{"id":171754,"date":"2026-09-05T15:42:06","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:42:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171754"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:06:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:06:22","slug":"tupilak-esperit-venjanca-artificial-inuit-groenlandia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tupilak-esperit-venjanca-artificial-inuit-groenlandia\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; Esperit de venjan\u00e7a artificial dels inuit de Groenl\u00e0ndia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171754\" class=\"elementor elementor-171754 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - Esperit de venjan\u00e7a fabricat artificialment de la tradici\u00f3 groenlandesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Tupilak \u00e9s, en la tradici\u00f3 inuit de Groenl\u00e0ndia, un \u00e9sser fabricat artificialment i emprat de manera deliberada, fet amb restes d&#8217;animals i d&#8217;\u00e9ssers humans, amb el qual un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> volia perjudicar o matar un enemic. Avui el terme \u00e9s conegut internacionalment sobretot com a figura tallada en os o pedra. Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;estudi de les religions pertany a la classe rara dels esperits d&#8217;agressi\u00f3 fabricats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit de la tradici\u00f3 inuit.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/inuit-artic-sedna-tornit-proteccio\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 inuit.\">Inuit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit de dany artificial.\">Esperit de dany artificial<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2881\" alt=\"Tupilak \u2013 Esperit de venjan\u00e7a artificial dels inuit de Groenl\u00e0ndia\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Tupilak pertany, en la classificaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, al grup rar dels \u00e9ssers espirituals fabricats.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171751\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171752\">Sila<\/a> o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171753\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, considerats poders c\u00f2smics o auxiliars donats, el Tupilak \u00e9s un constructe fabricat deliberadament que serveix a un prop\u00f2sit concret: perjudicar un enemic. Aquesta dimensi\u00f3 constructiva el diferencia fonamentalment de tots els altres lemes del pante\u00f3 inuit.<\/p><p>Les fonts sobre el Tupilak es concentren a Groenl\u00e0ndia, especialment a la costa est i la badia de Disko, i s&#8217;estenen des del segle XVIII amb Hans Egede, passant per Henrik Rink al segle XIX, fins a William Thalbitzer i Robert Petersen al segle XX.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 a l&#8217;\u00c0rtic central canadenc estan documentats termes relacionats com <em>tupilaq<\/em> o <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, per\u00f2 amb un significat en part diferent. Aquesta especificitat regional resulta cient\u00edficament reveladora.<\/p><p>Avui el Tupilak existeix en dues capes paral\u00b7leles: com a concepte hist\u00f2ric d&#8217;un \u00e9sser de dany realment fabricat i vivificat m\u00e0gicament, i com a denominaci\u00f3 de les figures tallades en dent de balena, banya de c\u00e9rvol i os, desenvolupades des de la d\u00e8cada de 1880 com a forma d&#8217;artesania groenlandesa. Aquesta doble capa fa que qualsevol discussi\u00f3 sobre el Tupilak sigui metodol\u00f2gicament exigent i requereixi una diferenciaci\u00f3 acurada.<\/p><p>En el cas del Tupilak, la recerca m\u00e9s recent ha ampliat les seves eines metodol\u00f2giques i combina precisi\u00f3 etnogr\u00e0fica, cr\u00edtica de fonts ling\u00fc\u00edstica i perspectiva comparativa. Aquest refinament \u00e9s aqu\u00ed especialment necessari perqu\u00e8 les antigues representacions occidentals sovint sensacionalitzaven aquest \u00e9sser de dany fabricat artificialment; la comunitat de coneixement inuit, avui implicada ella mateixa en la recerca, corregeix aquestes atribucions sovint marcades pel colonialisme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia i hist\u00f2ria del terme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimol\u00f2gicament, <em>tupilak<\/em> o <em>tupilaq<\/em> deriva de l&#8217;arrel <em>tupi-<\/em>, que en diverses lleng\u00fces inuit significa avantpassat o \u00e0nima d&#8217;un mort. Tupilak significaria, doncs, literalment quelcom com a figura ancestral o criatura espiritual. Robert Petersen, en els seus estudis de hist\u00f2ria ling\u00fc\u00edstica, ha posat de manifest el parentiu amb els termes que designen l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> d&#8217;un difunt, establint aix\u00ed un pont ling\u00fc\u00edstic amb el m\u00f3n dels morts dels inuit.<\/p><p>En la llengua groenlandesa existeix tamb\u00e9 el plural <em>tupilait<\/em>, que designa el conjunt d&#8217;aquests \u00e9ssers. En l&#8217;\u00fas ling\u00fc\u00edstic modern el significat s&#8217;ha ampliat i sovint es tradueix com a figura esfere\u00efdora o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> maligne, la qual cosa simplifica el significat original i fa perdre la dimensi\u00f3 espec\u00edfica de fabricaci\u00f3. Cient\u00edficament, aquesta simplificaci\u00f3 ha de tractar-se amb esperit cr\u00edtic.<\/p><p>\u00c9s notable que, etimol\u00f2gicament, el Tupilak no tingui una connotaci\u00f3 negativa. La valoraci\u00f3 negativa es deriva de la funci\u00f3, no del mot mateix.<\/p><p>Un Tupilak no \u00e9s maligne per naturalesa, sin\u00f3 que s&#8217;empra amb finalitat agressiva. Aquesta neutralitat \u00e8tica del mot en si mateix resulta cient\u00edficament interessant, perqu\u00e8 mostra que la valoraci\u00f3 moral nom\u00e9s sorgeix a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;\u00fas intencional.<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s, val la pena examinar des de la sociologia de la religi\u00f3 el paper que tenia el Tupilak en l&#8217;ordre social de la comunitat inuit tradicional.<\/p><p>Com que un \u00e9sser d&#8217;aquesta mena es dirigia deliberadament contra un enemic, s&#8217;hi pot observar amb especial claredat que l&#8217;estructura religiosa no estava separada de la pr\u00e0ctica social, sin\u00f3 estretament entrella\u00e7ada amb ella. Aquest entrella\u00e7ament constitueix un camp propi de recerca de l&#8217;antropologia de la religi\u00f3, treballat sobretot de manera sistem\u00e0tica per Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand i Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fabricaci\u00f3 en la pr\u00e0ctica tradicional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts etnogr\u00e0fiques, especialment les d&#8217;Henrik Rink i William Thalbitzer, descriuen detalladament la fabricaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un tupilak. Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> que volia perjudicar un enemic recollia en secret diversos components: ossos de diferents animals, cabells, tendons, de vegades fragments de cad\u00e0vers o de la roba del mateix enemic.<\/p><p>Aquests components es muntaven, en un lloc apartat, sovint una esquerda a la roca o una cova, per formar una figura.<\/p><p>Sobre aquesta figura es feien cants i invocacions. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> amamantava l&#8217;\u00e9sser des de l&#8217;aixella o la falda i li transmetia for\u00e7a vital. Tot seguit, la figura era alliberada a l&#8217;aigua o a la neu perqu\u00e8 cerqu\u00e9s i mat\u00e9s l&#8217;enemic.<\/p><p>Si l&#8217;enemic era ell mateix un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> poder\u00f3s, podia repel\u00b7lir el tupilak o fins i tot fer-lo tornar contra el seu creador, la qual cosa conferia a aquesta pr\u00e0ctica un risc considerable.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, aquesta pr\u00e0ctica resulta interessant perqu\u00e8 es basa en una teoria de l&#8217;animaci\u00f3 de restes org\u00e0niques i inorg\u00e0niques, entrella\u00e7ada amb la doctrina xam\u00e0nica dels esperits auxiliars. El tupilak \u00e9s una forma de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> constructiva, alhora permesa i \u00e8ticament carregada dins el cosmos inuit. Des de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3, es tracta d&#8217;una forma h\u00edbrida entre m\u00e0gia constructiva i animaci\u00f3 per un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>.<\/p><p>La mateixa fabricaci\u00f3 era un acte perill\u00f3s. Qui era descobert es podia arriscar a l&#8217;ostracisme social, a la venjan\u00e7a de la fam\u00edlia de l&#8217;enemic o a la mort a mans del seu propi tupilak. Aquesta estructura de risc estabilitzava l&#8217;ordre social i feia de l&#8217;\u00fas dels tupilaks una excepci\u00f3 m\u00e9s que no pas una norma, tot i que els relats donin la impressi\u00f3 d&#8217;una pr\u00e0ctica m\u00e9s freq\u00fcent.<\/p><p>En comparaci\u00f3 amb altres pr\u00e0ctiques xam\u00e0niques dels inuit, la fabricaci\u00f3 de tupilaks apareix descrita amb una precisi\u00f3 extraordin\u00e0ria, perqu\u00e8 es considerava una anomalia perillosa i, per aix\u00f2, despertava un inter\u00e8s especial dels etn\u00f2grafs entre els seus informants. Aquesta distorsi\u00f3 en les fonts s&#8217;ha de tenir en compte cient\u00edficament, ja que pot fer que la pr\u00e0ctica del tupilak sembli m\u00e9s estesa del que realment era.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;estudi comparatiu de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que investiga les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span>, el tupilak es llegeix com a part d&#8217;aquella topografia religiosa circumpolar que es retroba, amb una estructura sorprenentment constant, al llarg de milers de quil\u00f2metres. Aquesta estabilitat estructural es considera, des de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3, una de les troballes m\u00e9s notables de la disciplina i encara avui es debat de manera controvertida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques contr\u00e0ries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Contra el tupilak existia un repertori establert de pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques. Qui sospitava que un tupilak anava en la seva contra recorria a un xaman que, amb l&#8217;ajuda dels seus tornait, \u00e9s a dir, els seus esperits auxiliars, podia interceptar el tupilak, identificar-lo i tornar-lo a enviar.<\/p><p>Si el tupilak tornava contra el seu creador, li portava la mort que li estava destinada. Des de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3, aquesta reciprocitat constitueix un patr\u00f3 propi.<\/p><p>Altres pr\u00e0ctiques de protecci\u00f3 consistien a portar amulets apotropaics, tancar les entrades dels igl\u00fas amb determinats ritus i respectar les regles generals de tab\u00fa, ja que el seu compliment havia de debilitar el tupilak. L&#8217;efic\u00e0cia d&#8217;aquests mitjans era un tema central de creen\u00e7a i experi\u00e8ncia, tractat \u00e0mpliament en la literatura narrativa groenlandesa i que constitueix una part considerable del corpus oral.<\/p><p>\u00c9s remarcable, des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, que la pr\u00e0ctica del tupilak hagi generat tant discursos d&#8217;amena\u00e7a com de protecci\u00f3. La possibilitat d&#8217;un \u00fas agressiu augmentava la import\u00e0ncia social dels xamans com a inst\u00e0ncia protectora i, alhora, estabilitzava l&#8217;ordre social, perqu\u00e8 els conflictes evidents tendien a evitar-se. Aquesta funci\u00f3 sociopol\u00edtica de l&#8217;amena\u00e7a del tupilak \u00e9s, des de la sociologia de la religi\u00f3, un objecte d&#8217;estudi propi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics i llegendaris sobre el tupilak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La literatura narrativa de l&#8217;est de Grenl\u00e0ndia coneix nombroses hist\u00f2ries sobre el tupilak, en les quals un tupilak es gira contra el seu creador perqu\u00e8 l&#8217;enemic escollit era massa fort. Un relat conegut parla d&#8217;un xaman que va dirigir un tupilak contra un rival que, en canvi, va recon\u00e8ixer-ne el poder, se&#8217;n va defensar i el va retornar contra qui l&#8217;havia enviat. El creador va morir aleshores dins el seu propi igl\u00fa.<\/p><p>Altres relats parlen de tupilaks que per error afecten innocents, o de tupilaks que escapen al control del seu creador i vaguen per la tundra com a esperits nocius errants.<\/p><p>Aquests relats no s\u00f3n nom\u00e9s entreteniment, sin\u00f3 que funcionen com a advertiments \u00e8tics: qui fabrica un tupilak posa en risc la seva pr\u00f2pia vida. La dimensi\u00f3 did\u00e0ctica d&#8217;aquests relats constitueix, des de la pedagogia religiosa, un t\u00f2pic propi.<\/p><p>Els relats sobre el tupilak estan \u00e0mpliament documentats en els grans reculls groenlandesos, com els d&#8217;Henrik Rink i Mathias Storch. Formen un g\u00e8nere propi dins el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa a trav\u00e9s de costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> inuit i constitueixen un corpus documental important per a la reconstrucci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de la pr\u00e0ctica xam\u00e0nica tradicional i del seu discurs \u00e8tic.<\/p><p>Un subgrup espec\u00edfic d&#8217;aquests relats tracta de tupilaks descrits com a h\u00edbrids animals, que actuen a la frontera entre l&#8217;animal i l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aquest car\u00e0cter h\u00edbrid dels tupilaks constitueix un fenomen propi des del punt de vista fenomenol\u00f2gic-religi\u00f3s i vincula la noci\u00f3 del tupilak amb la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> general de la transformaci\u00f3 dels inuit, en la qual els l\u00edmits entre hum\u00e0, animal i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> s\u00f3n permeables. Aqu\u00ed hi ha una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d&#8217;investigaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia sobre la construcci\u00f3 d&#8217;\u00e9ssers h\u00edbrids.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De l'esperit nociu a la figura tallada<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una transformaci\u00f3 significativa del concepte de tupilak va comen\u00e7ar a la d\u00e8cada de 1880 a l&#8217;est de Grenl\u00e0ndia. Els visitants europeus preguntaven als xamans com eren els tupilaks. Com que els tupilaks reals eren invisibles o amorfs i es desfeien immediatament despr\u00e9s de complir la seva tasca, els xamans van comen\u00e7ar a esculpir models de dent de balena, banya de ren i, m\u00e9s tard, de pedra. Aquests models eren objectes de demostraci\u00f3, no tupilaks amb efic\u00e0cia m\u00e0gica.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquests models va sorgir una tradici\u00f3 artesanal pr\u00f2pia. Les talles actuals de tupilak groenlandeses mostren \u00e9ssers distorsionats i h\u00edbrids amb trets humans, animals i fant\u00e0stics. Constitueixen un factor econ\u00f2mic important per a Grenl\u00e0ndia i estan presents en tot el comer\u00e7 tur\u00edstic. La diversitat est\u00e8tica \u00e9s gran i reflecteix la creativitat individual de cada tallador.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, aquesta transformaci\u00f3 \u00e9s un exemple de manual de la profanitzaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una categoria religiosa. El tupilak com a \u00e9sser espiritual ha desaparegut gaireb\u00e9 del tot de l&#8217;imaginari, mentre que el tupilak com a figura tallada \u00e9s mundialment fam\u00f3s. Cal distingir clarament aquests dos plans per entendre la religi\u00f3 dels inuit. Aquesta difer\u00e8ncia tamb\u00e9 es transmet expl\u00edcitament avui dia a les escoles i museus de Grenl\u00e0ndia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El tupilak en comparaci\u00f3 amb altres \u00e9ssers nocius<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la comparaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica, el tupilak pertany a la categoria dels esperits d&#8217;agressi\u00f3 constru\u00efts, documentats en moltes cultures. Estructuralment emparentats hi trobem el golem hebreu, el <em>tuju<\/em> javan\u00e8s, el complex del <em>zonbi<\/em> haiti\u00e0 i, en certa manera, tamb\u00e9 la tauleta de maledicci\u00f3 <em>katadesmos<\/em> de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span>. Tots comparteixen la construcci\u00f3 material deliberada d&#8217;un \u00e9sser amb capacitat d&#8217;acci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Dins l&#8217;\u00e0mbit circumpolar hi ha paral\u00b7lels en la tradici\u00f3 txuktxi i yupik, que tamb\u00e9 coneixen esperits d&#8217;agressi\u00f3 fabricats, encara que amb especificitats materials i rituals diferents. Entre els <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/sami-i-tradicio-fino-ugra-noaidi-i-tambor\/\">sami<\/a>, el tupilak correspon estructuralment als \u00e9ssers espirituals tallats que tenien un paper en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> sami, sense que calgui suposar-hi un parentiu hist\u00f2ric directe.<\/p><p>La pr\u00e0ctica del tupilak es distingeix de les concepcions occidentals de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> negra pel fet que no es rebutja primordialment des d&#8217;un punt de vista \u00e8tic. \u00c9s arriscada, per\u00f2 dins el sistema de valors inuit constitueix una opci\u00f3 leg\u00edtima, encara que perillosa, en cas de conflicte. Aquesta posici\u00f3 \u00e8tica fa que la pr\u00e0ctica del tupilak sigui interessant des de la filosofia de la religi\u00f3 i la distingeix clarament de les concepcions de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> nociva marcades pel pensament moral cristi\u00e0.<\/p><p>Cal assenyalar tamb\u00e9 el paral\u00b7lelisme amb les invocacions mesopot\u00e0miques de Lamashtu, en les quals tamb\u00e9 es fa palesa una combinaci\u00f3 de construcci\u00f3 nociva i pr\u00e0ctica apotropaica, sense que calgui suposar-hi una connexi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica.<\/p><p>Aquestes analogies estructurals constitueixen un camp de recerca propi dins el debat cient\u00edfic sobre els patrons universals de la m\u00e0gia nociva i s\u00f3n una prova de la const\u00e0ncia estructural d&#8217;aquestes pr\u00e0ctiques a trav\u00e9s de les cultures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Missi\u00f3, prohibici\u00f3 i mem\u00f2ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amb la missi\u00f3 que Hans Egede va iniciar l&#8217;any 1721 al Groenl\u00e0ndia occidental, i que les esgl\u00e9sies moraves i luterano-daneses van continuar, la pr\u00e0ctica del tupilak va quedar sotmesa a una forta pressi\u00f3. Es considerava diab\u00f2lica, estava prohibida per l&#8217;Esgl\u00e9sia i era socialment estigmatitzada. A Groenl\u00e0ndia oriental, on la missionitzaci\u00f3 intensiva no va arribar fins a finals del segle XIX, la pr\u00e0ctica es va mantenir m\u00e9s temps.<\/p><p>Cient\u00edficament \u00e9s dif\u00edcil datar amb precisi\u00f3 la desaparici\u00f3 de la fabricaci\u00f3 aut\u00e8ntica de tupilaks. William Thalbitzer encara informa el 1923 sobre persones que en la seva joventut havien fabricat tupilaks, o que almenys afirmaven haver-ho fet. A la segona meitat del segle XX, el tupilak nom\u00e9s sobreviu en l&#8217;art de l&#8217;escultura i en la literatura narrativa.<\/p><p>Als llibres de text i als museus de Groenl\u00e0ndia, la tradici\u00f3 del tupilak es transmet avui amb cura did\u00e0ctica. La difer\u00e8ncia entre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen influir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> hist\u00f2rica i l&#8217;art contemporani es marca de manera expl\u00edcita per evitar malentesos. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica pedag\u00f2gica constitueix un camp de recerca propi en la did\u00e0ctica de la religi\u00f3 i \u00e9s un exemple de com es transmet una hist\u00f2ria religiosa transformada per la colonitzaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recerca i recepci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca actual sobre el tupilak es duu a terme principalment a Groenl\u00e0ndia mateix, per exemple al Greenland National Museum and Archives de Nuuk i als instituts etnol\u00f2gics de les universitats daneses. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne i Jens Rosing han presentat estudis fonamentals sobre la pr\u00e0ctica del tupilak i la seva hist\u00f2ria iconogr\u00e0fica, reconeguts en el discurs de recerca internacional.<\/p><p>La recepci\u00f3 internacional \u00e9s dividida. Mentre que la literatura cient\u00edfica especialitzada tracta el tupilak com una categoria hist\u00f2rica i ritual, en la cultura popular predomina el seu \u00fas com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> esot\u00e8ric o decoratiu. Aquesta discrep\u00e0ncia \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;una reflexi\u00f3 cient\u00edfica pr\u00f2pia sobre l&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 colonial de religions ind\u00edgenes i la problem\u00e0tica \u00e8tica d&#8217;aquestes apropiacions.<\/p><p>Dins la di\u00e0spora inuit, el tupilak ha continuat essent un s\u00edmbol identitari, sense que aix\u00f2 impliqui una revitalitzaci\u00f3 de la pr\u00e0ctica m\u00e0gica. Aquesta doble actitud, conservar el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> per\u00f2 deixar deliberadament de banda la pr\u00e0ctica, resulta cient\u00edficament rellevant i mostra l&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 selectiva de conceptes tradicionals en la formaci\u00f3 de la identitat ind\u00edgena moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Refer\u00e8ncies del lexic\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estan relacionats els lemes <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171753\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171751\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171752\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171755\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171757\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171756\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171758\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171759\">Malina<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171760\">Qailertetang<\/a>. El nucli cultural <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/inuit-artic-sedna-tornit-proteccio\/\">Tradici\u00f3 inuit<\/a> emmarca la hist\u00f2ria religiosa. Es troben esperits constructors d&#8217;estructura similar en la s\u00e8rie de lemes <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/sami-i-tradicio-fino-ugra-noaidi-i-tambor\/\">sami<\/a> i en nombroses altres tradicions d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La fabricaci\u00f3 del tupilak segons la tradici\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> inuit groenlandesa, el tupilak no \u00e9s un \u00e9sser nascut, sin\u00f3 un \u00e9sser fabricat.<\/p><p>Segons les descripcions procedents, entre altres fonts, dels registres de la Cinquena Expedici\u00f3 de Thule dirigida per Knud Rasmussen i de relats de viatge m\u00e9s antics, una persona que volia fer mal a alg\u00fa fabricava en secret la criatura a partir de materials diversos. S&#8217;hi utilitzaven ossos, parts d&#8217;animals, trossos de pell, tendons i, ocasionalment, alguna cosa del cos d&#8217;un infant o d&#8217;un difunt.<\/p><p>Aquests components es muntaven en una figura petita, sovint informe. Mitjan\u00e7ant cants, invocacions i, segons alguns relats, mitjan\u00e7ant el contacte amb el propi cos del fabricant, s&#8217;infonia vida a la figura. El tupilak era aix\u00ed una eina de m\u00e0gia maligna: s&#8217;enviava al mar per buscar una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edctima<\/span> determinada i matar-la.<\/p><p>Tanmateix, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> insisteix que el tupilak tamb\u00e9 era perill\u00f3s per al seu propi creador. Si la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edctima<\/span> prevista tenia poders sobrenaturals m\u00e9s forts, o era ella mateixa un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span>, podia rebutjar el tupilak i tornar-lo enrere. El tupilak que tornava mataria llavors a qui l&#8217;havia creat.<\/p><p>Per aix\u00f2 la fabricaci\u00f3 es considerava un acte d&#8217;alt risc i socialment condemnat. Les fonts d&#8217;aquestes creences s\u00f3n sempre registres externs, recollits per participants en expedicions, capellans i viatgers, i es refereixen sobretot a Groenl\u00e0ndia oriental i occidental. No es pot deduir-ne una pr\u00e0ctica uniforme per a tot el m\u00f3n inuit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les figures de tupilak esculpides i el mercat d'art colonial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els objectes tupilak m\u00e9s coneguts avui s\u00f3n petites figures esculpides en dent, os, banya o fusta, que representen figures h\u00edbrides i grotesques. Aquestes figures, per\u00f2, no s\u00f3n id\u00e8ntiques als \u00e9ssers de m\u00e0gia maligna descrits en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span>. Els tupilak originals eren objectes ocults, fabricats en secret, que ning\u00fa havia de veure i que no es conservaven un cop utilitzats.<\/p><p>Les figures esculpides van sorgir nom\u00e9s en el contacte amb els europeus. Viatgers, missioners i, m\u00e9s tard, turistes volien saber com era un tupilak, i els grenlandesos van crear llavors representacions visibles d&#8217;all\u00f2 que fins aleshores nom\u00e9s existia com a idea.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquesta trobada va sorgir, des de finals del segle XIX i sobretot durant el segle XX, un art propi de talla, especialment a l&#8217;est de Grenl\u00e0ndia, al voltant d&#8217;Ammassalik. Les figures tupilak es van convertir en una part fixa de l&#8217;artesania grenlandesa i encara avui es continuen fabricant.<\/p><p>Per a la investigaci\u00f3, aquesta evoluci\u00f3 \u00e9s un cas exemplar de la hist\u00f2ria colonial dels objectes. All\u00f2 que es troba als museus i col\u00b7leccions com a tupilak sol ser un producte de l&#8217;\u00e8poca de contacte, no un testimoni de la pr\u00e0ctica ritual precolonial. Etn\u00f2legs com William Thalbitzer, que va investigar l&#8217;est de Grenl\u00e0ndia a principis del segle XX, van assenyalar aviat la difer\u00e8ncia entre el concepte transm\u00e8s i la figura visible.<\/p><p>Els tupilak esculpits no s\u00f3n, tot i aix\u00f2, simples falsificacions, sin\u00f3 una tradici\u00f3 art\u00edstica pr\u00f2pia que ha traslladat l&#8217;antic concepte a una nova forma material. Per aix\u00f2, en qualsevol afirmaci\u00f3 sobre objectes tupilak cal distingir si es parla de la idea transmesa o de l&#8217;art de la talla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Copenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Copenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Copenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Copenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El tupilak es considera, en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> grenlandesa, un <strong>esperit venjatiu<\/strong> creat artificialment, que un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> o angakkoq modelava amb ossos, restes d&#8217;animals i pell per atacar un enemic determinat.<\/p><p>Com a esperit venjatiu creat expressament, el tupilak es diferencia dels \u00e9ssers espirituals que vagaren lliurement en la tradici\u00f3 inuit, ja que est\u00e0 dirigit contra una persona concreta i, segons les fonts, pot girar-se contra el seu propi creador si l&#8217;objectiu atacat resulta estar m\u00e9s protegit del que s&#8217;esperava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Conceptes clau relacionats: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait esperit maligne figura esculpida est de Grenl\u00e0ndia dent de morsa Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes protectors portables, seguint la tradici\u00f3 dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/inuit-artic-sedna-tornit-proteccio\/\">inuit<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak esperit de venjan\u00e7a inuit","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - Esperit de venjan\u00e7a i figura tallada dels inuit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak \u00e9s l'esperit de venjan\u00e7a fabricat artificialment pels inuit de Groenl\u00e0ndia, m\u00e9s tard tamb\u00e9 figura tallada. 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