{"id":171830,"date":"2026-09-05T15:42:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:42:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171830"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:08:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:21","slug":"dumuzi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/dumuzi\/","title":{"rendered":"Dumuzi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171830\" class=\"elementor elementor-171830 elementor-3019 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff8091 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bff8091\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ab6452 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ab6452\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c235633 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c235633\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6d68c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b6d68c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dumuzi, d\u00e9u mesopot\u00e0mic dels pastors i la vegetaci\u00f3<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3da3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d3da3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi \u00e9s un d\u00e9u mesopot\u00e0mic dels pastors i la vegetaci\u00f3, la mort i el retorn del qual reflecteixen el canvi de les estacions. Dumuzi, en la seva forma acc\u00e0dia Tammuz, \u00e9s un antic d\u00e9u pastor mesopot\u00e0mic, esp\u00f2s jove de la deessa Inanna (Ixtar) i una figura central en les narracions sobre la mort i el retorn a l&#8217;antiga religi\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica.<\/p><p>El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>, que tracta la seva baixada c\u00edclica al m\u00f3n dels morts i el seu retorn parcial a la terra dels vius, \u00e9s un dels textos m\u00e9s impressionants de l&#8217;antiga literatura sum\u00e8ria i ha influ\u00eft en les creences religioses de tot l&#8217;antic Pr\u00f2xim Orient.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7281f62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7281f62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83518db elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"83518db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder personificat suprem en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb funcions clares \u2014forces naturals, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bressol de la religi\u00f3 documentada \u2014 Sumer, Acad, Babil\u00f2nia, Ass\u00edria (ca. 3500 aC fins 330 aC).\">Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec397f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec397f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cc6dd4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"0cc6dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5c46a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5c46a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c3eae iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3c3eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173458\" alt=\"Dumuzi - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 historicista\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5200572 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5200572\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-132083b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"132083b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04820bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04820bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mite i origen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-303e748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"303e748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi apareix testimoniat en els textos antics sumeris com un d\u00e9u pastor que protegeix el ramat i, per tant, els mitjans de vida de la poblaci\u00f3 rural. El seu nom significa \u00abel fill fidel\u00bb.<\/p><p>A les llistes reials del primer Sumer, apareix com a rei m\u00edtic de Bad-Tibira, una de les ciutats anteriors al gran diluvi. Aquesta posici\u00f3 reial el vincula estretament amb l&#8217;autoconcepci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica de les antigues ciutats-estat sum\u00e8ries.<\/p>\n<p>El seu context m\u00edtic m\u00e9s important \u00e9s la relaci\u00f3 amb Inanna, la deessa de l&#8217;amor, la guerra i la fertilitat. Als cants d&#8217;amor \u00abDumuzi i Inanna\u00bb i \u00abEl casament d&#8217;Inanna\u00bb es descriu la trobada amorosa entre ambd\u00f3s d\u00e9us amb un llenguatge er\u00f2tic i corporal.<\/p><p>Aquests textos s\u00f3n importants des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions perqu\u00e8 desenvolupen el concepte d&#8217;una al\u00b7legoria matrimonial entre d\u00e9us, en la qual s&#8217;entrellacen la fertilitat anual i l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic.<\/p>\n<p>La narraci\u00f3 central sobre Dumuzi \u00e9s el cant \u00abEl descens d&#8217;Inanna al m\u00f3n dels morts\u00bb. Inanna baixa al regne de la seva germana Ereshkigal, hi \u00e9s assassinada i finalment ressuscitada, per\u00f2 nom\u00e9s amb la condici\u00f3 de trobar un substitut. Escull Dumuzi, que seia despreocupat al seu tron en lloc de plorar-la.<\/p><p>Els dimonis galla l&#8217;arrosseguen fins al m\u00f3n dels morts. La seva germana Geshtinanna, deessa de la vinya, s&#8217;ofereix a substituir-lo durant una part de l&#8217;any, de manera que Dumuzi i Geshtinanna resideixen alternativament, any rere any, al m\u00f3n dels morts i al m\u00f3n dels vius.<\/p>\n<p>Aquesta narraci\u00f3 es vincula amb el calendari agrari: Dumuzi era considerat un d\u00e9u jove de la vegetaci\u00f3, la decad\u00e8ncia del qual durant l&#8217;estiu sec era acompanyada de rituals de lament sonors, i el seu retorn a la primavera se celebrava amb festes.<\/p><p>La forma sem\u00edtica oriental Tammuz va donar nom al mes del calendari jueu, i al llibre b\u00edblic d&#8217;Ezequiel es mencionen dones que ploraven Tammuz a Jerusalem, la qual cosa testimonia l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 del seu culte m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de Mesopot\u00e0mia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72dca9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72dca9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c5362d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c5362d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbols i atributs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a4e3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45a4e3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi apareix en l&#8217;art figuratiu com un home jove i sense barba, amb bast\u00f3 de pastor i un ramat d&#8217;anyells. En algunes representacions porta un tapall curt, en altres una vestidura nupcial festiva, una al\u00b7lusi\u00f3 a la seva funci\u00f3 en els rituals de casament amb Inanna. Als segells sovint apareix al costat d&#8217;una dona identificada com Inanna per la corona de banyes i les joies.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;anyell \u00e9s el seu animal simb\u00f2lic m\u00e9s important. El marca com a patr\u00f3 de la ramaderia ovina, que tenia un paper central en l&#8217;economia mesopot\u00e0mica. La llana, la llet i la carn eren b\u00e9ns econ\u00f2mics importants, motiu pel qual el d\u00e9u pastor ocupava una posici\u00f3 rellevant dins el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p><p>Els germans de Dumuzi, com el d\u00e9u pag\u00e8s Enkimdu, apareixen enfrontats a ell en un antic debat sumeri, en el qual Inanna finalment tria el pastor.<\/p>\n<p>La vinya \u00e9s un atribut associat m\u00e9s b\u00e9 a la seva germana Geshtinanna, per\u00f2 que, a causa de l&#8217;estreta relaci\u00f3 m\u00edtica entre els dos germans, es va traspassar al mateix Dumuzi.<\/p><p>En alguns textos, Dumuzi apareix com a coneixedor del vi i prove\u00efdor de begudes espirituoses. Altres plantes associades a ell s\u00f3n les canyes dels aiguamolls, on, segons la tradici\u00f3 sum\u00e8ria antiga, cerca refugi dels dimonis galla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aab866e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aab866e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d56ca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d56ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-319c743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"319c743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques religioses de veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Dumuzi tenia dos punts culminants anuals: la festa de casament amb Inanna a la primavera i la festa de lament a l&#8217;estiu.<\/p><p>A la festa de casament, el matrimoni sagrat o hieros gamos, probablement es realitzaven unions rituals entre una sacerdotessa i el governant, que representaven simb\u00f2licament el casament d&#8217;Inanna i Dumuzi. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica est\u00e0 documentada per diverses ciutats-estat sum\u00e8ries, sobretot Uruk, Isin i Larsa.<\/p>\n<p>La festa de lament de ple estiu, al mes de Du&#8217;uzu (Tammuz), acompanyava la marcida de la vegetaci\u00f3. Les dones ploraven p\u00fablicament el d\u00e9u pastor mort, cantaven cants de lament i oferien petites ofrenes. Aquesta tradici\u00f3 de lament es conserva liter\u00e0riament en textos com \u00abLament per Dumuzi\u00bb i \u00abCants de lament d&#8217;Inanna\u00bb, alguns en una llengua sum\u00e8ria molt po\u00e8tica.<\/p>\n<p>A Bad-Tibira, una de les antigues ciutats sum\u00e8ries, Dumuzi era el d\u00e9u de la ciutat. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> era l&#8217;E-mush, la \u00abcasa de la serp\u00bb, una refer\u00e8ncia a la capa ct\u00f2nica de la seva veneraci\u00f3. A Uruk, principal centre de culte d&#8217;Inanna, Dumuzi era venerat al seu costat i integrat en el ritual festiu. Tamb\u00e9 a Akkad, Babil\u00f2nia i Nippur hi ha rastres del seu culte.<\/p>\n<p>La forma sem\u00edtica oriental Tammuz va ser venerada m\u00e9s endavant molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de Mesopot\u00e0mia. A la regi\u00f3 del Llevant es va fondre parcialment amb Adonis, el jove d\u00e9u grec de la vegetaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>A la religi\u00f3 fen\u00edcia i s\u00edria se celebraven festes de lament comparables. El mes de Tammuz al calendari jueu, en el qual tamb\u00e9 es commemora el setge de Jerusalem del 17 de Tammuz, \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00faltima empremta ling\u00fc\u00edstica del seu culte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d25eda4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d25eda4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed01dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed01dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mites importants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af8399e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af8399e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abEl descens d&#8217;Innana al m\u00f3n subterrani\u00bb \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> m\u00e9s important sobre Dumuzi. Innana decideix baixar al m\u00f3n subterrani per trobar-se amb la seva germana Ereshkigal, ja sigui per dol per la mort del marit d&#8217;Ereshkigal, ja sigui pel desig de dominar el m\u00f3n subterrani.<\/p><p>Ha de travessar set portes, i a cada una es despulla d&#8217;una pe\u00e7a de les seves joies i vestits. Nua i despullada, arriba fins al tron d&#8217;Ereshkigal, que la mata a l&#8217;instant. Durant tres dies i tres nits, el seu cos penja d&#8217;un ganxo.<\/p><p>Amb l&#8217;ajuda d&#8217;Enki, el d\u00e9u de la saviesa, Innana \u00e9s ressuscitada, per\u00f2 les lleis del m\u00f3n subterrani exigeixen un substitut. Innana recorre la terra buscant-lo. Troba Dumuzi assegut al seu tron, vestit amb riquesa i sense mostrar dol per la mort d&#8217;ella. L&#8217;entrega als dimonis galla.<\/p><p>Dumuzi intenta fugir, es transforma en granota i en serp, per\u00f2 finalment \u00e9s capturat. La seva germana Geshtinanna conven\u00e7 els d\u00e9us perqu\u00e8 assumeixi ella mateixa la meitat de la condemna, de manera que els dos germans habiten alternativament el m\u00f3n subterrani cada any.<\/p>\n<p>Un segon relat, \u00abEl somni de Dumuzi\u00bb, narra un pressentiment del d\u00e9u pastor. Somia amb la seva mort imminent i busca refugi a l&#8217;estepa, per\u00f2 \u00e9s perseguit pels dimonis galla i finalment atrapat.<\/p><p>La seva germana Geshtinanna \u00e9s invocada, per\u00f2 no pot salvar-lo, nom\u00e9s compartir el seu dest\u00ed. Aquest relat condensa el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o en la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del dest\u00ed inevitable i de la lleialtat fraternal.<\/p>\n<p>Un tercer relat \u00e9s \u00abDumuzi i Enkimdu\u00bb. Innana ha de triar entre Dumuzi, el pastor, i Enkimdu, el pag\u00e8s. Tots dos la festegen, i s&#8217;inicia un debat dialogat entre ells.<\/p><p>Innana es decideix, no sense dubtes, pel pastor Dumuzi. Aquest relat pertany als \u00abdi\u00e0legs de disputa\u00bb, un g\u00e8nere literari sumeri antic que sovint compara dos aspectes de l&#8217;economia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e5f91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88e5f91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcfe98f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcfe98f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacions dins el pante\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f511806 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f511806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi \u00e9s fill de Sirtur (en alguns textos tamb\u00e9 Duttur), una deessa mare de les ovelles, i germ\u00e0 de Geshtinanna, la deessa de la vinya. La seva relaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s important \u00e9s amb Inanna, la deessa de l&#8217;amor i de la guerra. Aquesta relaci\u00f3 \u00e9s alhora er\u00f2tica, agr\u00e0ria i c\u00f2smica, i ocupa el centre de diversos textos m\u00edtics.<\/p>\n<p>Amb Ereshkigal, la deessa del m\u00f3n subterrani i germana d&#8217;Inanna, Dumuzi nom\u00e9s est\u00e0 vinculat de manera indirecta, a trav\u00e9s de la seva pres\u00e8ncia c\u00edclica en el seu regne. Amb Enkimdu, el d\u00e9u pag\u00e8s, mant\u00e9 una compet\u00e8ncia m\u00edtica que, tanmateix, en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> sum\u00e8ria antiga no comporta la ruptura de la seva funci\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica compartida.<\/p>\n<p>Dins del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> m\u00e9s ampli, Dumuzi comparteix moltes caracter\u00edstiques amb Damu, un altre d\u00e9u de la curaci\u00f3 i de la vegetaci\u00f3. En textos posteriors, ambd\u00f3s d\u00e9us es van fusionar parcialment. En la tradici\u00f3 sirio-sem\u00edtica occidental va ser identificat amb Adonis, i en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 de conceptes o divinitats procedents de diferents tradicions religioses.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> de l&#8217;antiguitat tardana, amb Osiris, en mites de vegetaci\u00f3 similars.<\/p>\n<p>Dumuzi mant\u00e9 una estreta relaci\u00f3 amb Damu, un d\u00e9u guaridor d&#8217;Isin, la mare del qual, Ninisinna, el plany com a fill perdut. Els plants de Damu s&#8217;entrellacen en part amb els plants de Dumuzi, de manera que les dues figures divines resulten a vegades dif\u00edcils de separar. Mark Cohen i Andrew George han interpretat aquest fenomen de fusi\u00f3 dels plants com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d&#8217;un despla\u00e7ament lit\u00fargic regional.<\/p>\n<p>Amb Ningishzida, un d\u00e9u del m\u00f3n subterrani i porter del palau d&#8217;Anu, Dumuzi t\u00e9 un curi\u00f3s doble paper: en alguns textos, tots dos s\u00f3n anomenats portes del m\u00f3n d&#8217;Anu, i Adapa els invoca conjuntament. Aquesta doble identitat \u00e9s una manifestaci\u00f3 de la concepci\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica segons la qual la porta entre la vida i la mort \u00e9s custodiada conjuntament per diversos d\u00e9us.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3984e39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3984e39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e65b92e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e65b92e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i influ\u00e8ncia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ffa98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55ffa98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de Dumuzi i Innana \u00e9s un dels textos mesopot\u00e0mics antics m\u00e9s citats en la historiografia religiosa moderna.<\/p><p>James George Frazer va tractar Dumuzi-Tammuz extensament en la seva obra \u00abThe Golden Bough\u00bb, on l&#8217;analitzava com a exemple de divinitats vegetals moridores i resuscitades juntament amb Adonis, Attis i Osiris. Aquesta construcci\u00f3 comparativa \u00e9s avui metodol\u00f2gicament discutida, per\u00f2 ha marcat profundament la comprensi\u00f3 moderna de la religi\u00f3 de l&#8217;antic Orient Pr\u00f2xim.<\/p>\n<p>En la recepci\u00f3 psicoanal\u00edtica del segle XX, el descens d&#8217;Innana al m\u00f3n subterrani es va interpretar com una imatge del proc\u00e9s d&#8217;iniciaci\u00f3 i maduraci\u00f3. Sylvia Brinton Perera i altres han llegit el text com una narraci\u00f3 arquet\u00edpica de la consci\u00e8ncia femenina.<\/p>\n<p>En la cultura popular, Tammuz apareix en novel\u00b7les, jocs i peces musicals, sovint com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge suggeridora que representa un pensament abstracte.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la joventut perduda o de la renovaci\u00f3 c\u00edclica. En la recerca b\u00edblica, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Tammuz es discuteix com a rerefons de diverses formes de lament i dol que m\u00e9s tard es van incorporar a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ordre establert del culte d'una comunitat religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">lit\u00fargia<\/span> jueva i cristiana.<\/p>\n<p>El t\u00f2pic del lament per Tammuz est\u00e0 profundament arrelat en la tradici\u00f3 judeocristiana. Jeroni relata en la seva carta 58 a Paul\u00ed de Nola que el lament f\u00fanebre per Tammuz encara es practicava en el seu temps (segle IV dC) als pobles sirians al voltant de Betlem.<\/p><p>Aquest testimoniatge tard\u00e0 connecta el d\u00e9u vegetal mesopot\u00e0mic amb el naixent lament cristi\u00e0 del Divendres Sant. Hans-Peter Mathys ha examinat en diversos articles la l\u00ednia que va del lament per Tammuz al ritu del Divendres Sant, assenyalant paral\u00b7lelismes en la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, sense afirmar-hi una depend\u00e8ncia directa.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>En la l\u00edrica moderna, T. S. Eliot va utilitzar el complex Dumuzi-Tammuz a \u00abThe Waste Land\u00bb (1922) com a t\u00f2pic de rerefons. La connexi\u00f3 entre \u00abThe Golden Bough\u00bb de Frazer, la terra inundada i seca, i el rei pescador moridor porta directament a la l\u00ednia de Dumuzi. El mateix Eliot va citar Frazer com a font principal, situant aix\u00ed la historiografia religiosa mesopot\u00e0mica al centre de la modernitat liter\u00e0ria.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13d00a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13d00a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f61bbc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f61bbc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee432df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee432df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen ha descrit en diversos estudis el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Dumuzi com un testimoni central de l&#8217;antiga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> sum\u00e8ria de la mort c\u00edclica i el retorn. No hi veu un d\u00e9u vegetal mon\u00f2ton, sin\u00f3 una figura de m\u00faltiples capes en la qual es fonen la funci\u00f3 de pastor i la de rei.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro subratlla l&#8217;arrelament social del culte. Les festes de lament de juliol i agost eren esdeveniments p\u00fablics en els quals participaven sobretot dones, el qual fa de Dumuzi, des del punt de vista de la sociologia religiosa, un d\u00e9u del lament femen\u00ed i del dol comunitari.<\/p><p>Walther Sallaberger ha reconstru\u00eft sistem\u00e0ticament el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Tammuz dins el calendari de la III Dinastia d&#8217;Ur i ha mostrat que la fase de lament, en el sec estiu, estava exactament fixada al calendari.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul, Andrew George i Bendt Alster han editat i comentat els textos literaris. Bendt Alster va reconstruir el model sumeri antic a \u00abDumuzi&#8217;s Dream\u00bb, i Andrew George va analitzar a \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb l&#8217;entrella\u00e7ament del material de Dumuzi amb l&#8217;epopeia de Gilgameix. Stephanie Dalley va traduir el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> \u00abEl descens d&#8217;Innana al m\u00f3n subterrani\u00bb per a un p\u00fablic m\u00e9s ampli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2ac28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae2ac28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2b04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2b04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El descens d'Innana i la mort de Dumuzi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11d7562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11d7562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> m\u00e9s important sobre Dumuzi \u00e9s \u00abEl descens d&#8217;Innana al m\u00f3n subterrani\u00bb, un text sumeri de 412 versos, una de les narracions m\u00e9s denses de la literatura mesopot\u00e0mica. El text va ser editat de manera fonamental per Samuel Noah Kramer el 1937, i en la seva forma completa per William R. Sladek el 1974, en la seva tesi doctoral \u00abInanna&#8217;s Descent to the Netherworld\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p>Innana, la deessa de l&#8217;amor i de la guerra, descendeix al regne de la seva germana Ereixkigal per reclamar-hi el poder. A les set portes del m\u00f3n subterrani, ha de despullar-se d&#8217;una pe\u00e7a de roba o d&#8217;un ornament a cada porta, fins que arriba nua davant el tron d&#8217;Ereixkigal i mor.<\/p>\n<p>Enki la salva mitjan\u00e7ant dues criatures fetes d&#8217;argila, Galaturra i Kurgarra, que reben els laments d&#8217;Ereixkigal i, a canvi, obtenen el perm\u00eds de retornar Innana a la vida. Innana, per\u00f2, nom\u00e9s pot tornar amb la condici\u00f3 d&#8217;enviar un substitut al m\u00f3n subterrani.<\/p><p>Troba el seu marit Dumuzi assegut en un tron festiu, revestit amb ornaments reials, en lloc de plorar-la. Enfurismada, l&#8217;assenyala als dimonis gal\u00b7la, que l&#8217;arrosseguen cap al m\u00f3n subterrani. Aquest episodi \u00e9s el fonament m\u00edtic de la desaparici\u00f3 anual de Dumuzi, que coincideix amb la sequera estival.<\/p>\n<p>Una soluci\u00f3 parcial la porta Geixtinanna, la germana de Dumuzi. Ella s&#8217;ofereix a ocupar la meitat de l&#8217;any el lloc en el m\u00f3n subterrani, de manera que Dumuzi i Geixtinanna s&#8217;alternen cada sis mesos.<\/p><p>Aquesta soluci\u00f3 de la divisi\u00f3 estacional per la meitat \u00e9s, des del punt de vista de la historiografia religiosa, emparentada amb el dest\u00ed de Pers\u00e8fone en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> grec de Dem\u00e8ter. Thorkild Jacobsen ha exposat a \u00abThe Treasures of Darkness\u00bb els paral\u00b7lelismes estructurals i ha assenyalat una possible parentela tipol\u00f2gica, sense afirmar-hi una depend\u00e8ncia directa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20f680d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20f680d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6361ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6361ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laments i calendari festiu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-997c227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"997c227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Un g\u00e8nere propi de la literatura mesopot\u00e0mica s\u00f3n els cants de lament per Dumuzi, que es cantaven durant els mesos c\u00e0lids de Du&#8217;uzu (juny i juliol). Se n&#8217;han conservat m\u00e9s de dotze en llengua sum\u00e8ria i acc\u00e0dia, editats per Mark Cohen a \u00abThe Canonical Lamentations of Ancient Mesopotamia\u00bb (1988).<\/span><\/p><p>Textos coneguts s\u00f3n \u00abEdina usagake\u00bb, \u00abA l&#8217;estepa, en l&#8217;herba primerenca\u00bb, i \u00abUshumgalkalama\u00bb, \u00abDrac del pa\u00eds\u00bb. Aquests textos descriuen Inanna o la seva germana Geshtinanna a la recerca del desaparegut Dumuzi, i estan escrits en un mode de lament fortament repetitiu que compensa la forma ritual de recitaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Els laments eren recitats per plorateres professionals, les Gala, sovint en llenguatge femen\u00ed, l&#8217;Emesal. Els textos en Emesal es diferencien gramaticalment i fon\u00e8ticament del sumeri est\u00e0ndard, l&#8217;Emegir.<\/p><p>Les dones Gala formaven un grup professional ritual propi, la posici\u00f3 social del qual va ser estudiada en detall per Walther Sallaberger. Els seus laments formaven part d&#8217;un ritual cosm\u00f2sic en qu\u00e8 es plorava la desaparici\u00f3 del d\u00e9u de la vegetaci\u00f3 i es preparava el seu retorn a la tardor mitjan\u00e7ant el plany.<\/p>\n<p>Al calendari festiu, el mes de Du&#8217;uzu, en ple estiu, es celebrava com a temps de dol per Dumuzi. Les dones oferien laments, sovint amb rituals d&#8217;autoflagel\u00b7laci\u00f3 i cendra escampada.<\/p><p>Aquests rituals estan indirectament documentats a Ezequiel 8,14, on el profeta veu \u00abdones que ploraven per Tammuz\u00bb a una porta del temple de Jerusalem, i es manifesta contra aquesta pr\u00e0ctica. Aquest passatge b\u00edblic mostra fins a quin punt el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Dumuzi va penetrar m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de Mesopot\u00e0mia, fins a la religi\u00f3 sirio-palestina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ad2ae1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ad2ae1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6da19b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6da19b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00ednia Adonis-Tammuz i migraci\u00f3 m\u00edtica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3750c65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3750c65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La l\u00ednia del d\u00e9u de la vegetaci\u00f3 que mor i retorna es pot seguir des de Dumuzi, passant per Tammuz, la forma acc\u00e0dia del nom, fins a Adonis en fenici i el Mediterrani hel\u00b7len\u00edstic. James George Frazer va presentar aquesta l\u00ednia a \u00abThe Golden Bough\u00bb (12 volums, 1890 a 1915) com a paradigma de la seva teoria general del mite de la vegetaci\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><p>La construcci\u00f3 de Frazer \u00e9s avui discutida en detalls, sobretot les identificacions espec\u00edfiques amb Osiris i Crist. Tot i aix\u00f2, la tesi de fons, \u00e9s a dir, que existeix una l\u00ednia coherent de d\u00e9us de la vegetaci\u00f3 que moren a l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim, no ha estat refutada.<\/p>\n<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Adonis, descrit \u00e0mpliament per Luci\u00e0 de Sam\u00f2sata al segle II dC a \u00abDe dea Syria\u00bb, \u00e9s clarament un hereu del culte a Dumuzi. Luci\u00e0 descriu el lament anual per Adonis a la fen\u00edcia Biblos, el sacrifici de xais i el color vermell del riu d&#8217;Adonis, que explica astron\u00f2micament.<\/p><p>Les dones de Biblos es rasuraven els cabells com a ritu de dol, el qual t\u00e9 un paral\u00b7lelisme directe amb les pr\u00e0ctiques de lament mesopot\u00e0miques. Hans-Peter Mathys i Peggy L. Day han seguit en detall, en diversos estudis, la l\u00ednia de Dumuzi a Tammuz i a Adonis.<\/p>\n<p>Una altra etapa important \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a \u00c0tis a Fr\u00edgia, que va arribar a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit hel\u00b7len\u00edstic i rom\u00e0 a trav\u00e9s del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de C\u00edbele a Pessinos.<\/p><p>\u00c0tis, com a jove amant de la Magna Mater, mostra una semblan\u00e7a estructural amb Dumuzi i Inanna, mentre que la pr\u00e0ctica d&#8217;autocastraci\u00f3 dels sacerdots gal\u00b7lis representa una evoluci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia. Walter Burkert hi veu una reformulaci\u00f3 independent del model mesopot\u00e0mic en context hel\u00b7len\u00edstic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56ca13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56ca13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-577888e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"577888e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia complement\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c3166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4c3166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Fonts de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span>: \u00abEl descens d&#8217;Inanna al m\u00f3n inferior\u00bb, \u00abEl somni de Dumuzi\u00bb, \u00abDumuzi i Enkimdu\u00bb, cants de lament per Dumuzi, himnes a Inanna i Dumuzi, laments accadis antics per Tammuz, esment b\u00edblic a Ezequiel 8,14.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abLa religion babylonienne\u00bb, Par\u00eds 1952.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bendt Alster, \u00abDumuzi&#8217;s Dream\u00bb, Copenhaguen 1972.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3248,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Dumuzi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Dumuzi \u2013 D\u00e9u moridor i amant d'Inanna | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Dumuzi (Tammuz) \u00e9s el d\u00e9u pastor sumeri i amant d'Inanna. D\u00e9u de la vegetaci\u00f3 que mor i ressuscita. Mite, cants de lament i culte.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171830","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dumuzi \u2013 D\u00e9u moridor i amant d&#039;Inanna | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dumuzi (Tammuz) \u00e9s el d\u00e9u pastor sumeri i amant d&#039;Inanna. D\u00e9u de la vegetaci\u00f3 que mor i ressuscita. 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