{"id":171736,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171736"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:53","slug":"khormusta-deu-celeste-suprem-mongols","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/khormusta-deu-celeste-suprem-mongols\/","title":{"rendered":"Khormusta \u2013 El d\u00e9u celeste suprem dels mongols"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171736\" class=\"elementor elementor-171736 elementor-2639 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta, alt d\u00e9u budista-tengrista dels mongols<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta (en mongol <em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>, en tibet\u00e0 <em>brGya-byin<\/em>) \u00e9s, en el tengrisme mongol i en la seva reformulaci\u00f3 budista, el m\u00e9s alt dels 99 tengris celestials i el l\u00edder dels 33 tengris occidentals \u00abblancs\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador de la tradici\u00f3 de Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 de Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme.\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitat suprema.\">Divinitat suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2863\" alt=\"Khormusta \u2013 El d\u00e9u celeste suprem dels mongols\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta \u00e9s considerat un alt d\u00e9u <strong>budista-tengrista<\/strong> dins dels sincretismes mongols i tibetans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta \u00e9s una figura especialment ben documentada de la religi\u00f3 mongola tardana.<\/p><p>Constitueix un pilar de connexi\u00f3 entre tres estrats: l&#8217;indo-irani\u00e0 Ahura Mazda (en pahlavi <em>Hormizd<\/em>), l&#8217;Indra budista (en s\u00e0nscrit <em>\u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra<\/em>) i el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171731\">Tengri<\/a> altaturc-mongol. En la literatura narrativa de la Hist\u00f2ria Secreta i en els textos \u00e8pics posteriors (l&#8217;Epopeia de Geser Khan), apareix com el \u00abpare dels 33 d\u00e9us de l&#8217;oest\u00bb i com a \u00e0rbitre de les disputes celestials.<\/p><p>Dins la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">tradici\u00f3 siberiano-tengrista<\/a>, marca la transici\u00f3 del Tengri no personificat cap a un pante\u00f3 budista personalitzat. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, constitueix un cas exemplar del funcionament del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 de conceptes o divinitats procedents de diferents tradicions religioses.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> religi\u00f3s.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La literatura acad\u00e8mica sobre Khormusta \u00e9s, en comparaci\u00f3 amb moltes altres figures tengri, sorprenentment abundant. L&#8217;obra de Walther Heissig <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) \u00e9s aqu\u00ed tan imprescindible com els treballs de Klaus Sagaster i Christopher Atwood. Aquesta abund\u00e0ncia s&#8217;explica per la seva funci\u00f3 de connexi\u00f3: qui estudia Khormusta, estudia alhora la religi\u00f3 irania, \u00edndia i mongola en el seu contacte mutu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom deriva del persa mitj\u00e0 <em>Hormizd \/ Ohrmazd<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, de l&#8217;alt d\u00e9u de l&#8217;Iran zoro\u00e0stric (Ahura Mazda). La transmissi\u00f3 es va produir probablement entre els segles VII i IX a trav\u00e9s de les rutes comercials sogdianes cap a l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit ling\u00fc\u00edstic mongol, el nom rep el sufix tengri (<em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>), mitjan\u00e7ant el qual l&#8217;alt d\u00e9u irani s&#8217;integra en el sistema celeste mongol, un exemple cl\u00e0ssic de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 de conceptes o divinitats procedents de diferents tradicions religioses.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> religi\u00f3s.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La hist\u00f2ria ling\u00fc\u00edstica i religiosa exacta \u00e9s complexa: probablement els maniqueus i zoro\u00e0strics sogdians de les ciutats oasi de l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior (Turfan, Khotan, Samarcanda) van actuar com a mediadors. Hans-Joachim Klimkeit va reconstruir detalladament aquestes rutes de transmissi\u00f3 a <em>Die Seidenstra\u00dfe<\/em> (1988).<\/span><\/p><p>En les traduccions tibetanes, Khormusta apareix com <em>brGya-byin<\/em> o com <em>dBang-po brGya-byin<\/em>, que reprodueix l&#8217;indi \u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra, \u00abIndra, el de mil noms\u00bb. Aquesta identificaci\u00f3 el va integrar definitivament en el sistema de d\u00e9us budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En l&#8217;art mongol d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia budista, Khormusta apareix com una figura reial coronada asseguda en un tron de lotus, amb el llamp de diamant (vajra, en mongol <em>otschir<\/em>) a la m\u00e0 dreta i l&#8217;arbre que compleix desitjos a l&#8217;esquerra. Munta l&#8217;elefant de tres caps Airavata, fet que el identifica iconogr\u00e0ficament de manera definitiva amb l&#8217;Indra budista.<\/p><p>En els estrats mongols preexistents al budisme, en la mesura que es poden reconstruir, la seva representaci\u00f3 era menys fixa; apareixia m\u00e9s com el \u00abrei dels 99 tengris\u00bb en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> oral que en tipus iconogr\u00e0fics establerts. La buditzaci\u00f3 de Mong\u00f2lia des del segle XIII, i especialment des dels segles XVI i XVII, va establir la iconografia t\u00e0ntrica que \u00e9s habitual avui dia.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Klaus Sagaster va catalogar de manera exhaustiva la tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica de Khormusta a <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971). Resulta sorprenent l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 que les formes populars mongoles sovint mostren una iconografia mixta: guerrer coronat amb vajra, per\u00f2 muntat en cavall blanc en lloc d&#8217;elefant, un indici de l&#8217;adaptaci\u00f3 popular de la forma budista est\u00e0ndard.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En l&#8217;Epopeia de Geser Khan (versions mongoles i tibetanes), Khormusta \u00e9s la font des de la qual s&#8217;envia a la Terra l&#8217;heroi Geser per restaurar l&#8217;ordre d&#8217;un m\u00f3n desequilibrat per \u00e9ssers maligns. Khormusta actua aqu\u00ed com a comitent celestial i assumeix la funci\u00f3 que, en les epopeies \u00edndies, correspondria a Indra.<\/p><p>Un segon relat descriu la guerra entre els 33 tengris blancs de l&#8217;oest i els 44 tengris negres de l&#8217;est, sota el kan negre <em>Atai Ulan<\/em>; Khormusta guanya gr\u00e0cies a la creaci\u00f3 del llamp de diamant, fet que assegura l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic. Aquesta narraci\u00f3 de batalla dualista mostra clars indicis zoro\u00e0strics.<\/p><p>A la Hist\u00f2ria Secreta dels Mongols (1240) Khormusta no s&#8217;esmenta directament; tanmateix, la tradici\u00f3 posterior identifica en alguns punts la f\u00f3rmula \u00abM\u00f6ngke Tengri\u00bb amb ell. Igor de Rachewiltz va discutir cr\u00edticament aquesta identificaci\u00f3 posterior en el seu comentari de Brill (2004).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Khormusta estava hist\u00f2ricament arrelat a la cort mongola des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Yuan. Khubilai Khan el va integrar sistem\u00e0ticament en el marc del ritual cortes\u00e0 budista tibet\u00e0. Als segles XVII i XVIII, sota la influ\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;escola Gelug, es va convertir en el patr\u00f3 protector dels monestirs de diversos estendards.<\/p><p>A nivell popular, Khormusta apareix en els rituals ovoo com a destinatari suprem de les peticions; se li ofrena encens (en mongol <em>sang<\/em>) a primera hora del mat\u00ed, i les paraules \u00abQormusta Tngri \u00f6ber\u00f6\u00f6\u00bb (\u00abKhormusta en persona\u00bb) encap\u00e7alen moltes invocacions. Caroline Humphrey ho va descriure detalladament a <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>A la Mong\u00f2lia contempor\u00e0nia, Khormusta \u00e9s present sobretot en el budisme mon\u00e0stic; alguns monestirs (el Gandan d&#8217;Ulaanbaatar) celebren liturgies anuals dedicades a Khormusta. A m\u00e9s, forma part del repertori d&#8217;alguns grups neotengristes, els quals, per\u00f2, sovint el marginen per considerar-lo \u00abmassa budista\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Des d&#8217;un punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, la pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 dins del complex de Khormusta est\u00e0 estretament entrella\u00e7ada amb el concepte budista dels \u00abvuit grans d\u00e9us\u00bb i amb els mandales de protecci\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrics. Els elements apotropaics habituals s\u00f3n la fumigaci\u00f3 amb ginebre, penjar <em>khadag<\/em> (bufandes blaves de benedicci\u00f3) i recitar el text del <em>Sang<\/em>. Khormusta \u00e9s considerat una font de llum general, no un d\u00e9u protector especialitzat contra malalties concretes.<\/p><p>Una forma especial \u00e9s el <em>Khormusta-Sang<\/em>, un text lit\u00fargic per a la purificaci\u00f3 de la casa i el pati, transm\u00e8s en diverses edicions mongoles impreses (Pequ\u00edn, Urga) des del segle XVII. Klaus Sagaster n&#8217;ha presentat una edici\u00f3 cr\u00edtica.<\/p><p>En la pr\u00e0ctica popular, Khormusta no apareix com a destinatari directe d&#8217;un desig de protecci\u00f3; hom s&#8217;adre\u00e7a m\u00e9s aviat als seus missatgers o als poders locals dels Yer-Sub. Aquesta estructura de mediaci\u00f3 \u00e9s t\u00edpica de la religi\u00f3 mongola i correspon tipol\u00f2gicament a la pr\u00e0ctica cat\u00f2lica de preferir invocar un sant abans que D\u00e9u directament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Relacionat directament amb Ahura Mazda (Iran), Indra (\u00cdndia), \u015aakra (budisme), les divinitats del centre Heng-O (Xina). A Sib\u00e8ria mateixa \u00e9s relativament an\u00e0leg a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, amb la difer\u00e8ncia que Khormusta est\u00e0 clarament personalitzat en clau budista-t\u00e0ntrica.<\/p><p>Un paral\u00b7lel particularment interessant \u00e9s la identificaci\u00f3 amb el Yuanshi Tianzun xin\u00e8s de la tradici\u00f3 taoista, que apareix en diversos sincretismes mongolo-xinesos. L&#8217;Enciclop\u00e8dia de Christopher Atwood discuteix aquesta identificaci\u00f3 com a exemple de la \u00abdivinitat suprema de m\u00faltiples capes\u00bb.<\/p><p>En una comparaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia, Khormusta \u00e9s un exemple pedag\u00f2gic t\u00edpic de \u00abd\u00e9us migratoris\u00bb que conserven una genealogia pr\u00f2pia a trav\u00e9s de diverses fronteres ling\u00fc\u00edstiques i religioses. Aquests d\u00e9us migratoris rarament estan tan ben documentats com Khormusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Khormusta \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;estudi en la mongol\u00edstica de Walther Heissig, Klaus Sagaster (<em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em>, 1971), Christopher Atwood (<em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia<\/em>, 2004) i, en l&#8217;escola russa, de N. L. \u017dukovskaja. En el budisme mongol contemporani continua ben viu; en canvi, en la literatura neotengrista se&#8217;l margina de vegades per considerar-lo \u00abmassa budista\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p>Una l\u00ednia de recerca pr\u00f2pia s&#8217;ocupa de la tradici\u00f3 de Khormusta-Geser com a forma \u00e8pica oral i escrita. L&#8217;epopeia de Geser Khan va ser esmentada per primera vegada a Europa per Bruno Gallinucci l&#8217;any 1716, i tradu\u00efda sistem\u00e0ticament des de 1839 (Schmidt); la recerca de Walther Heissig ha renovat la comprensi\u00f3 de la seva relaci\u00f3 amb Khormusta.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>En la Mong\u00f2lia actual, Khormusta va ser invocat de nou com a \u00abalta divinitat mongola\u00bb en cerim\u00f2nies oficials estatals per al 800\u00e8 aniversari de Genghis Khan (2006), un exemple de com la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i la pol\u00edtica d&#8217;identitat s&#8217;entrellacen en el segle XXI.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debats de recerca i q\u00fcestions obertes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El debat de recerca m\u00e9s important t\u00e9 a veure amb l&#8217;ordre de les capes: era Khormusta primer l&#8217;Hormizd irani\u00e0, que despr\u00e9s va entrar en el sistema Tengri, i finalment va ser identificat pel budisme amb Indra? O b\u00e9 hi ha una capa aut\u00f2ctona m\u00e9s antiga en la qual el nom irani\u00e0 es va incorporar posteriorment?<\/p><p>Un segon debat gira al voltant de la idea dels \u00ab99 Tengri\u00bb: aquest nombre \u00e9s aut\u00f2cton-mongol o importat del budisme? Walther Heissig va argumentar a favor d&#8217;una arrel prebudista; recerques m\u00e9s recents (P. K. Kozin) hi plantegen dubtes.<\/p><p>Finalment: quina relaci\u00f3 t\u00e9 Khormusta amb la religi\u00f3 xam\u00e0nica siberiana? Entre els burjats apareix amb for\u00e7a, mentre que entre els tuvans i els altaics gaireb\u00e9 no. Aquesta asimetria geogr\u00e0fica \u00e9s reveladora per a la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i encara espera un estudi sistem\u00e0tic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta en la religi\u00f3 de la Mong\u00f2lia interior<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La posici\u00f3 de Khormusta a la Mong\u00f2lia interior (avui prov\u00edncia de la Rep\u00fablica Popular de la Xina) mereix un estudi especial. Aqu\u00ed la influ\u00e8ncia budista \u00e9s m\u00e9s forta, per\u00f2 al mateix temps tamb\u00e9 actuen influ\u00e8ncies xineses-taoistes. En diversos monestirs de la Mong\u00f2lia interior (per exemple Wudangzhao), Khormusta \u00e9s identificat amb el taoista Yu-Huang Shangdi, un triple <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 d'idees o divinitats provinents de diverses tradicions religioses.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> que hist\u00f2ricament amb prou feines t\u00e9 pari\u00f3.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Christopher Atwood, en la seva <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004), va reconstruir aquesta identificaci\u00f3 m\u00faltiple i va mostrar com Khormusta es va convertir en un pont entre tres cosmovisions religioses: la iraniana-zoro\u00e0strica, la \u00edndia-budista i la xinesa-taoista. Aquesta funci\u00f3 de pont \u00e9s cient\u00edficament \u00fanica.<\/span><\/p><p>En la pol\u00edtica d&#8217;identitat mongola contempor\u00e0nia, Khormusta \u00e9s celebrat de vegades com un \u00abnotable sincretista\u00bb, i de vegades vist cr\u00edticament com una \u00absuperposici\u00f3 budista de l&#8217;aut\u00e8ntic Tengri\u00bb. Ambdues valoracions s\u00f3n comprensibles des de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i revelen implicacions pol\u00edtiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i relaci\u00f3 amb el nucli cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qui vulgui estudiar el complex de Khormusta en tota la seva amplitud trobar\u00e0 a la p\u00e0gina de visi\u00f3 general <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Tradici\u00f3 sibiri\u00e0-tengrista<\/a> les remissions m\u00e9s importants a figures relacionades com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171731\">Tengri<\/a> (capa m\u00e9s antiga), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a> (paral\u00b7lel sud-siberi\u00e0) i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171740\">Asbuiga<\/a> (capa inferior d&#8217;esperits ajudants).<\/p><p><em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) de Walther Heissig i <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) de Klaus Sagaster s\u00f3n les obres de refer\u00e8ncia imprescindibles. Per a la tradici\u00f3 de Geser Khan, el volum de Brill de Walther Heissig (1983) \u00e9s central.<\/p><p><em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988) de N. L. \u017dukovskaja ofereix la s\u00edntesi russa m\u00e9s important. Els treballs etnogr\u00e0fics de Caroline Humphrey dels anys 1990 i 2000 completen el quadre amb una profunditat contempor\u00e0nia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta en la tradici\u00f3 de Geser Khan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El paper de Khormusta en l&#8217;epopeia de Geser Khan, una de les \u00e8piques heroiques orals m\u00e9s monumentals d&#8217;\u00c0sia interior, mereix un estudi detallat. L&#8217;epopeia existeix en versi\u00f3 mongola, tibetana i burjata; normalment compr\u00e8n diversos milers de versos i es canta en diverses nits de representaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>En totes les versions, Khormusta \u00e9s el mandant celestial que envia el heroi Geser a la Terra per ordenar un m\u00f3n desequilibrat per \u00e9ssers nocius. Aquesta funci\u00f3 narrativa correspon tipol\u00f2gicament al paper d&#8217;Indra en les narracions \u00edndies dels avat\u0101ra.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig va editar cr\u00edticament l&#8217;epopeia de Geser Khan en diversos volums; el seu volum de Brill (1983) \u00e9s l&#8217;edici\u00f3 de refer\u00e8ncia. En el segle XXI, l&#8217;epopeia viu un renaixement a la Mong\u00f2lia interior, on es conserva com un element central de la identitat cultural mongola.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reflexi\u00f3 metodol\u00f2gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la investigaci\u00f3 sobre Khormusta sorgeixen diversos problemes metodol\u00f2gics. Primer: l&#8217;estratificaci\u00f3 religiosa m\u00faltiple (iraniana, \u00edndia, mongola, xinesa) dificulta establir una genealogia clara. La ling\u00fc\u00edstica hist\u00f2rica aporta alguns indicis, per\u00f2 moltes transicions continuen sent especulatives.<\/p><p>Segon: la capa budista est\u00e0 ben documentada (textos mon\u00e0stics, iconografia), mentre que la capa prebudista nom\u00e9s es pot reconstruir indirectament. El model d&#8217;estratificaci\u00f3 de Walther Heissig es revisa parcialment avui dia.<\/p><p>Tercer: la pr\u00e0ctica contempor\u00e0nia de Khormusta a Mong\u00f2lia i a la Mong\u00f2lia Interior s&#8217;insereix en contextos pol\u00edtics i religiosos diferents; una descripci\u00f3 unificada resulta metodol\u00f2gicament problem\u00e0tica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta en la pol\u00edtica identit\u00e0ria mongola contempor\u00e0nia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La pol\u00edtica identit\u00e0ria mongola contempor\u00e0nia utilitza Khormusta deliberadament com un \u00abd\u00e9u suprem cosmopolita\u00bb que simbolitza la funci\u00f3 de pont de Mong\u00f2lia entre l&#8217;Iran, l&#8217;\u00cdndia i l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental. Aquesta lectura s&#8217;ha promogut, entre altres llocs, en publicacions oficials del Ministeri de Cultura mongol des de la d\u00e8cada de 2010.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, aquesta pol\u00edtica identit\u00e0ria resulta reveladora: fa de Khormusta l&#8217;encarnaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una \u00abcosm\u00f2polis mongola\u00bb en la qual la pluralitat religiosa no es veu com un problema, sin\u00f3 com una fortalesa. Aquesta visi\u00f3 contrasta amb els models identitaris monoteistes.<\/p><p>Caroline Humphrey ha assenyalat en diversos assaigs que aquesta apropiaci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica de Khormusta \u00e9s en si mateixa una pr\u00e0ctica religiosa, una forma de veneraci\u00f3 secular que coexisteix amb la tradici\u00f3 mon\u00e0stica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta com a exemple metodol\u00f2gic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta \u00e9s, per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span>, un exemple metodol\u00f2gic extraordinari. Mostra com un concepte religi\u00f3s pot travessar dos mil\u00b7lennis, tres contextos ling\u00fc\u00edstics i tres contextos religiosos sense perdre els seus eixos funcionals: d\u00e9u suprem, creador, garant de l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n. Una estabilitat aix\u00ed \u00e9s rara en la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3.<\/p><p>Alhora, la seva subst\u00e0ncia canvia: de l&#8217;Hormizd irani\u00e0-zoro\u00e0stric sorgeix el Khormusta indi-budista equivalent a Indra, que finalment es fon amb el complex tengrista mongol de Tengri. Aquesta din\u00e0mica simult\u00e0nia d&#8217;estabilitat i canvi \u00e9s, des del punt de vista de l&#8217;antropologia de la religi\u00f3, un cas d&#8217;estudi de primer ordre.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster va analitzar aquesta din\u00e0mica a <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) com un cas model de \u00abtransfer\u00e8ncia religiosa\u00bb. Christopher Atwood, en la seva Encyclopedia (2004), va precisar encara m\u00e9s aquesta conclusi\u00f3. Per als investigadors joves, Khormusta \u00e9s un objecte d&#8217;estudi molt profit\u00f3s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta en la literatura mon\u00e0stica mongola<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mereix un estudi m\u00e9s profund la literatura mon\u00e0stica mongola dels segles XVII al XIX, en la qual Khormusta apareix en una gran quantitat de textos lit\u00fargics. Les impressions de Pequ\u00edn, Urga i Lhasa contenen textos de cants a Khormusta, descripcions de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa el cosmos en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandales<\/span> de Khormusta i traduccions del tibet\u00e0 de tantres de Khormusta.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster va presentar a la seva tesi d&#8217;habilitaci\u00f3 (1976) una edici\u00f3 cr\u00edtica dels textos mongols m\u00e9s importants sobre Khormusta. Aquesta edici\u00f3 \u00e9s avui una de les eines m\u00e9s valuoses de la investigaci\u00f3 religiosa mongolista i s&#8217;hauria de consultar en tot estudi seri\u00f3s sobre Khormusta.<\/p><p>Els textos mostren com el Khormusta originalment irani\u00e0-budista es va convertir, en la tradici\u00f3 mon\u00e0stica mongola, en una figura aut\u00f2noma amb lit\u00fargies, pr\u00e0ctiques i convencions iconogr\u00e0fiques pr\u00f2pies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2047651f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2047651f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2230923b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2230923b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La transformaci\u00f3 budista d'una antiga divinitat celeste<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266018fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp266018fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cafb229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cafb229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom <em>Khormusta<\/em> (en mongol tamb\u00e9 <em>Qormusta<\/em>, <em>Khurmasta<\/em>) \u00e9s una de les proves m\u00e9s clares que la hist\u00f2ria religiosa mongola no forma una unitat tancada, sin\u00f3 que superposa capes de proced\u00e8ncies diferents.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista ling\u00fc\u00edstic, el nom es remunta a l&#8217;irani\u00e0 <em>Ahura Mazda<\/em>, transm\u00e8s a trav\u00e9s del sogdi\u00e0 i l&#8217;uigur. A trav\u00e9s dels textos maniqueus i budistes de l&#8217;\u00c0sia central, la denominaci\u00f3 va arribar al m\u00f3n turco-mongol, on es va adherir a una idea ja existent del senyor suprem del cel.<\/p><p>En la literatura budista de Mong\u00f2lia, Khormusta es fon amb Indra, el rei dels d\u00e9us del pante\u00f3 indi, que hi apareix com a senyor del cel de <em>Trayastrimsha<\/em> i protector de la doctrina.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquesta manera, una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> aut\u00f2noma es va convertir en un pr\u00edncep dels d\u00e9us integrat en el model cosmol\u00f2gic budista, que ocupa un lloc elevat per\u00f2 que roman subordinat al Buda i als bodhisattves. Aquesta col\u00b7locaci\u00f3 no \u00e9s un efecte secundari, sin\u00f3 que va ser volguda per raons de pol\u00edtica religiosa: l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 del budisme tibet\u00e0 des del segle XVI exigia no despla\u00e7ar les antigues divinitats celestes, sin\u00f3 subordinar-les jer\u00e0rquicament.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva cr\u00edtica de les fonts, cal subratllar que gaireb\u00e9 tots els testimonis escrits sobre Khormusta procedeixen de contextos marcats pel budisme, com les invocacions de l&#8217;epopeia de Geser o els manuscrits rituals. Una figura prebudista d&#8217;aquest personatge nom\u00e9s es pot deduir-ne de manera indirecta.<\/p><p>Investigadors com Walther Heissig han assenyalat que els quaranta-nou o trenta-tres Tengri esmentats a l&#8217;epopeia, encap\u00e7alats per Khormusta, representen una sistematitzaci\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria, que probablement va sorgir en trobar-se amb l&#8217;esquema de n\u00fameros divins indi-budista.<\/p><p>Per a la comprensi\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i narracions al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> tengrista siberiana, aix\u00f2 significa que Khormusta mostra de manera exemplar com el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">tengrisme<\/a> no va ser un sistema est\u00e0tic, sin\u00f3 un camp permeable que va acollir noms i conceptes estrangers i els va combinar amb les seves pr\u00f2pies idees. Qui interpreti la figura de manera a\u00efllada com a purament mongola passa per alt la hist\u00f2ria de mediaci\u00f3 centreasi\u00e0tica, que encara avui roman visible en el seu nom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Klaus Sagaster: <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Christopher Atwood: <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill, 2004)<\/span><\/li><li>N. L. \u017dukovskaja: <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988)<\/li><li>Caroline Humphrey: <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span><\/strong> sobre Khormusta uneix concepcions celestials tengristes amb capes budistes; les <strong>fonts<\/strong> principals s\u00f3n cr\u00f2niques mongoles, epopeies de Gesar i textos rituals amb influ\u00e8ncia tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Khormusta, Qormusta Tngri, Geser Khan, Ahura Mazda, Indra, d\u00e9u suprem mongol.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-khormusta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, en la tradici\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ tengrisme<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 nivells, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2863,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khormusta, alt d\u00e9u mongol","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khormusta \u2013 Alt d\u00e9u mongol, mite i fonts","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khormusta \u00e9s el d\u00e9u celeste suprem dels mongols, una fusi\u00f3 d'estrats iranio-budistes i tengristes. Mite i fonts.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sibirisch-tengrismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171736","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Khormusta \u2013 Alt d\u00e9u mongol, mite i fonts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Khormusta \u00e9s el d\u00e9u celeste suprem dels mongols, una fusi\u00f3 d&#039;estrats iranio-budistes i tengristes. 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