{"id":171831,"date":"2026-09-05T15:42:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:42:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171831"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:08:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:21","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171831\" class=\"elementor elementor-171831 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, deessa babil\u00f2nica de l'art de curar<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula \u00e9s la deessa babil\u00f2nica de l&#8217;art de curar i \u00e9s representada com a senyora dels gossos, cujo animal es considera un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge il\u00b7lustrativa que representa una idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la recuperaci\u00f3. Gula \u00e9s la deessa curativa m\u00e9s important de la religi\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica antiga. Es venera sobretot en l&#8217;\u00e8poca babil\u00f2nica antiga i en l&#8217;\u00e8poca neoass\u00edria, i era considerada patrona de l&#8217;art de curar, dels metges i de les llevadores.<\/p><p>El seu atribut \u00e9s el gos, un animal que en la concepci\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica antiga estava vinculat tant a la curaci\u00f3 com al llindar entre la vida i la mort. Els seus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> m\u00e9s importants es trobaven a Isin, Nippur i Babil\u00f2nia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder personificat suprem en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb funcions clares \u2014forces naturals, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bressol de la religi\u00f3 documentada \u2014 Sumer, Acad, Babil\u00f2nia, Ass\u00edria (ca. 3500 aC fins 330 aC).\">Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173455\" alt=\"Gula - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 historicocultural\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mite i origen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula \u00e9s la forma posterior i m\u00e9s ampliada de diverses deesses curatives m\u00e9s antigues, sobretot Ninisina, Bau i Ninkarrak, venerades a les ciutats-estat sum\u00e8ries antigues d&#8217;Isin, Lagash i Sippar. Ninisina, la \u00absenyora d&#8217;Isin\u00bb, \u00e9s la precursora m\u00e9s important.<\/p><p>Ja en les inscripcions reials de la dinastia d&#8217;Isin, cap al 2000 a. C., apareix com la deessa curativa suprema i deessa de la ciutat. Durant el per\u00edode babil\u00f2nic antic, les seves funcions i caracter\u00edstiques es van fusionar en la figura unificada de Gula.<\/p>\n<p>El seu nom, Gula, significa en accadi \u00abla gran\u00bb. Les inscripcions l&#8217;anomenen azugallu, \u00e9s a dir, \u00abla gran metgessa\u00bb. \u00c9s filla d&#8217;Anu, el d\u00e9u del cel, o, segons altres tradicions, filla d&#8217;Enlil. El seu esp\u00f2s \u00e9s Ninurta, el d\u00e9u guerrer i de l&#8217;arada, amb qui forma una parella complement\u00e0ria: ell representa la conquesta guerrera, ella la restauraci\u00f3 curativa.<\/p>\n<p>Els seus santuaris m\u00e9s importants es trobaven a Isin, ciutat del sud de Mesopot\u00e0mia, i a Nippur, la ciutat religiosa central. A Babil\u00f2nia se li va erigir, durant el per\u00edode babil\u00f2nic antic, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> E-galmah. A Sippar era venerada sota la forma de Ninkarrak. Aquesta dispersi\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica mostra la import\u00e0ncia supraregional de la deessa.<\/p>\n<p>Un himne conegut a Gula, l&#8217;\u00abhimne de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb, prov\u00e9 de l&#8217;\u00e8poca babil\u00f2nica mitjana i ofereix una \u00e0mplia autopresentaci\u00f3 de la deessa. S&#8217;hi descriu com a metgessa, infermera, llevadora i, alhora, com a jutgessa justa. L&#8217;himne \u00e9s important des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 resumeix les funcions centrals de la deessa en una forma liter\u00e0ria de gran qualitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbols i atributs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;atribut m\u00e9s important de Gula \u00e9s el gos. En les pedres frontereres kudurru i en relleus, un gos apareix assegut al costat del seu tron o als seus peus.<\/p><p>El gos unia, en la concepci\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica antiga, curaci\u00f3 i mort: se li atribu\u00efa a la seva saliva un poder curatiu, fet documentat arqueol\u00f2gicament per ossos de gos trobats en santuaris i per textos de curaci\u00f3 que pronuncien f\u00f3rmules d&#8217;encanteri a trav\u00e9s de la saliva del gos. Alhora, els gossos eren companys de la divinitat del m\u00f3n inferior i podien ser considerats acompanyants dels morts.<\/p>\n<p>Un altre atribut \u00e9s la lanceta o el bast\u00f3 m\u00e8dic. En algunes imatges sost\u00e9 un instrument que recorda eines quir\u00fargiques. En empremtes de segell apareix sovint davant d&#8217;una persona malalta, cap a la qual es dirigeix amb intenci\u00f3 curativa.<\/p>\n<p>En moltes pedres kudurru apareix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del gos assegut al costat d&#8217;altres signes astrals o c\u00f2smics. Gula formava aix\u00ed una part integral de la geografia teol\u00f2gica de les pedres frontereres.<\/p><p>El simbolisme del gos va seguir essent el signe distintiu i inconfusible de la deessa. Troballes arqueol\u00f2giques d&#8217;Isin han confirmat la import\u00e0ncia ritual del gos en el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>, ja que all\u00e0 es van trobar ossos de gos disposats de manera especial.<\/p>\n<p>Alguns relleus de temple mostren Gula amb una estrella o mitja lluna, com a indicaci\u00f3 de la dimensi\u00f3 astral de la seva veneraci\u00f3. La connexi\u00f3 entre curaci\u00f3, interpretaci\u00f3 astral i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ritual ling\u00fc\u00edstic destinat a invocar o vincular un poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">encanteri<\/span> era estreta en el pensament mesopot\u00e0mic antic, i Gula, com a deessa curativa, formava part alhora del cos de coneixement astral.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El culte principal de Gula tenia lloc a Isin, al sud de Mesopot\u00e0mia. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> E-gal-mah era el lloc de trobada per a metges, llevadores i pacients. S&#8217;hi han trobat en gran nombre exvots d&#8217;argila en forma de parts del cos malaltes, comparables als ex-vots dels cultes curatius del sud d&#8217;It\u00e0lia.<\/p><p>Aquests objectes ofereixen una visi\u00f3 directa de la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa: els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una persona que empr\u00e8n un viatge de motivaci\u00f3 religiosa a un lloc sagrat.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelegrins<\/span> li oferien models d&#8217;ulls, membres o parts de l&#8217;abdomen malalts amb l&#8217;esperan\u00e7a de guarir.<\/p>\n<p>A Nippur, el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> era l&#8217;E-mah, on es reunia el col\u00b7legi de metges.<\/p><p>Un terme neoassiri habitual per a \u00abmetge\u00bb, asu, deriva de la seva funci\u00f3. A Sippar era venerada amb el nom de Ninkarrak, i a Babil\u00f2nia, a l&#8217;E-galmah. A Borsippa, la ciutat bessona de Babil\u00f2nia, estava integrada com a deessa acompanyant de Nabu, el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;escriptura.<\/p>\n<p>El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> era especialment popular entre dones i metges. Textos d&#8217;encantament de l&#8217;\u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica i neoass\u00edria la invoquen en parts, febres, mossegades de serp i trastorns ps\u00edquics. Les col\u00b7leccions d&#8217;encantaments de la biblioteca reial d&#8217;Assurbanipal contenen nombrosos textos on Gula \u00e9s invocada juntament amb Marduk, Ea i Shamash com a divinitat curativa.<\/p>\n<p>La pr\u00e0ctica de l&#8217;encantament al costat del llit del pacient solia comprendre diverses etapes. Primer, l&#8217;asipu, el sacerdot encantador, invocava Gula de manera formul\u00e0ria. Despr\u00e9s venien instruccions concretes, sovint amb mescles d&#8217;herbes o accions rituals com passar un fil de llana pel cos del malalt, que despr\u00e9s es cremava per destruir simb\u00f2licament la malaltia.<\/p><p>Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica, sovint associada al gos com a animal ritual, est\u00e0 documentada en centenars de tauletes d&#8217;argila.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00e8poca neoass\u00edria, la veneraci\u00f3 estatal de Gula va augmentar. Assurbanipal va fer copiar els seus textos i incorporar-los a la seva biblioteca. Tamb\u00e9 dones de la fam\u00edlia reial li feien ofrenes personals, fet que subratlla la vinculaci\u00f3 de la deessa amb el naixement i la maternitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mites importants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula apareix menys en els textos narratius que Inanna o Marduk. El seu text m\u00e9s important \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00abhimne de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb, una gran autopresentaci\u00f3 de la deessa en 200 l\u00ednies.<\/p><p>S&#8217;hi anomena filla d&#8217;Anu, esposa de Ninurta, metgessa dels grans d\u00e9us, llevadora dels pobles i protectora justa dels d\u00e8bils. L&#8217;himne \u00e9s rellevant des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, perqu\u00e8 clou la consolidaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica de les nombroses deesses curatives sota el nom de Gula.<\/p>\n<p>Al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> d&#8217;Anzu, Gula no apareix directament, per\u00f2 en versions posteriors se l&#8217;esmenta juntament amb Ninurta despr\u00e9s de la seva vict\u00f2ria, i participa en la festa del triomf. Aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 la integra en l&#8217;epopeia c\u00f2smica heroica i li dona una connexi\u00f3 narrativa amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> d&#8217;Anzu.<\/p>\n<p>Un breu relat parla del gos de Gula, que un dia va emmalaltir. La mateixa deessa va haver d&#8217;ajudar-lo i va fer servir diverses de les seves herbes curatives.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquest dolor, es diu, va n\u00e9ixer la seva capacitat de guarir, perqu\u00e8 primer havia viscut el patiment en el seu propi animal. Aquest relat, conservat en alguns fragments, dona a la deessa un car\u00e0cter emp\u00e0tic que la distingeix de les divinitats purament jur\u00eddiques i punitives.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacions dins el pante\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula est\u00e0 casada amb Ninurta, d\u00e9u guerrer i de l&#8217;arada. Formen una parella complement\u00e0ria en la qual s&#8217;entrellacen la commoci\u00f3 b\u00e8l\u00b7lica i la restauraci\u00f3 curativa. Amb Damu, un d\u00e9u curatiu m\u00e9s jove i fill seu, mant\u00e9 una relaci\u00f3 familiar estreta. Damu sovint \u00e9s interpretat com el successor de Gula en la funci\u00f3 curativa.<\/p>\n<p>Amb Ninisina, Bau i Ninkarrak est\u00e0 fusionada culturalment, fet que reflecteix el proc\u00e9s de consolidaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica de l&#8217;\u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica. Amb Marduk, el d\u00e9u imperial de Babil\u00f2nia, mant\u00e9 una relaci\u00f3 de cooperaci\u00f3 cultual: en els encantaments m\u00e8dics tots dos s\u00f3n sovint invocats junts, perqu\u00e8 Marduk va anar assumint un paper cada cop m\u00e9s central en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> babil\u00f2nica i va superposar-hi funcions curatives.<\/p>\n<p>En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> m\u00e9s ampli, Gula mant\u00e9 relacions amb Shamash, el d\u00e9u del sol i del dret, i amb Ea, el d\u00e9u de la saviesa. La vinculaci\u00f3 amb Ea \u00e9s especialment estreta, ja que aquest \u00e9s considerat el mestre c\u00f2smic de l&#8217;art de la curaci\u00f3, i Gula actua com la seva contrapartida terrenal.<\/p>\n<p>A la llista teol\u00f2gica An, Gula s&#8217;identifica amb Ninkarrak, una deessa curativa d&#8217;Acad, esmentada com a destinat\u00e0ria de c\u00e0stigs m\u00e8dics en les f\u00f3rmules de maledicci\u00f3 de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una llosa de pedra o fusta dreta, inscrita o decorada amb imatges.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> d&#8217;Hammurabi.<\/p><p>El seu marit \u00e9s Pabilsag, un d\u00e9u guerrer i curatiu que en l&#8217;astronomia babil\u00f2nica tardana s&#8217;identifica amb la constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 de Sagitari. Aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 entre deessa curativa i guerrer \u00e9s una constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 t\u00edpica de Mesopot\u00e0mia, en la qual protecci\u00f3 i agressivitat s&#8217;uneixen en una mateixa parella divina.<\/p>\n<p>Un cas especial interessant \u00e9s la identificaci\u00f3 Gula-Ixtar en alguns himnes babil\u00f2nics tardans, que intenten concebre les dues deesses com a aspectes d&#8217;una \u00fanica pot\u00e8ncia femenina. Aquesta fusi\u00f3 \u00e9s controvertida i es considera un cas particular de la especulaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica tardana, que, sota la influ\u00e8ncia de la creixent monolatria de Marduk, tamb\u00e9 volia unificar les principals deesses femenines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i influ\u00e8ncia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> de Gula va acabar amb l&#8217;enfonsament de l&#8217;alta cultura babil\u00f2nica en el per\u00edode sel\u00e8ucida. Tanmateix, els seus textos de curaci\u00f3 van continuar sent copiats i conservats a les biblioteques del m\u00f3n hel\u00b7len\u00edstic. Els estudis sumerol\u00f2gics dels segles XIX i XX l&#8217;han reconstru\u00eft com a figura central de la hist\u00f2ria de la medicina mesopot\u00e0mica.<\/p>\n<p>En la hist\u00f2ria moderna de la medicina, Gula \u00e9s honorada com una de les primeres deesses protectores documentades de l&#8217;art de curar. Els relleus d&#8217;Isin apareixen il\u00b7lustrats en molts manuals de hist\u00f2ria de la medicina. En la hist\u00f2ria religiosa del gos, apareix com a figura clau que testimonia la doble funci\u00f3 del gos com a acompanyant de curaci\u00f3 i de mort.<\/p>\n<p>En la cultura popular actual, Gula apareix rarament, per\u00f2 en textos sobre medicina de l&#8217;antic Orient Pr\u00f2xim i en estudis sobre la hist\u00f2ria de l&#8217;obstetr\u00edcia \u00e9s una figura de refer\u00e8ncia central. La connexi\u00f3 entre el seu simbolisme can\u00ed i deus curadors posteriors associats a gossos (com Asclepi amb la serp i el gos en el m\u00f3n grec) es debat en la recerca comparada de religions.<\/p>\n<p>En el per\u00edode hel\u00b7len\u00edstic mesopot\u00e0mic, Gula va ser identificada amb H\u00e8cate, la deessa grega de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen influir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant actes o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> i dels gossos. Aquesta identificaci\u00f3 est\u00e0 documentada epigr\u00e0ficament en inscripcions de l&#8217;\u00e8poca sel\u00e8ucida d&#8217;Uruk, sobretot en una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una placa de pedra o fusta dreta, inscrita o decorada amb imatges.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> biling\u00fce del segle III aC. El punt en com\u00fa rau en l&#8217;atribut del gos i en la funci\u00f3 curativa nocturna.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert, a \u00abBabylon, Memphis, Persepolis\u00bb, ha esbossat la l\u00ednia historicoreligiosa que va de Gula a H\u00e8cate i, m\u00e9s tard, a Diana.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>En la hist\u00f2ria de la medicina, Gula \u00e9s considerada la primera deessa curadora citada pel seu nom que va patrocinar una professi\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia. La seva veneraci\u00f3 constitueix l&#8217;arrel del posterior complex Asclepi-Hip\u00f2crates, com ha exposat detalladament Vivian Nutton a \u00abAncient Medicine\u00bb (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>La recerca actual en hist\u00f2ria de la medicina considera la tradici\u00f3 de Gula un element important de la prehist\u00f2ria de l&#8217;art curatiu grec, amb rastres concrets en la farmacologia i el diagn\u00f2stic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen situa Gula dins del cercle de les grans divinitats femenines protectores, la funci\u00f3 de les quals, en el per\u00edode paleobabil\u00f2nic, se centrava en la curaci\u00f3 i el part. Veu en la seva fusi\u00f3 amb Ninisina un proc\u00e9s t\u00edpic de consolidaci\u00f3, en el qual diverses deesses urbanes es van fondre en una \u00fanica figura v\u00e0lida per a tot l&#8217;imperi.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro subratlla la funci\u00f3 social del seu culte. Gula era la patrona de tot un grup professional, el dels asu i asipu, \u00e9s a dir, els especialistes m\u00e8dico-rituals. La vinculaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquest grup professional amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> era un component estructural important de l&#8217;antiga societat mesopot\u00e0mica.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul, en els seus estudis sobre l&#8217;art endevinatori i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen influir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant actes o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span>, ha documentat l&#8217;estreta relaci\u00f3 entre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Gula i la pr\u00e0ctica de conjurs. Walther Sallaberger i Andrew George han reconstru\u00eft arqueol\u00f2gicament i textualment el culte del temple a Isin i Nippur.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert va editar i comentar cr\u00edticament l&#8217;\u00abHimne de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb. La recerca considera Gula una de les claus m\u00e9s importants per comprendre la medicina i la religi\u00f3 de l&#8217;antiga Mesopot\u00e0mia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Himne a Gula de Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El text literari m\u00e9s important sobre la deessa \u00e9s el gran himne a Gula de Bullussa-rabi, una escriba coneguda pel seu nom del per\u00edode mediobabil\u00f2nic, probablement del segle XII aC. El text, d&#8217;unes 200 l\u00ednies, s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en diversos exemplars; les tauletes m\u00e9s importants provenen de les biblioteques d&#8217;Assur, N\u00ednive i Babil\u00f2nia.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>L&#8217;himne va ser editat per primera vegada el 1967 per Wilfred G. Lambert a Orientalia 36, amb un comentari i traducci\u00f3 exhaustius. El text est\u00e0 escrit a l&#8217;estil d&#8217;una autopredicaci\u00f3, en la qual Gula parla en primera persona sobre les seves qualitats, poders i funcions curatives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi presenta la deessa en una enumeraci\u00f3 enciclop\u00e8dica dels seus noms i funcions. \u00c9s Belet-ili, la senyora dels d\u00e9us, Nintinugga, Bau i Ninisinna, venerades en diferents ciutats de Sumer.<\/p><p>Aquesta concatenaci\u00f3 de deesses regionals sota un nom dominant \u00e9s un exemple de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> sincretista mesopot\u00e0mica, en la qual els cultes locals es van unificar sota un nom principal. L&#8217;himne t\u00e9 una import\u00e0ncia especial en la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 transmet la integraci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica de nombroses deesses curadores en una \u00fanica figura de Gula.<\/p>\n<p>Pel que fa al contingut, l&#8217;himne descriu l&#8217;activitat de Gula com a metgessa. \u00c9s \u00abla gran metgessa que converteix el plany en alegria\u00bb, \u00abcalma la ferida embenant-la\u00bb, \u00abfa tornar el mort a la vida\u00bb.<\/p><p>Aquesta \u00faltima expressi\u00f3 \u00e9s hiperb\u00f2lica, per\u00f2 mostra l&#8217;abast del poder curatiu que se li atribu\u00efa. Un passatge especial \u00e9s l&#8217;enumeraci\u00f3 de les herbes medicinals, la identificaci\u00f3 bot\u00e0nica exacta de les quals resulta dif\u00edcil per a la recerca moderna. Stefan Maul ha comentat aquesta farmacopea en els seus estudis sobre la medicina babil\u00f2nica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin i l'arqueologia del temple<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El principal centre del culte a Gula era Isin, una ciutat a la vora de l&#8217;\u00c8ufrates inferior, on el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de la deessa portava el nom d&#8217;E-gal-mah, \u00abel gran palau sublim\u00bb.<\/p><p>La ciutat va viure la seva \u00e8poca de m\u00e0xim esplendor al segle XX i XIX aC sota la dinastia d&#8217;Isin, els reis de la qual s&#8217;anomenaven a si mateixos \u00abde la casa de Ninisinna\u00bb (\u00e9s a dir, Gula). Les inscripcions de construcci\u00f3 de Lipit-Ishtar i Enlil-bani documenten nombroses donacions, entre les quals renovacions del temple, consagracions d&#8217;est\u00e0tues i instal\u00b7lacions de sales de curaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;excavaci\u00f3 alemanya d&#8217;Isin, dirigida per Barthel Hrouda entre 1973 i 1989, va deixar al descobert bona part de l&#8217;E-gal-mah. Al pati del temple es va trobar un pou on, despr\u00e9s de la curaci\u00f3, s&#8217;hi llan\u00e7aven figures de gossos com a ofrenes votives.<\/p><p>Els excavadors van recuperar diversos centenars de gossos de terracota, dipositats a l&#8217;aigua al llarg dels segles. Aquesta inusual mena de font confirma el simbolisme can\u00ed de la deessa esmentat a l&#8217;himne i permet copsar la pietat popular dels qui cercaven guarici\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Un segon gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> es trobava a Nippur i un tercer a Babil\u00f2nia, on Gula es va convertir, en \u00e8poca babil\u00f2nica tardana, en la deessa guaridora central de la teologia estatal. Les inscripcions dels temples de Nabucodonosor II l&#8217;esmenten com la que va concedir la recuperaci\u00f3 del rei despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una malaltia greu.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 a la ciutat d&#8217;Assur, a Ass\u00edria, hi havia un E-gal-mah, renovat per Sennaquerib i Assurbanipal. Aquesta pres\u00e8ncia supraregional converteix Gula en una de les grans divinitats de tota Mesopot\u00e0mia, comparable en import\u00e0ncia a Ixtar o Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El gos com a atribut i la pr\u00e0ctica votiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El gos \u00e9s l&#8217;atribut m\u00e9s important de Gula, fet singular dins el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> mesopot\u00e0mic. Altres d\u00e9us tenen bous, lleons o dracs, per\u00f2 nom\u00e9s Gula t\u00e9 el gos com a animal acompanyant.<\/p><p>A la majoria de relleus de kudurru de l&#8217;\u00e8poca babil\u00f2nica mitjana, sobretot al kudurru de Meli-Xipak (segle XII aC), apareix asseguda en tron amb un gos assegut als seus peus. Aquesta tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica tamb\u00e9 es documenta als maons vidrats de Nabucodonosor II a Babil\u00f2nia.<\/p>\n<p>Hist\u00f2ricament, el simbolisme del gos \u00e9s complex. A Mesopot\u00e0mia, els gossos s\u00f3n considerats, d&#8217;una banda, impurs i temuts, i de l&#8217;altra, guardians del llindar. En la medicina, el gos \u00e9s probablement l&#8217;animal guaridor per excel\u00b7l\u00e8ncia, ja que la seva saliva i el fet de llepar ferides es consideraven, en la medicina popular, propietats curatives.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten, en els seus estudis sobre la religi\u00f3 babil\u00f2nica, ha assenyalat aquesta doble condici\u00f3 del gos, alhora pur i impur. Karen Radner, per la seva banda, ha examinat en diversos articles la relaci\u00f3 entre el ritu de curaci\u00f3 i la veneraci\u00f3 del gos.<\/p>\n<p>La pr\u00e0ctica votiva inclo\u00efa, a m\u00e9s dels gossos d&#8217;argila, models de parts del cos malaltes. En les excavacions dels temples s&#8217;han trobat reproduccions de fang de mans, peus, ulls i genitals, que els pacients oferien com a ofrenes.<\/p><p>Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e9 paral\u00b7lels directes en els temples grecs d&#8217;Asclepi posteriors, especialment a Epidaure, on els guarits deixaven membres d&#8217;argila. La continu\u00eftat directa en la hist\u00f2ria de les religions \u00e9s objecte de debat, per\u00f2 no s&#8217;ha pogut demostrar de manera concloent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia complement\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Fonts de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span>: l&#8217;\u00abhimne de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb a Gula, textos m\u00e8dics i d&#8217;encanteris d&#8217;\u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica i neoass\u00edria, inscripcions d&#8217;Isin, Nippur i Sippar, himnes a Ninisina i Ninkarrak, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> d&#8217;Anzu en les seves versions tardanes.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, \u00abAncient Babylonian Medicine\u00bb, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula \u2013 Deessa babil\u00f2nica de la curaci\u00f3 i senyora dels gossos | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula \u00e9s la deessa babil\u00f2nica de l'art de curar, la medicina i la resurrecci\u00f3. El seu animal \u00e9s el gos. Mite, s\u00edmbols i temple Esabad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171831","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula \u2013 Deessa babil\u00f2nica de la curaci\u00f3 i senyora dels gossos | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula \u00e9s la deessa babil\u00f2nica de l&#039;art de curar, la medicina i la resurrecci\u00f3. El seu animal \u00e9s el gos. 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