{"id":171832,"date":"2026-09-05T15:42:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:42:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171832"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:08:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:21","slug":"gilgamesh","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/gilgamesh\/","title":{"rendered":"Gilgamesh"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171832\" class=\"elementor elementor-171832 elementor-3021 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e3c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3e3c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc821e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbc821e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d188d32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d188d32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058fd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gilgamesh, rei d'Uruk i heroi \u00e8pic<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e492cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e492cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh \u00e9s el rei d&#8217;Uruk i, com a heroi \u00e8pic, la figura central de la m\u00e9s antiga gran epopeia de la humanitat transmesa en escriptura cune\u00efforme. Gilgamesh \u00e9s probablement l&#8217;heroi literari m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre de la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;antiga Mesopot\u00e0mia.<\/p><p>Com a llegendari rei d&#8217;Uruk, governa segons les llistes reials al voltant de 126 anys i esdev\u00e9 amb el temps una figura semidivina, la cerca de la immortalitat de la qual constitueix el tema central de l&#8217;epopeia que porta el seu nom.<\/p><p>L&#8217;Epopeia de Gilgamesh, en la seva versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard can\u00f2nica de 12 tauletes, \u00e9s una de les obres m\u00e9s antigues conservades de la literatura universal i tracta q\u00fcestions centrals de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia humana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ddbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc9ddbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f6b7fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder personificat suprem en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb funcions clares \u2014forces naturals, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bressol de la religi\u00f3 documentada \u2014 Sumer, Acad, Babil\u00f2nia, Ass\u00edria (ca. 3500 aC fins 330 aC).\">Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e3cd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27e3cd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae065e5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ae065e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee736b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ee736b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b44efa iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b44efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173456\" alt=\"Gilgamesh - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 historicista\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f624568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f624568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642c4d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642c4d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01e289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mite i origen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1063586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh es remunta probablement, des del punt de vista hist\u00f2ric, a un rei d&#8217;Uruk del per\u00edode din\u00e0stic arcaic, a principis del III mil\u00b7lenni a.C. El seu nom apareix a les llistes reials sum\u00e8ries com a cinqu\u00e8 rei de la primera dinastia d&#8217;Uruk, en una s\u00e8rie de governants que en part tenen un car\u00e0cter semidivinitzat.<\/p><p>Ja en la tradici\u00f3 sum\u00e8ria antiga se&#8217;l considerava mig div\u00ed, perqu\u00e8 la seva mare, Ninsun, una deessa menor, estava vinculada amb Lugalbanda, un altre governant divinitzat.<\/p>\n<p>Els relats sumeris antics sobre Gilgamesh no formen una narraci\u00f3 unit\u00e0ria, sin\u00f3 una s\u00e8rie de cants independents. Entre ells hi ha \u00abGilgamesh i Aga\u00bb, \u00abGilgamesh i Huwawa\u00bb, \u00abGilgamesh i el brau celeste\u00bb, \u00abLa mort de Gilgamesh\u00bb i \u00abGilgamesh, Enkidu i el m\u00f3n dels morts\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>En l&#8217;\u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica, cap al 1800 a.C., aquests cants es van agrupar en una primera composici\u00f3 coherent, ara en llengua acc\u00e0dia. En l&#8217;\u00e8poca mitjoass\u00edria, cap al 1200 a.C., va sorgir la versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard posterior en dotze tauletes, atribu\u00efda al sacerdot Sin-leqi-unninni.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;epopeia segueix inicialment el rei desenfrenat Gilgamesh, que oprimeix els seus s\u00fabdits amb pretensions desmesurades. Els d\u00e9us creen Enkidu, un home salvatge que li \u00e9s igual en for\u00e7a. Els dos esdevenen amics i marxen junts per v\u00e8ncer Humbaba, el guardi\u00e0 del bosc de cedres.<\/p><p>Despr\u00e9s d&#8217;aquesta vict\u00f2ria, Gilgamesh of\u00e8n la deessa Ixtar, que envia el brau celeste contra la ciutat com a c\u00e0stig. Els dos herois maten el brau, i com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia els d\u00e9us fan emmalaltir Enkidu com a sacrifici expiatori. La seva mort sumeix Gilgamesh en una profunda crisi vital i el condueix a la cerca de la immortalitat.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgamesh viatja fins a Utnapishtim, el supervivent del gran diluvi, que li explica la hist\u00f2ria del diluvi i li imposa proves en les quals fracassa. En el viatge de tornada troba una planta que hauria de rejovenir-lo, per\u00f2 una serp la roba.<\/p><p>Gilgamesh torna a Uruk i contempla amb orgull les muralles de la seva ciutat: aquesta \u00e9s la seva gl\u00f2ria duradora. Aquest desenlla\u00e7 es considera una de les formulacions finals m\u00e9s commovedores de la literatura antiga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d601c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00d601c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"209af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbols i atributs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a25502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a25502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh es representa en l&#8217;art com un heroi d&#8217;alta estatura, amb barba i cabell arrissat. Els seus atributs principals s\u00f3n la massa de combat, sovint amb doble cap, i l&#8217;arc. En els relleus neoassiris apareix de vegades amb un lle\u00f3 sota el bra\u00e7, una representaci\u00f3 que simbolitza la seva for\u00e7a f\u00edsica superior.<\/p>\n<p>Una tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica el mostra com un heroi entre dos lleons drets, una posici\u00f3 que en el programa iconogr\u00e0fic de l&#8217;antiga Mesopot\u00e0mia caracteritza el \u00absenyor dels animals\u00bb. Aquesta posici\u00f3 la comparteixen diverses figures heroiques i divinitats del pante\u00f3. Els relleus del palau de Sargon II a Khorsabad el mostren en aquesta posici\u00f3, la qual cosa subratlla la difusi\u00f3 intercultural de la seva figura.<\/p>\n<p>El seu company Enkidu constitueix un tipus iconogr\u00e0fic propi, sovint representat amb cabell llarg, vestit de pell i trets d&#8217;animal salvatge. Els dos herois junts formen un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> antic mesopot\u00e0mic de parella, que m\u00e9s tard reapareix de forma comparable en narracions gregues i perses. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de la parella d&#8217;amics heroics ha estat represa per Friedrich Schiller i molts altres autors moderns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c9a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c9a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7655e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7655e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia de molts herois del m\u00f3n antic, Gilgamesh va ser efectivament venerat de manera cultual. Inscripcions de l&#8217;\u00e8poca sum\u00e8ria antiga i paleobabil\u00f2nica documenten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> dedicades al seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> en el mes del dol pels morts. Se l&#8217;invocava sobretot com a divinitat endevinadora i jutge del m\u00f3n dels morts, on havia de rebre els difunts i mostrar-los el cam\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> important era l&#8217;Eturkalama a Uruk, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lliurat mitjan\u00e7ant un acte religi\u00f3s al sagrat i, per tant, separat de l'\u00fas quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagrat<\/span> a ell i als seus avantpassats. Tamb\u00e9 a Nippur i Babil\u00f2nia s&#8217;invocava el seu nom en textos d&#8217;encantament i lit\u00fargies de dol. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> es considerava especialment poder\u00f3s en les pr\u00e0ctiques endevinat\u00f2ries, perqu\u00e8 com a heroi hauria entrat dues vegades al m\u00f3n dels morts: una per recuperar Enkidu, i una altra despr\u00e9s de la seva pr\u00f2pia mort.<\/p>\n<p>En l&#8217;\u00e8poca neoass\u00edria, el seu prestigi literari es va mantenir intacte, per\u00f2 l&#8217;aspecte cultual va anar desapareixent. Assurbanipal, el gran rei bibliotecari, va fer conservar l&#8217;Epopeia de Gilgamesh en diversos exemplars a la seva biblioteca.<\/p><p>Un gran nombre de les tauletes conservades procedeixen d&#8217;aquesta col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 reial de N\u00ednive. Tamb\u00e9 a Hattusa, la capital dels hitites, es va fer una traducci\u00f3 hitita, la qual cosa mostra la difusi\u00f3 internacional del relat.<\/p>\n<p>En l&#8217;\u00e8poca babil\u00f2nica tardana i sele\u00facida, la tradici\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria es va anar esvaint. Tot i aix\u00ed, encara apareixen rastres del relat de Gilgamesh en fonts jueves-aramees i sirianes, sovint reinterpretats en altres herois. La tradici\u00f3 directa no es va extingir fins a la desaparici\u00f3 completa de la cultura escrita mesopot\u00e0mica al segle I d.C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722db8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722db8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9000838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9000838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mites importants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1285d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1285d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;obra principal \u00e9s l&#8217;Epopeia de Gilgamesh en la versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard de dotze tauletes. Les tauletes I i II descriuen el jove i desp\u00f2tic Gilgamesh i la creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Enkidu per la deessa Aruru. La trobada dels dos herois, el seu combat i la seva posterior amistat s\u00f3n extraordin\u00e0ries des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, perqu\u00e8 transformen el conflicte cl\u00e0ssic entre ciutat i estepa en un vincle d&#8217;amor fraternal.<\/p>\n<p>Les tauletes III a V narren el viatge cap al bosc de cedres i el combat contra Humbaba, el guardi\u00e0 del bosc. Aquest episodi \u00e9s notable des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions perqu\u00e8 uneix la geografia c\u00f2smica amb el comer\u00e7 concret de fusta. L&#8217;extracci\u00f3 de fusta de cedre al L\u00edban era una activitat econ\u00f2mica real dels reis mesopot\u00e0mics, i l&#8217;epopeia la legitima m\u00edtica.<\/p>\n<p>Les tauletes VI a VIII contenen l&#8217;episodi amb Ixtar, la mort del Brau del Cel i la mort d&#8217;Enkidu. Aqu\u00ed els temes d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n m\u00e9s densos.<\/p><p>La negativa de Gilgamesh a prendre Ixtar per esposa i la seva enumeraci\u00f3 dels amants anteriors de la deessa constitueixen una pol\u00e8mica rara contra una poderosa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>. La reacci\u00f3 dels d\u00e9us, deixant morir Enkidu, dona a la narraci\u00f3 una profunditat teol\u00f2gica.<\/p>\n<p>Les tauletes IX a XI estan dedicades al cam\u00ed de la desesperaci\u00f3 de Gilgamesh. Viatja pels t\u00fanels del d\u00e9u del sol, travessa les aig\u00fces de la mort, arriba fins a Utnapishtim i escolta la narraci\u00f3 del diluvi.<\/p><p>La tauleta XI, amb el seu relat detallat del diluvi, \u00e9s especialment important hist\u00f2ricament perqu\u00e8 s&#8217;ha llegit com a paral\u00b7lel de la hist\u00f2ria b\u00edblica del diluvi i, al segle XIX, va influir profundament en el debat sobre la prehist\u00f2ria liter\u00e0ria del Pentateuc.<\/p>\n<p>La tauleta XII, una addici\u00f3 posterior, descriu el lament de Gilgamesh per Enkidu i el retorn de l&#8217;esperit d&#8217;Enkidu des del m\u00f3n inferior. Aquesta part \u00e9s en realitat una traducci\u00f3 del cant sumeri \u00abGilgamesh, Enkidu i el m\u00f3n inferior\u00bb i no s&#8217;ajusta a l&#8217;esquema narratiu de la versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard, per la qual cosa la recerca la considera un annex.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8302448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8302448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae4bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aae4bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacions dins el pante\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbbfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cbbfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh, com a figura hist\u00f2rica, no forma part del pante\u00f3 en sentit estricte, per\u00f2 p\u00f2stumament va ser venerat com a semid\u00e9u i jutge del m\u00f3n inferior. La seva mare Ninsun, deessa de la saviesa i de la cura del bestiar, pertany al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> d&#8217;Uruk. El seu pare Lugalbanda va ser un predecessor de\u00efficat en el tron d&#8217;Uruk.<\/p>\n<p>El seu company Enkidu no es concep com una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>, sin\u00f3 com una figura de creaci\u00f3 salvatge que, despr\u00e9s de la seva mort, entra al regne d&#8217;Ereshkigal. Amb Inanna (Ixtar), la deessa tutelar d&#8217;Uruk, Gilgamesh mant\u00e9 una relaci\u00f3 conflictiva. Amb Shamash, el d\u00e9u del sol i d\u00e9u de la just\u00edcia, en canvi, hi ha una relaci\u00f3 protectora, ja que Shamash l&#8217;ajuda en les seves proves de combat.<\/p>\n<p>Amb Utnapishtim i la seva esposa el vincula la trobada a la fi del m\u00f3n, i amb Siduri, la taverna vora les aig\u00fces de la mort, un ensenyament filos\u00f2fic sobre l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia humana. Aquestes trobades desenvolupen un paisatge teol\u00f2gic ric, en el qual Gilgamesh es converteix progressivament en un mestre per al lector.<\/p>\n<p>La relaci\u00f3 de Gilgamesh amb la seva mare Ninsun \u00e9s de gran import\u00e0ncia. Ninsun, el nom de la qual significa \u00absenyora de les vaques salvatges\u00bb, \u00e9s una deessa de la ciutat d&#8217;Uruk i es presenta com a consellera i interpretadora dels somnis de l&#8217;heroi.<\/p><p>En la tauleta I interpreta els somnis de Gilgamesh, en els quals Enkidu apareix com a futur amic. Aquesta funci\u00f3 de la mare divina \u00e9s un element arcaic que tamb\u00e9 apareix en altres epopeies heroiques de Mesopot\u00e0mia, com les de Lugalbanda i Etana.<\/p>\n<p>El seu pare Lugalbanda \u00e9s ell mateix una figura heroica, a qui es dediquen dues narracions sum\u00e8ries pr\u00f2pies. La l\u00ednia teog\u00f2nica Gilgamesh-Lugalbanda-Ninsun uneix la ciutat d&#8217;Uruk amb una genealogia divino-reial que abasta tres generacions. Aquesta genealogia va quedar establerta a la Llista Reial Sum\u00e8ria i va conferir a la ciutat d&#8217;Uruk una dignitat teol\u00f2gica que anava m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la simple hist\u00f2ria urbana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f1d5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32f1d5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c880a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i influ\u00e8ncia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1467b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1467b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;Epopeia de Gilgamesh va ser desxifrada el 1872 per George Smith al British Museum, fet que va desencadenar la sensaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de la tauleta del diluvi. Des de llavors s&#8217;ha tradu\u00eft a desenes de lleng\u00fces i ha aparegut en nombroses edicions.<\/p><p>Rainer Maria Rilke la va anomenar \u00abuna de les obres m\u00e9s grans de la literatura humana\u00bb; Carl Gustav Jung la va interpretar en sentit arquet\u00edpic com un viatge del jo conscient cap a les profunditats de l&#8217;\u00e0nima.<\/p>\n<p>En la literatura moderna, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de Gilgamesh s&#8217;ha repr\u00e8s en moltes ocasions, per exemple per Hans Henny Jahnn, Stephan Grundy, Robert Silverberg i Joan London.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El compositor Bohuslav Martinu va escriure \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb, una cantata per a solistes, cor i orquestra, estrenada el 1958 a Basilea. En c\u00f2mics, pel\u00b7l\u00edcules i jocs, l&#8217;heroi apareix en moltes adaptacions, sovint amb grans llibertats respecte al material antic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>En la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, l&#8217;epopeia t\u00e9 un paper central en l&#8217;estudi comparat de l&#8217;heroi, la mort i el diluvi. Els paral\u00b7lelismes amb el G\u00e8nesi b\u00edblic s\u00f3n, des de la seva descoberta, un tema recurrent en manuals teol\u00f2gics i cient\u00edfics. La q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d&#8217;una depend\u00e8ncia hist\u00f2rica o d&#8217;un origen com\u00fa es continua discutint avui dia.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>En la hist\u00f2ria de les religions moderna, l&#8217;Epopeia de Gilgamesh ha transformat profundament el debat sobre l&#8217;origen del diluvi b\u00edblic. Hermann Gunkel va formular a \u00abGenesis\u00bb (1901) la tesi que la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica influeix en la narraci\u00f3 b\u00edblica tant ling\u00fc\u00edsticament com tem\u00e0ticament.<\/span><\/p><p>Aquesta tesi va ser assumida per Claus Westermann en el seu gran comentari del G\u00e8nesi i avui \u00e9s consens. La forma exacta de transmissi\u00f3, ja sigui directament a trav\u00e9s de la captivitat babil\u00f2nica o mitjan\u00e7ant tradicions orals al Pr\u00f2xim Orient, es continua discutint.<\/p>\n<p>En la literatura moderna, Gilgamesh s&#8217;ha convertit en xifra de la recerca de sentit despr\u00e9s de la p\u00e8rdua d&#8217;un amic.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00abDas Buch von Gilgamesch\u00bb (1972) de Stefan Heym, \u00abGilgamesh\u00bb (2001) de Joan London i la novel\u00b7la \u00abGilgamesh the King\u00bb (1984) de Robert Silverberg s\u00f3n les adaptacions liter\u00e0ries m\u00e9s importants. En el cinema, \u00abStalker\u00bb (1979) d&#8217;Andrei Tarkovski est\u00e0 marcat per motius de Gilgamesh, fet que ell mateix va esmentar expl\u00edcitament als seus escrits.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3751e1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3751e1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede18c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede18c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1cbef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1cbef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew George va reconstruir, en la seva edici\u00f3 \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb, la tradici\u00f3 manuscrita i va analitzar l&#8217;epopeia en el seu context de l&#8217;Orient antic. La seva obra \u00e9s considerada una obra de refer\u00e8ncia i ha marcat de manera decisiva la comprensi\u00f3 cient\u00edfica del material. Stefan Maul ha analitzat en diversos estudis els aspectes m\u00e0gico-rituals de l&#8217;epopeia.<\/p>\n<p>Thorkild Jacobsen veu en el material de Gilgamesh una forma altmesopot\u00e0mica de reflexi\u00f3 sobre la mort i el fet de morir. Segons el seu punt de vista, l&#8217;epopeia no \u00e9s principalment una novel\u00b7la heroica, sin\u00f3 una reflexi\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica sobre la finitud. Jean Bott\u00e9ro emfatitza la funci\u00f3 social del text, que es copiava a les escoles dels aprenents d&#8217;escriba i que va esdevenir aix\u00ed el fonament educatiu de l&#8217;elit altmesopot\u00e0mica.<\/p>\n<p>Stephanie Dalley i Wilfred Lambert han presentat traduccions i comentaris que han fet accessible l&#8217;obra a un p\u00fablic m\u00e9s ampli. Walther Sallaberger ha reconstru\u00eft els precedents antic-sumeris. La investigaci\u00f3 considera avui l&#8217;epopeia de Gilgamesh un dels testimonis m\u00e9s importants de l&#8217;alta cultura altmesopot\u00e0mica i un text clau per a la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de com una alta cultura primerenca va reflexionar sobre la mortalitat, l&#8217;amistat i la fama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d2adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4d2adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1926c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1926c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard i Sin-leqi-unninni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf00aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf00aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La forma liter\u00e0riament m\u00e9s coneguda de l&#8217;epopeia de Gilgamesh \u00e9s la denominada versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard, una composici\u00f3 accadi de dotze tauletes que va ser compilada a mitjans del segon mil\u00b7lenni a. C. sota el nom de \u00abSha naqba imuru\u00bb, \u00abEl que ho ha vist tot\u00bb.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> atribueix la redacci\u00f3 a un savi babiloni anomenat Sin-leqi-unninni, un mag i escriba que probablement va viure durant el per\u00edode babiloni mitj\u00e0 (segle XII a. C.).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El seu nom apareix en llistes d&#8217;escribes de N\u00ednive com \u00abel qui va compilar les tauletes\u00bb. Andrew George va reconstruir minuciosament la hist\u00f2ria textual en la seva monumental edici\u00f3 \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb (Oxford, 2003), col\u00b7lacionant les fonts de N\u00ednive, Sultantepe, Babil\u00f2nia, Uruk i Mesopot\u00e0mia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>La versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard es divideix en dotze tauletes. Les tauletes I i II tracten la creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Enkidu i la seva trobada amb Gilgamesh. Les tauletes III a V narren el viatge al bosc de cedres i el combat contra Humbaba. La tauleta VI relata la trobada amb Ishtar i la mort del brau celestial.<\/p><p>La tauleta VII cont\u00e9 la mort d&#8217;Enkidu i el dol de Gilgamesh. Les tauletes VIII a XI narren la recerca de la immortalitat per part de Gilgamesh, amb la trobada amb Utnapishtim, el No\u00e8 mesopot\u00e0mic, i el relat del diluvi. La tauleta XII \u00e9s un afegit sumeri que reprodueix, com a ap\u00e8ndix, un fragment de \u00abGilgamesh, Enkidu i el m\u00f3n inferior\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>El relat del diluvi de la tauleta XI \u00e9s un dels episodis m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebres de la literatura universal. Utnapishtim explica a Gilgamesh com Enki el va advertir de la gran inundaci\u00f3 que el d\u00e9u Enlil havia decretat contra la humanitat. Utnapishtim va construir una arca on va salvar la seva fam\u00edlia, tots els \u00e9ssers vius i el saber.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Despr\u00e9s de set dies de diluvi, l&#8217;arca va aterrar a la muntanya Nisir, i els d\u00e9us van fer immortal Utnapishtim. El relat va ser publicat per primera vegada el 1872 per George Smith al Museu Brit\u00e0nic i va provocar una sensaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica i teol\u00f2gica, ja que apuntava a un possible antecedent mesopot\u00e0mic del relat b\u00edblic del diluvi.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf92d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf92d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Versions paleobabil\u00f2niques i textos de Bilgames<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a698770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a698770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abans de la versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard existien diverses versions paleobabil\u00f2niques del segle XVIII a. C., entre elles la tauleta de Pennsylvania i la tauleta de Yale, ambdues copiades per estudiants d&#8217;acad\u00e8mia com a exercici d&#8217;escriptura.<\/p><p>Aquestes versions paleobabil\u00f2niques s\u00f3n en part m\u00e9s laconiques i lit\u00fargicament m\u00e9s flexibles que la versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard, i contenen variacions que suggereixen un final feli\u00e7 per a la relaci\u00f3 entre Gilgamesh i Enkidu. La tauleta de Pennsylvania comen\u00e7a amb la predicci\u00f3 on\u00edrica d&#8217;Enkidu feta per Ninsun, la mare de Gilgamesh, una escena que a la versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard es reprodueix de manera abreujada.<\/p>\n<p>Abans de les versions paleobabil\u00f2niques hi ha una tradici\u00f3 sum\u00e8ria en la qual Gilgamesh apareix amb el nom de Bilgames en cinc narracions independents.<\/p><p>Aquests textos de Bilgames s\u00f3n: \u00abBilgames i Aga\u00bb, el relat d&#8217;un setge d&#8217;Uruk pel ve\u00ed reial Aga; \u00abBilgames i Huwawa\u00bb, el precedent de l&#8217;episodi de Humbaba; \u00abBilgames i el brau celestial\u00bb; \u00abBilgames, Enkidu i el m\u00f3n inferior\u00bb; i \u00abLa mort de Bilgames\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aquests cinc textos sumeris s\u00f3n anteriors a la tradici\u00f3 acc\u00e0dia i es remunten a l&#8217;\u00e8poca de la tercera dinastia d&#8217;Ur (segle XXI a. C.). Andrew George en va presentar una edici\u00f3 completa amb traducci\u00f3 a l&#8217;angl\u00e8s a \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb (Penguin Classics, 1999).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Una font especialment important \u00e9s \u00abLa mort de Bilgames\u00bb, un text que narra la mort del heroi i el seu enterrament. Gilgamesh \u00e9s institu\u00eft com a jutge del m\u00f3n inferior, una funci\u00f3 que m\u00e9s tard tamb\u00e9 apareix en els textos d&#8217;encanteris.<\/p><p>Aquesta doble condici\u00f3, com a heroi del passat i jutge dels morts, \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 t\u00edpica de les figures heroiques mesopot\u00e0miques. Aage Westenholz i Antoine Cavigneaux han analitzat en diversos articles la import\u00e0ncia d&#8217;aquest text per a l&#8217;escatologia mesopot\u00e0mica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6f9cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f6f9cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f2f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hist\u00f2ria de la recerca i l\u00ednies de recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b2656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83b2656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El descobriment de l&#8217;Epopeia de Gilgameix va comen\u00e7ar el 1853 amb les excavacions de Hormuzd Rassam a la biblioteca d&#8217;Assurbanipal a N\u00ednive. Les tauletes d&#8217;argila van ser portades al British Museum i all\u00e0 les va desxifrar George Smith.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La seva confer\u00e8ncia \u00abThe Chaldean Account of the Deluge\u00bb davant la Society of Biblical Archaeology el 3 de desembre de 1872 va ser cofinan\u00e7ada pel Daily Telegraph i es considera l&#8217;inici de l&#8217;assiriologia moderna.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Smith va viatjar posteriorment a N\u00ednive i el 1873 va trobar m\u00e9s fragments que van completar l&#8217;obra. La seva edici\u00f3 \u00abThe Chaldean Account of Genesis\u00bb (1876) va fer accessible l&#8217;epopeia al gran p\u00fablic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Les edicions modernes segueixen en gran part Andrew George 2003, amb troballes complement\u00e0ries de Sultantepe (publicades per Jeffrey Tigay 1982), d&#8217;Ugarit (publicades per Daniel Arnaud 2007) i de Hattusa (Bogazk\u00f6y, en traducci\u00f3 hitita i hurrita).<\/span><\/p><p>Aquestes troballes d&#8217;abast regional demostren que l&#8217;epopeia va circular durant el segon mil\u00b7lenni en diverses lleng\u00fces i en nombroses cultures de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim, des del Llevant fins a Anat\u00f2lia.<\/p>\n<p>La hist\u00f2ria de la recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s molt \u00e0mplia. En l&#8217;estudi b\u00edblic, la discussi\u00f3 sobre els paral\u00b7lelismes entre Gilgameix i la B\u00edblia hebrea \u00e9s un tema constant des de George Smith. Frank Moore Cross, John Day i Othmar Keel han identificat traces del relat de Gilgameix en la narraci\u00f3 del diluvi, a Job i als Salms.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>En la literatura moderna, Rainer Maria Rilke (en cartes), Jorge Luis Borges (en relats) i Philip Roth (a \u00abThe Counterlife\u00bb) han fet \u00fas de l&#8217;epopeia. La traducci\u00f3 alemanya d&#8217;Albert Schott i Wolfram von Soden (Reclam 1958) va consolidar l&#8217;obra a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de parla alemanya.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ddfd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ddfd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d322b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d322b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia complement\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2699353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2699353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Fonts de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span>: cants sumeris de Gilgameix (\u00abGilgameix i Huwawa\u00bb, \u00abGilgameix i el bou celeste\u00bb, \u00abLa mort de Gilgameix\u00bb), fragments paleobabil\u00f2nics, l&#8217;Epopeia de Gilgameix en la versi\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard de 12 tauletes, traducci\u00f3 hitita de Hattusa, tauletes de N\u00ednive de la biblioteca d&#8217;Assurbanipal.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bibliografia de recerca: Andrew George, \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb, Oxford 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Thorkild Jacobsen, \u00abThe Treasures of Darkness\u00bb, New Haven 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gilgamesh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gilgamesh \u2013 rei d'Uruk i heroi \u00e8pic | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gilgamesh \u00e9s l'heroi mesopot\u00e0mic i rei d'Uruk. Protagonista de l'Epopeia de Gilgamesh, cerca de la immortalitat, relat del diluvi","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171832","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gilgamesh \u2013 rei d&#039;Uruk i heroi \u00e8pic | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gilgamesh \u00e9s l&#039;heroi mesopot\u00e0mic i rei d&#039;Uruk. 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