogunat de Kamakura).<\/p><p>Aquest darrer va ser ampliat fins a convertir-se en un complex monumental entre els anys 1180 i 1191, sota Minamoto no Yoritomo, el primer shogun. Amb l&#8217;ascens del shogunat de Kamakura, Hachiman va esdevenir el d\u00e9u protector oficial de la casta guerrera, i el t\u00edtol de \u00abBushi-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i les forces divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>\u00bb (kami dels guerrers) el va acompanyar fins al per\u00edode Edo.<\/p>\n<p>Les festivitats m\u00e9s importants s\u00f3n el Hojo-e (alliberament d&#8217;animals, a la tardor), el Reigan-sai (festa de la manifestaci\u00f3, 15 de mar\u00e7 a Usa) i el Hachiman-Matsuri, amb representacions de yabusame.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-324bab5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"324bab5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e666104 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e666104\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El shinbutsu-sh\u016bg\u014d i el t\u00edtol de bodhisattva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d60ae63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d60ae63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;any 781, la cort va atorgar a Hachiman el t\u00edtol de \u00abHachiman Daibosatsu\u00bb, \u00e9s a dir, \u00abGran Bodhisattva Hachiman\u00bb. Amb aix\u00f2 va ser incorporat oficialment al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> budista i identificat amb diversos budes i bodhisattves, m\u00e9s sovint amb Amida (Amitabha). Aquesta \u00e9s l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s antiga i m\u00e9s important del principi honji-suijaku, la doctrina medieval segons la qual els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el sintoisme japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i les forces divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> s\u00f3n, en realitat, manifestacions d&#8217;entitats budistes.<\/p>\n<p>Mark Teeuwen i Bernhard Scheid, a \u00abBuddhas and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el sintoisme japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i les forces divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> in Japan\u00bb (2003), han posat de relleu el paper clau de Hachiman en la hist\u00f2ria religiosa japonesa: en ell aquesta s\u00edntesi es va dur a terme primer i amb m\u00e9s coher\u00e8ncia que en cap altre cas.<\/p><p>No va ser fins a la restauraci\u00f3 Meiji que ambdues esferes es van separar per edicte l&#8217;any 1868 (Shinbutsu-bunri), fet pel qual nombrosos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Hachiman van ser declarats santuaris purament sintoistes i se&#8217;n van eliminar els elements budistes. Helen Hardacre ha documentat a \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena del Jap\u00f3, marcada per la veneraci\u00f3 dels Kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">sintoisme<\/span>. A History\u00bb com aquest proc\u00e9s va afectar especialment els santuaris de Hachiman, ja que estaven fusionats amb edificis i imatges budistes en major mesura que altres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28994a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28994a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37f0abe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37f0abe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hachiman, les invasions mongoles i els \u00abvents div\u00ed\u00adns\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545dddf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"545dddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Durant les dues invasions mongoles de 1274 i 1281, es va invocar intensament l&#8217;ajuda de Hachiman a Iwashimizu i a Usa.<\/p><p>Quan la flota mongola va ser destru\u00efda per tempestes violentes en ambd\u00f3s intents, la cort japonesa ho va atribuir a la intervenci\u00f3 de Hachiman i dels altres d\u00e9us protectors del reialme. Les tempestes es van interpretar com \u00abkamikaze\u00bb (vents div\u00ed\u00adns); el terme va adquirir un segon significat trist durant la guerra del Pac\u00edfic.<\/p><p>Klaus Antoni va demostrar el 1991 que la revifada d&#8217;aquest t\u00f2pic en el nacionalisme japon\u00e8s dels anys 1930 es vinculava directament a textos medievals sobre Hachiman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0edd1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a0edd1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4adc8c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4adc8c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situaci\u00f3 en la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i de la recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c3d505 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c3d505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hachiman \u00e9s un d\u00e9u clau des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic per diverses raons: \u00e9s el m\u00e9s jove dels grans d\u00e9us imperials venerats en santuaris, \u00e9s l&#8217;exemple paradigm\u00e0tic del shinbutsu-sh\u016bg\u014d, i uneix les esferes de la dinastia imperial, de la casta guerrera i dels monestirs budistes. Helen Hardacre el caracteritza com \u00abel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el sintoisme japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i les forces divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> m\u00e9s politizat de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa japonesa\u00bb.<\/p><p>Ross Bender, en diversos treballs (1979 i posteriors), ha estudiat el paper de Hachiman en l&#8217;incident de D\u014dky\u014d de l&#8217;any 769, quan un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on es demana un pronunciament div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> de Hachiman va impedir que el monjo D\u014dky\u014d pujara al tron, convertint-se aix\u00ed en la primera escena oracular decisiva des del punt de vista de la pol\u00edtica religiosa al Jap\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>En la cultura popular moderna, Hachiman t\u00e9 menys pres\u00e8ncia en manga i anime que Amaterasu o Susanoo, per\u00f2 apareix en obres com \u00abInuyasha\u00bb o \u00abOnmy\u014dji\u00bb. Els coloms del santuari de Tsurugaoka s&#8217;han convertit en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de m\u00e0rqueting de Kamakura, i es troben en dol\u00e7os, postals i records.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d198b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d198b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ed5bd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ed5bd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Refer\u00e8ncies creuades dins el pante\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f76722a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f76722a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dins el pante\u00f3 japon\u00e8s, Hachiman se situa entre l&#8217;esfera dels d\u00e9us primigenis (Izanagi, Amaterasu, Susanoo) i els posteriors <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el sintoisme japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i les forces divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> historitzats, com Tenjin (Sugawara no Michizane) o Toyokuni Daimy\u014djin (Toyotomi Hideyoshi).<\/p><p>Estructuralment, \u00e9s un sobir\u00e0 de\u00efficat, per\u00f2 des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions \u00e9s un cl\u00e0ssic kami guerrer i protector, amb clares paral\u00b7leles funcionals amb Mart (Roma), Ares (Gr\u00e8cia), Tyr i Odin (germ\u00e0nic), aix\u00ed com Skanda i Karttikeya (hinduisme, budisme).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6f2c7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6f2c7f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae66f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cae66f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5719dbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5719dbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>\u00abShoku Nihongi\u00bb (797), entrada corresponent a l&#8217;any 720. \u00abEngishiki\u00bb (927), Llibre IX. \u00abHachiman-gud\u014dkun\u00bb (segle XIII). \u00abIwashimizu-monjo\u00bb, arxiu del santuari. \u00abKojiki\u00bb i \u00abNihon Shoki\u00bb, traduccions de Klaus Antoni i Karl Florenz. \u00abHeike-Monogatari\u00bb, Llibre IV (episodis de Yabusame).<\/p>\n<p>Ross Bender, \u00abThe Hachiman Cult and the D\u014dky\u014d Incident\u00bb, Monumenta Nipponica 1979. Mark Teeuwen i Bernhard Scheid (ed.), \u00abBuddhas and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el Shinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> in Japan.<\/p><p>Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm\u00bb, Londres 2003. Klaus Antoni, \u00abDer himmlische Herrscher und sein Staat\u00bb, Munic 1991. Klaus Antoni, \u00abShint\u00f4 und die Konzeption des japanischen Nationalwesens\u00bb, Leiden 1998. Helen Hardacre, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena del Jap\u00f3, marcada per la veneraci\u00f3 dels kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span>. A History\u00bb, Oxford 2017. Joseph Kitagawa, \u00abReligion in Japanese History\u00bb, Nova York 1966. Inken Prohl, \u00abReligi\u00f6se Innovationen\u00bb, Berl\u00edn 2006.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-156cee2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"156cee2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa05e2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa05e2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia i formes escrites<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22f56d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22f56d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom \u00abHachiman\u00bb (\u516b\u5e61) es compon de \u00abhachi\u00bb (vuit) i \u00abman\u00bb o \u00abhata\u00bb (bandera, teixit). L&#8217;escriptura amb el car\u00e0cter que significa \u00abbandera\u00bb s&#8217;ha consolidat en l&#8217;\u00fas cl\u00e0ssic, ja que les vuit banderes celestials que, segons el \u00abNihon Shoki\u00bb, van descendir del cel en n\u00e9ixer l&#8217;emperador \u014cjin constitueixen el prodigi central del seu naixement.<\/p><p>Una lectura alternativa, \u00abYawata\u00bb (\u3084\u308f\u305f), s&#8217;ha mantingut en alguns noms de santuaris, especialment a Iwashimizu-Yawatamachi. La forma d&#8217;exaltaci\u00f3 \u00abHachiman-Daibosatsu\u00bb (\u00abGran Bodhisattva Hachiman\u00bb, t\u00edtol atorgat el 781) i l&#8217;apel\u00b7latiu de santuari \u00abHachiman-\u014ckami\u00bb (\u00abGran D\u00e9u Hachiman\u00bb) marquen la seva doble condici\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica.<\/p>\n<p>En els arxius de santuaris de la mitjana \u00e8poca Heian apareixen sovint les f\u00f3rmules extenses \u00abHachiman-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el Shinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span>\u00bb, \u00abHime-gami no Mikoto\u00bb i \u00abOkinaga-tarashi-hime-no-Mikoto\u00bb, que designen respectivament \u014cjin, la seva esposa Hime-gami i la seva mare Jing\u016b.<\/p><p>Aquesta tr\u00edada forma el \u00abHachiman-Sansho-Daimy\u014djin\u00bb, la tr\u00edada est\u00e0ndard de tots els grans santuaris de Hachiman. Helen Hardacre i Bernhard Scheid han identificat aquesta tr\u00edada com un perfil particular que distingeix Hachiman d&#8217;altres kami de l&#8217;estat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b06528 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b06528\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-025000d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"025000d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arquitectura de santuari de l'estil Hachiman<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b71bcc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b71bcc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;estil arquitect\u00f2nic del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lloc sagrat de cust\u00f2dia o de devoci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> Hachiman (\u00abHachiman-zukuri\u00bb) constitueix una categoria pr\u00f2pia dins l&#8217;arquitectura de santuaris japonesos. Consisteix en dos edificis principals disposats en paral\u00b7lel, units per una teulada comuna. L&#8217;edifici davanter (\u00abGeden\u00bb) serveix per a la veneraci\u00f3 per part dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una persona que empr\u00e8n un viatge de motivaci\u00f3 religiosa cap a un lloc sagrat.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelegrins<\/span>, mentre que el del darrere (\u00abNaiden\u00bb) allotja els s\u00edmbols dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el Shinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aquesta estructura doble distingeix l&#8217;estil Hachiman de l&#8217;antic Shinmei-zukuri (Ise) i del Taisha-zukuri (Izumo). El Usa-jingu i l&#8217;Iwashimizu-Hachimangu s\u00f3n els exemples cl\u00e0ssics d&#8217;aquest estil i alhora monuments nacionals de cultura japonesos.<\/p>\n<p>Les teulades s\u00f3n sempre del tipus \u00abKirizuma\u00bb (a dues vessants) amb capes de teulada frontal molt sortints. Els colors principals s\u00f3n el vermell cinabri per a les columnes portants i el blanc per als murs exteriors, combinats amb guarniments daurats.<\/p><p>Aquesta paleta de colors es va introduir a l&#8217;edat mitjana sota la influ\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;arquitectura budista i encara avui \u00e9s el segell visual dels santuaris de Hachiman, que els distingeix clarament dels santuaris m\u00e9s senzills (com el d&#8217;Ise).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2701a92 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2701a92\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf3abb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf3abb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hachiman i la teologia de l'espasa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f69698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f69698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una tradici\u00f3 particular \u00e9s la vinculaci\u00f3 de Hachiman amb les \u00abtres espases sagrades\u00bb del clan Minamoto. Es diu que aquestes espases eren bene\u00efdes pel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lloc sagrat de cust\u00f2dia o de devoci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> d&#8217;Iwashimizu en assumir el c\u00e0rrec cada nou cap de fam\u00edlia. La tradici\u00f3 de la consagraci\u00f3 d&#8217;espases a Hachiman est\u00e0 documentada diverses vegades en el \u00abHeike-Monogatari\u00bb i en el \u00abGenpei-Seisuiki\u00bb, i va marcar la religiositat guerrera japonesa fins al final de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo.<\/p><p>En el discurs modern del Bushid\u014d de finals del segle XIX i principis del XX, Hachiman va ser elevat a figura <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">simb\u00f2lica<\/span> en la qual es van recolzar \u00e8tiques nacionalistes de l&#8217;espasa; Klaus Antoni ha documentat cr\u00edticament aquesta connexi\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;\u00abescola de forja d&#8217;espases\u00bb de Bizen, que fabricava fulles per a la gu\u00e0rdia imperial, consagrava tradicionalment les seves millors fulles als santuaris de Hachiman. Diverses d&#8217;aquestes fulles, entre elles obres de l&#8217;escola S\u014dsh\u016b de principis del segle XIV, es conserven com a tresors al Tsurugaoka-Hachimangu i a l&#8217;Iwashimizu-Hachimangu, i es consideren b\u00e9ns culturals importants del Jap\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb2568 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccb2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45b7713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45b7713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hachiman en l'\u00e8poca Edo i en la religi\u00f3 popular<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0b7cea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0b7cea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo (de 1603 a 1867), Hachiman va continuar sent el d\u00e9u protector de la classe guerrera, per\u00f2 va guanyar tamb\u00e9 import\u00e0ncia com a d\u00e9u protector dels ciutadans i comerciants urbans. A Edo (l&#8217;actual T\u00f2quio) es van fundar nombrosos santuaris de Hachiman en els nous barris de la ciutat, sovint com a santuari protector d&#8217;un gremi professional o d&#8217;un carrer.<\/p><p>El Tomioka-Hachimangu de Fukagawa (fundat el 1627) \u00e9s el m\u00e9s gran i conegut d&#8217;aquests santuaris urbans de Hachiman; la seva festa principal, que se celebra cada tres anys amb els grans santuaris port\u00e0tils (Mikoshi), \u00e9s una de les tres festes m\u00e9s importants de T\u00f2quio.<\/p>\n<p>En l&#8217;art del gravat en fusta de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo (Ukiyo-e), Hachiman com a genet \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o en la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> recurrent. Kuniyoshi, Hokusai i Yoshitoshi van crear diverses s\u00e8ries dedicades a Hachiman i al naixement d&#8217;\u014cjin. Aquestes imatges documenten la familiaritat popular amb la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> de Hachiman i mostren que la figura tenia una gran difusi\u00f3 m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les elits cortesanes i militars.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f0bdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47f0bdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1172261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1172261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Controv\u00e8rsies sobre la subst\u00e0ncia hist\u00f2rica d'\u014cjin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1683d52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1683d52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La identificaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Hachiman amb el m\u00edtic emperador \u014cjin \u00e9s cient\u00edficament i hist\u00f2ricament controvertida. La cronologia oficial de l&#8217;imperi situa el regnat d&#8217;\u014cjin al segle quart (270 a 310 segons el c\u00f2mput tradicional), per\u00f2 l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les cultures del passat a partir de les seves restes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span> mostra que la dinastia imperial nom\u00e9s es fa hist\u00f2ricament tangible al segle cinqu\u00e8.<\/p><p>El Daisen-Kofun, a Sakai (prefectura d&#8217;Osaka), es considera tradicionalment la tomba d&#8217;\u014cjin, per\u00f2 no es pot atribuir amb certesa. \u00c9s m\u00e9s probable que la figura d&#8217;\u014cjin sigui una construcci\u00f3 posterior en la qual s&#8217;han fusionat diverses figures reials hist\u00f2riques.<\/p>\n<p>Ross Bender, Joan Piggott i altres historiadores han argumentat que la identificaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Hachiman amb \u014cjin, al segle vuit, complia una funci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica: oferia a la dinastia ascendent Yamato un arrelament sagrat en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el sinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> guerrer, que alhora establia el vincle amb els clans d&#8217;immigrants coreans.<\/p><p>La recerca sobre Hachiman dels darrers trenta anys ha assumit en gran part aquesta lectura pol\u00edtica i subratlla que la seva hist\u00f2ria religiosa no es pot separar de la hist\u00f2ria pol\u00edtica del Jap\u00f3 antic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c5c2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6c5c2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-197dcba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"197dcba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparaci\u00f3 amb altres tradicions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942fa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942fa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estructuralment, Hachiman pertany a la classe de divinitats guerreres i protectores presents en gaireb\u00e9 tots els panteons de les grans cultures euroasi\u00e0tiques.<\/p><p>Dins la hist\u00f2ria religiosa de l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental, els paral\u00b7lels m\u00e9s propers s\u00f3n Guan Yu (d\u00e9u guerrer xin\u00e8s, heroi de finals de la dinastia Han divinitzat dins el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span>) i el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> core\u00e0 a Hwarang. En una comparaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia trobem paral\u00b7lels amb Mart i H\u00e8rcules (Roma), Ares i Heracles (Gr\u00e8cia), Tyr i Thor (germ\u00e0nic), Skanda-Karttikeya (hinduisme) i Indra en els seus aspectes guerrers.<\/p>\n<p>La particularitat d&#8217;Hachiman respecte a aquestes divinitats rau en la combinaci\u00f3 de funci\u00f3 guerrera i estatus de bodhisattva budista. Aquesta dualitat \u00e9s gaireb\u00e9 \u00fanica en la hist\u00f2ria religiosa comparada i converteix Hachiman en un objecte d&#8217;estudi cient\u00edficament molt fruct\u00edfer.<\/p><p>Mark Teeuwen i Bernhard Scheid han demostrat en diversos estudis que aquesta dualitat no \u00e9s una contradicci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 que correspon essencialment a la manera d&#8217;entendre la religi\u00f3 al Jap\u00f3 des de l&#8217;alta edat mitjana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3233,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hachiman","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hachiman \u2013 D\u00e9u Japon\u00e8s de la Guerra dels Samurais | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hachiman \u00e9s el kami japon\u00e8s de la guerra, patr\u00f3 protector dels samurais. 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