{"id":171734,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171734"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:51","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:51","slug":"ulgen-deu-de-la-llum-dels-altaics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/ulgen-deu-de-la-llum-dels-altaics\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dclgen \u2013 El d\u00e9u de la llum dels altaics"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171734\" class=\"elementor elementor-171734 elementor-2637 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00dclgen, d\u00e9u de la llum altaic i creador del m\u00f3n superior<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dclgen (en turc antic <em>\u00dclg\u00e4n<\/em>) \u00e9s, en la creen\u00e7a tengrista del sud de Sib\u00e8ria, el creador i d\u00e9u de la llum del m\u00f3n superior, guardi\u00e0 dels xamans blancs i contrapunt m\u00edtic del sobir\u00e0 del m\u00f3n inferior <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171733\">Erlik Khan<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador de la tradici\u00f3 de Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 de Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme.\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitat suprema.\">Divinitat suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-uelgen-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-uelgen-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-uelgen-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_uelgen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2858\" alt=\"\u00dclgen \u2013 El d\u00e9u de la llum dels altaics\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_uelgen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_uelgen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_uelgen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_uelgen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-uelgen elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-uelgen\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-uelgen\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-uelgen\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-uelgen elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-uelgen\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dclgen, el <strong>d\u00e9u de la llum de l&#8217;Altai<\/strong>, \u00e9s considerat en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> de l&#8217;Altai el creador i la divinitat suprema del m\u00f3n superior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dclgen \u00e9s una especialitzaci\u00f3 del complex de divinitat suprema <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171731\">Tengri<\/a> dins de la religi\u00f3 altaica, telengit, xor i tuvana. Mentre que Tengri \u00e9s tota la volta celeste, \u00dclgen habita els nou cels superiors i \u00e9s considerat un actor creador personalment invocable. Anokhin el va descriure el 1924 com \u00abel d\u00e9u suprem realment invocat pels altaics\u00bb.<\/p><p>Dins de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">tradici\u00f3 tengrista siberiana<\/a>, \u00dclgen ocupa el cim d&#8217;una casa dels d\u00e9us de m\u00faltiples nivells; <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171733\">Erlik Khan<\/a> n&#8217;\u00e9s el contrapunt dual, i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171735\">Yer-Sub<\/a> el seu complement terrenal.<\/p><p>El punt clau de la sociologia religiosa d&#8217;\u00dclgen \u00e9s que, a difer\u00e8ncia del distant Tengri, representa un agent creador actiu que pot ser invocat directament. Amb aix\u00f2 omple un buit que el <em>deus otiosus<\/em> Tengri deixa obert; en aquesta funci\u00f3 \u00e9s tipol\u00f2gicament m\u00e9s comparable amb el Zeus grec o l&#8217;Odin n\u00f2rdic que no pas amb el cel immens en si mateix.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La paraula <em>\u00fclg\u00e4n \/ \u00fclgen<\/em> \u00e9s turc antic i s&#8217;associa en la recerca als significats \u00abgran, sublim, poder\u00f3s\u00bb; en alguns l\u00e8xics tamb\u00e9 \u00abel que distribueix, el distribu\u00efdor\u00bb (de <em>\u00fcl\u0113-<\/em>, \u00abrepartir, distribuir\u00bb), que concorda amb la idea que reparteix porcions de vida als humans. Formes emparentades s\u00f3n el khak\u00e0s <em>\u00dclg\u00e4n<\/em> i el xor <em>\u00dclgen<\/em>.<\/p><p>Entre els mongols no hi ha un equivalent directe; all\u00e0 el rol el pren de vegades <em>M\u00f6ngke Tngri<\/em>, de vegades bodhisattves d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia budista com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171736\">Khormusta<\/a>. Aquesta asimetria fa d&#8217;\u00dclgen un fenomen espec\u00edficament turcosiberi\u00e0 del sud.<\/p><p>Una etimologia alternativa relaciona el nom amb <em>\u00fcligen<\/em>, \u00abel que d\u00f3na\u00bb, que concorda amb la idea mitol\u00f2gica que \u00dclgen distribueix riquesa i fertilitat. Ambdues etimologies s\u00f3n compatibles des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria ling\u00fc\u00edstica i podrien haver actuat conjuntament al llarg del temps.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dclgen es descriu com un home vell de barba blanca assegut en un tron d&#8217;or al cel m\u00e9s alt. Porta un mantell brodat amb el sol i la lluna, sost\u00e9 a la m\u00e0 dreta un arc llumin\u00f3s fet de mat\u00e8ria d&#8217;arc de sant Mart\u00ed i a l&#8217;esquerra una copa plena de llet d&#8217;euga. El seu missatger \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00e0guila blanca.<\/p><p>En els diagrames de tambor altaics d&#8217;Anokhin i Potapov, \u00dclgen ocupa el lloc m\u00e9s alt; sota d&#8217;ell es despleguen nou filles (les <em>Kysh-Kyz<\/em>) i nou fills, que governen \u00e0mbits celestes individuals. Aquesta iconografia de \u00abnou fills i filles\u00bb \u00e9s cl\u00e0ssica en les divinitats supremes siberianes i es repeteix tamb\u00e9 en <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171733\">Erlik Khan<\/a>, encara que de manera invertida cap avall.<\/p><p>En el context modern de la Rep\u00fablica de l&#8217;Altai, la iconografia d&#8217;\u00dclgen s&#8217;ha consolidat; un mural conegut a la casa de la cultura de Gorno-Altaisk el mostra en la forma est\u00e0ndard de barba blanca. Aquesta iconografia moderna es basa en els esbossos etnogr\u00e0fics d&#8217;Anokhin i crea una forma visual tancada que mai va existir aix\u00ed en el material hist\u00f2ric.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El relat de creaci\u00f3 altaic descriu \u00dclgen surant sol en el diluvi primigeni, encarregant a un ocell (de vegades un \u00e0nec, de vegades Erlik en forma d&#8217;ocell) que porti fang del fons, i formant-ne la terra.<\/p><p>Despr\u00e9s que Erlik s&#8217;hagi separat, \u00dclgen crea el primer home a partir de fang i li d\u00f3na vida col\u00b7locant-li el sol al cap, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> que troba paral\u00b7lelismes fins i tot en el pensament creacionista cristi\u00e0, per\u00f2 formulat sens dubte de manera independent.<\/p><p>Un segon relat descriu l&#8217;aixecament de l&#8217;Arbre del M\u00f3n, un l\u00e0rix c\u00f2smic les arrels del qual arriben al regne d&#8217;Erlik i el capdamunt del qual desemboca sota el tron d&#8217;\u00dclgen. Sobre aquest eix es mou el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> blanc en el seu ascens. Mircea Eliade va convertir aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de l&#8217;\u00abAxis Mundi\u00bb en la categoria central del seu model de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span>.<\/p><p>Un tercer relat descriu una disputa entre \u00dclgen i Erlik pel primer home: Erlik intenta bufar el seu propi al\u00e8 al cos de fang, per\u00f2 \u00dclgen s&#8217;hi avan\u00e7a. De la r\u00e0bia, Erlik crea les primeres malalties i mosquits, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> etiol\u00f2gic t\u00edpic que explica l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia del mal sense dualisme moral.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a \u00dclgen era, a l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 altaic, un culte primaveral p\u00fablic. En una muntanya sagrada se sacrificava al maig un jove cavall de llum (blanc o groc clar); els xamans muntaven en sessions ext\u00e0tiques \u00aba trav\u00e9s dels nou cels\u00bb i transmetien a \u00dclgen les s\u00fapliques de la tribu. Anokhin va deixar const\u00e0ncia detallada d&#8217;una d&#8217;aquestes sessions (1909, publicada el 1924).<\/p><p>En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit personal, \u00dclgen era la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La invocaci\u00f3 o s\u00faplica dirigida a una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> central dels xamans blancs (<em>aq kam<\/em>), mentre que els xamans negres s&#8217;adre\u00e7aven a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171733\">Erlik Khan<\/a>. La seva festa solia caure amb el solstici d&#8217;estiu i es superposava amb el posterior complex del Naadam mongol.<\/p><p>Una forma particular de veneraci\u00f3 a \u00dclgen era el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> <em>tagyl<\/em>: sobre una roca plana s&#8217;aixecava un petit altar de pedra que s&#8217;obsequiava amb llet d&#8217;euga i pastissos de mantega. Aquests altars de roca es conserven parcialment com a jaciments arqueol\u00f2gics a les estepes altes del sud de Sib\u00e8ria i poden remuntar-se a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca prehist\u00f2rica en qu\u00e8 el bronze era el metall m\u00e9s important per a estris.\" tabindex=\"0\">edat del bronze<\/span>, sense que la identificaci\u00f3 religiosa hagi de ser necess\u00e0riament cont\u00ednua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La pr\u00e0ctica protectora dins el complex d&#8217;\u00dclgen tenia una connotaci\u00f3 positiva: no es tractava tant de defensar-se com de \u00abposar les coses en ordre\u00bb. Elements apotropaics eren lligar cintes blanques de tela (<em>kyira<\/em>) als l\u00e0rixs dels colls de muntanya, aixecar petites pir\u00e0mides de pedra (<em>obo<\/em>) i evitar el soroll i les baralles en els colls.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">En cas de malaltia d&#8217;un infant, es podia invocar un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s a qui s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> blanc, que demanava a \u00dclgen la \u00abrestituci\u00f3 d&#8217;una porci\u00f3 de vida\u00bb. En el sentit conceptual, aix\u00f2 \u00e9s una petici\u00f3 d&#8217;ordre cosmol\u00f2gic, no una promesa de curaci\u00f3. Des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, aquesta pr\u00e0ctica s&#8217;inscriu entre els \u00abrituals de restauraci\u00f3\u00bb, tamb\u00e9 documentats en moltes altres tradicions ind\u00edgenes.<\/p><p>Central \u00e9s la distinci\u00f3: \u00dclgen era el destinatari de les s\u00fapliques, no ell mateix el guaridor. La curaci\u00f3 corresponia al xaman com a mediador, una distinci\u00f3 important en sociologia de la religi\u00f3 que Roberte Hamayon (1990) va contraposar amb agudesa al model d&#8217;Eliade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estructuralment comparable amb el Tyr germ\u00e0nic, el Varuna v\u00e8dic en la seva funci\u00f3 lluminosa, el Iuppiter rom\u00e0 com a d\u00e9u del dret i l&#8217;ordre i, a Sib\u00e8ria, amb l&#8217;<em>Aar Tojon<\/em> iacut. Fenomenol\u00f2gicament, destaca que \u00dclgen, a difer\u00e8ncia del distant Tengri, posseeix una hist\u00f2ria concreta de creaci\u00f3, sense esdevenir per aix\u00f2 un demi\u00fcrg creador com Yaldabaoth en el gnosticisme.<\/p><p>Un paral\u00b7lel estret es troba en el fin\u00e8s Ukko, tamb\u00e9 ell un \u00abd\u00e9u suprem m\u00e9s actiu\u00bb per sota d&#8217;una capa celestial abstracta. L&#8217;investigador finland\u00e8s del Kalevala Juha Pentik\u00e4inen ha establert en <em>Shamanism and Culture<\/em> (1998) comparacions tipol\u00f2giques entre les divinitats supremes siberianes i les fino-ugres.<\/p><p>El tret espec\u00edficament altaic \u00e9s l&#8217;escissi\u00f3 estricta entre xamans \u00abblancs\u00bb i \u00abnegres\u00bb amb adreces d&#8217;invocaci\u00f3 separades. Aquest model \u00e9s poc freq\u00fcent en la comparaci\u00f3 siberiana i fa d&#8217;\u00dclgen una figura especialment interessant des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el treball cultural altaic contemporani, \u00dclgen torna a ser exaltat: apareix en segells postals, festes populars i llibres de text de la Rep\u00fablica d&#8217;Altai. Estudis cient\u00edfics cl\u00e0ssics: Anokhin (1924), L. P. Potapov (<em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em>, 1991), Mircea Eliade (1951), Vladimir Basilov (1984) i, m\u00e9s recentment, Andrei Znamenski (2007).<\/p><p>El cient\u00edfic de la religi\u00f3 finland\u00e8s Juha Pentik\u00e4inen (<em>Shamanism and Culture<\/em>, 1998) situa \u00dclgen en una s\u00e8rie m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia de d\u00e9us de la llum circumpolars.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;actualitat altaica, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a \u00dclgen es troba en tensi\u00f3: d&#8217;una banda es presenta com una \u00abreligi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena aut\u00e8ntica\u00bb enfront del cristianisme rus, per\u00f2 d&#8217;altra banda queda ell mateix superposat per elements New Age que no formen part de la tradici\u00f3 etnogr\u00e0fica. Andrei Znamenski ha analitzat aquesta tensi\u00f3 amb detall en el seu volum publicat per Oxford.<\/p><p>Una l\u00ednia de recerca pr\u00f2pia s&#8217;ocupa dels rastres arqueol\u00f2gics dels rituals centrats en \u00dclgen; M. P. Grjaznow i V. D. Kubarew han documentat pintures rupestres a Tuva i a l&#8217;Altai que s&#8217;han interpretat com a genets d&#8217;\u00dclgen, sense que la identificaci\u00f3 estigui confirmada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debats de recerca i q\u00fcestions obertes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tres debats de recerca marquen l&#8217;estudi sobre \u00dclgen. Primer: \u00e9s \u00dclgen una escissi\u00f3 de Tengri o una capa altaica pr\u00f2pia i independent? Anokhin i Potapov tendien a la primera lectura, Roux i Hamayon a la segona.<\/p><p>Segon: fins a quin punt \u00e9s continu el culte a \u00dclgen des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca preisl\u00e0mica fins al segle XIX\/XX? Falten en gran mesura fonts escrites; la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> etnogr\u00e0fica nom\u00e9s es documenta sistem\u00e0ticament des de Radloff (d\u00e8cada de 1860).<\/p><p>Tercer: quina part hi t\u00e9 la mateixa activitat recol\u00b7lectora russa en la consolidaci\u00f3 de la imatge d&#8217;\u00dclgen? Andrei Znamenski ha presentat aqu\u00ed una reflexi\u00f3 autocr\u00edtica important: bona part del que sabem sobre \u00dclgen \u00e9s tamb\u00e9 un producte de l&#8217;etnografia tsarista i sovi\u00e8tica, i no nom\u00e9s de la perspectiva interna altaica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00dclgen en comparaci\u00f3 amb les divinitats supremes dels pobles ve\u00efns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una comparaci\u00f3 sistem\u00e0tica d&#8217;\u00dclgen amb altres divinitats supremes siberianes resulta reveladora des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. En comparaci\u00f3 amb el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171739\">Buga<\/a> tung\u00fas, \u00dclgen \u00e9s clarament m\u00e9s personal i est\u00e0 dotat d&#8217;una mitologia m\u00e9s rica; en comparaci\u00f3 amb l&#8217;<em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> iacut, es concep com una figura m\u00e9s activament creadora. En comparaci\u00f3 amb el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171736\">Khormusta<\/a> mongol, hi manquen les capes iranianes-budistes.<\/p><p>Aquestes comparacions demostren que la religi\u00f3 del sud de Sib\u00e8ria no \u00e9s una capa homog\u00e8nia, sin\u00f3 un espectre de figures de divinitat suprema amb perfils diferents, cadascuna amb la seva pr\u00f2pia mitologia, iconografia i pr\u00e0ctica ritual. Vladimir Basilov va presentar un primer estudi comparatiu sistem\u00e0tic a <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984).<\/p><p>Des de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3, \u00dclgen resulta especialment interessant perqu\u00e8 omple el buit entre el lluny\u00e0 Tengri i les divinitats especialitzades m\u00e9s concretes. Aquest paper de mediador el converteix en una de les divinitats supremes \u00abm\u00e9s vives\u00bb de Sib\u00e8ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i relaci\u00f3 amb el nucli cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qui vulgui estudiar el complex d&#8217;\u00dclgen en tota la seva amplitud trobar\u00e0 a la p\u00e0gina de conjunt <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Tradici\u00f3 siberiana-tengrista<\/a> les remissions m\u00e9s importants a figures relacionades com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171731\">Tengri<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171733\">Erlik Khan<\/a> i la figura protectora materna <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171732\">Umai<\/a>.<\/p><p>Els <em>Materials sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> dels altaics<\/em> (1924) d&#8217;A. V. Anokhin s\u00f3n la font prim\u00e0ria m\u00e9s important i ofereixen descripcions detallades de sis sessions xam\u00e0niques completes que ell mateix va enregistrar. L&#8217;<em>Altaiskij shamanizm<\/em> (1991) de L. P. Potapov \u00e9s la s\u00edntesi sovi\u00e8tica-russa m\u00e9s important.<\/p><p>Per a la integraci\u00f3 circumpolar, cal remetre a <em>Shamanism and Culture<\/em> (1998) de Juha Pentik\u00e4inen, que situa \u00dclgen dins d&#8217;una s\u00e8rie m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia de divinitats de la llum, des d&#8217;Escandin\u00e0via fins Sib\u00e8ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fenomenologia religiosa de la llum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dclgen \u00e9s un exemple paradigm\u00e0tic de la categoria fenomenol\u00f2gico-religiosa de \u00abd\u00e9u de la llum\u00bb, que Wilhelm Schmidt va elaborar en la seva teoria de la divinitat suprema i que m\u00e9s tard Friedrich Heiler va desenvolupar a <em>Erscheinungsformen und Wesen der Religion<\/em> (1961). El tret caracter\u00edstic \u00e9s la uni\u00f3 de llum, al\u00e7ada, creaci\u00f3 i ordre \u00e8tic.<\/p><p>En comparaci\u00f3 amb altres divinitats de la llum, com el v\u00e8dic Surya, l&#8217;egipci Ra o el zoro\u00e0stric Hvar Khshaeta, en \u00dclgen falta la identificaci\u00f3 directa amb el disc solar; \u00e9s m\u00e9s b\u00e9 el \u00abd\u00e9u suprem llumin\u00f3s\u00bb que hi ha darrere de les manifestacions astrals. Aix\u00f2 el situa tipol\u00f2gicament m\u00e9s a prop de les divinitats supremes indoeuropees com Varuna o Tyr que no de les divinitats solars indo-iranianes.<\/p><p>La relaci\u00f3 amb l&#8217;arbre del m\u00f3n \u00e9s un motiu central que va marcar decisivament el concepte d&#8217;\u00abAxis Mundi\u00bb d&#8217;Eliade. Encara que avui la teoria d&#8217;Eliade es veu de manera cr\u00edtica, el material del complex d&#8217;\u00dclgen continua sent un dels exemples m\u00e9s convincents d&#8217;estructures de mediaci\u00f3 c\u00f2smica vertical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reflexi\u00f3 metodol\u00f2gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre \u00dclgen presenta diversos problemes metodol\u00f2gics. En primer lloc, la religi\u00f3 altaica va ser registrada durant el segle XIX principalment per missioners ortodoxos russos i, m\u00e9s tard, per etn\u00f2grafs russos. Ambd\u00f3s grups tenien predisposicions interpretatives que distorsionen la imatge transmesa.<\/p><p>En segon lloc, els protocols detallats de sessions d&#8217;Anokhin (1909) constitueixen una font excel\u00b7lent, per\u00f2 estan marcats per la pres\u00e8ncia del mateix observador. El debat metodol\u00f2gic sobre l&#8217;\u00abobservaci\u00f3 participant\u00bb en l&#8217;etnologia de la religi\u00f3 afecta directament el material d&#8217;Anokhin.<\/p><p>En tercer lloc, la re-tengritzaci\u00f3 contempor\u00e0nia a la Rep\u00fablica de l&#8217;Altai construeix una tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica consolidada d&#8217;\u00dclgen que no va existir de manera tan tancada en el material hist\u00f2ric. Aquesta construcci\u00f3 resulta interessant des de la sociologia de la religi\u00f3, per\u00f2 no s&#8217;ha de confondre amb la capa hist\u00f2rica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00dclgen i la concepci\u00f3 de l'arbre del m\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una concepci\u00f3 simb\u00f2lico-religiosa central en el complex d&#8217;\u00dclgen \u00e9s l&#8217;arbre del m\u00f3n, el <em>baj-terek<\/em>: un l\u00e0rix o bedoll c\u00f2smic les arrels del qual arriben fins al m\u00f3n subterrani i la cap\u00e7ada del qual desemboca sota el tron d&#8217;\u00dclgen. Al llarg d&#8217;aquest eix, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> blanc realitza el seu ascens.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade va convertir aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> en la categoria central del seu model de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> i el va desenvolupar sistem\u00e0ticament sota el concepte d&#8217;\u00abAxis Mundi\u00bb a <em>Le sacr\u00e9 et le profane<\/em> (1957) i <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951). Encara que avui el model d&#8217;Eliade es veu de manera cr\u00edtica, l&#8217;arbre del m\u00f3n d&#8217;\u00dclgen continua sent un dels exemples m\u00e9s convincents de l&#8217;estructura de mediaci\u00f3 c\u00f2smica vertical en una religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena.<\/p><p>Els artistes altaics contemporanis recuperen la concepci\u00f3 de l&#8217;arbre del m\u00f3n; es pot veure en nombrosos murals, records i exposicions d&#8217;art popular. Aquesta recepci\u00f3 resulta interessant des de la sociologia de la religi\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 transforma un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> religi\u00f3s en un marcador d&#8217;identitat cultural.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00dclgen a la llum dels debats de recerca contemporanis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca contempor\u00e0nia sobre \u00dclgen es troba en diverses tensions productives. D&#8217;una banda, l&#8217;escola establerta russosovi\u00e8tica (Potapov, Tokarev), que treballa amb la seva rica abund\u00e0ncia de material emp\u00edric; de l&#8217;altra, la fenomenologia religiosa occidental (Eliade, Pentik\u00e4inen), que cerca estructures religioses generals.<\/p><p>Ambdues escoles es complementen sense ser id\u00e8ntiques. Roberte Hamayon va fer expl\u00edcita aquesta tensi\u00f3 a <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) i va defensar una tercera lectura, fonamentada sociol\u00f2gico-econ\u00f2micament.<\/p><p>Andrei Znamenski, en les seves obres des de 2003, ha treballat de manera sistem\u00e0tica els problemes metodol\u00f2gics de la recerca sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span>: fins a quin punt la imatge de la recerca \u00e9s un efecte de la mateixa recerca? Aquest gir reflexiu marca avui tamb\u00e9 la recerca sobre \u00dclgen. Per als joves investigadors de la religi\u00f3, es tracta d&#8217;un exemple did\u00e0ctic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bb9b29e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bb9b29e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26f84b97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26f84b97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00dclgen en la religi\u00f3 dels turcs altaics: fonts i registradors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp237ddc15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp237ddc15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28067a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp28067a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> \u00dclgen, tamb\u00e9 escrita <em>\u00dclg\u00e4n<\/em> o <em>Bai \u00dclgen<\/em>, es coneix sobretot a trav\u00e9s de la religi\u00f3 dels pobles de llengua turca de les muntanyes de l&#8217;Altai. Les descripcions m\u00e9s importants les devem a l&#8217;etnografia del segle XIX i principis del segle XX.<\/p><p>Tenen especial rellev\u00e0ncia els treballs de l&#8217;investigador Wilhelm Radloff i del missioner i ling\u00fcista Wassili Werbizki, actius al segle XIX entre els altaics, que van recopilar textos, oracions i descripcions de la pr\u00e0ctica ritual.<\/p><p>En aquestes fonts, \u00dclgen apareix com un d\u00e9u celestial elevat i ben\u00e8vol, resident en una de les capes superiors del cel. En moltes tradicions se li oposa Erlik, el senyor del m\u00f3n subterrani. \u00dclgen s&#8217;associa amb la creaci\u00f3, la fertilitat, el bestiar i el benestar de les persones.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;un d\u00e9u celestial lluny\u00e0 i inactiu, \u00dclgen era destinatari de rituals concrets: se li oferien sacrificis d&#8217;animals, especialment cavalls, i l&#8217;especialista xam\u00e0nic entrava en contacte amb ell mitjan\u00e7ant cants rituals.<\/p><p>En utilitzar aquestes fonts, cal tenir en compte que Werbizki era missioner i observava la religi\u00f3 altaica des d&#8217;una perspectiva cristiana, mentre que Radloff tenia un inter\u00e8s m\u00e9s ling\u00fc\u00edstic i etnogr\u00e0fic. Tots dos van documentar, a m\u00e9s, una religi\u00f3 ja influenciada pel contacte amb el budisme, el cristianisme i el domini rus.<\/p><p>Alguns investigadors han suggerit fins i tot una possible influ\u00e8ncia iraniano-zoro\u00e0strica o cristiana en la contraposici\u00f3 dualista entre \u00dclgen i Erlik. Aquesta q\u00fcesti\u00f3 no est\u00e0 resolta de manera definitiva, per\u00f2 adverteix que la imatge transmesa d&#8217;\u00dclgen no s&#8217;hauria de considerar, sense examen cr\u00edtic, com antiqu\u00edssima i lliure d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncies. Divinitats celestials emparentades es troben tamb\u00e9 en <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">altres cultures de l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior<\/a> properes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299b431d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp299b431d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp206c9790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp206c9790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El viatge celestial xam\u00e0nic a \u00dclgen: un text ritual en detall<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp262fe7ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp262fe7ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp213fcfa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp213fcfa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un dels testimonis m\u00e9s impressionants de la religi\u00f3 altaica \u00e9s la descripci\u00f3 d&#8217;un viatge celestial ritual a \u00dclgen, tal com el va transmetre entre altres Wilhelm Radloff i com m\u00e9s tard el va analitzar amb detall l&#8217;historiador de les religions Mircea Eliade en el seu estudi sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span>. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> servia per oferir un sacrifici de cavall a \u00dclgen i havia d&#8217;assegurar la seva benevol\u00e8ncia cap a la comunitat.<\/p><p>El desenvolupament, tal com es descriu a les fonts, t\u00e9 diverses etapes. Despr\u00e9s dels preparatius, que inclo\u00efen la selecci\u00f3 i el tractament ritual de l&#8217;animal sacrificat, l&#8217;especialista xam\u00e0nic pujava simb\u00f2licament per una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;osques tallades en un bedoll, que representaven les successives capes del cel.<\/p><p>En cants rituals, descrivia l&#8217;ascens de capa en capa, es trobava pel cam\u00ed amb diversos \u00e9ssers i finalment s&#8217;apropava al seu de \u00dclgen. En aquest punt, presentava les peticions de la comunitat i intentava obtenir de les respostes informaci\u00f3 sobre el futur, per exemple sobre la propera collita o l&#8217;increment dels ramats.<\/p><p>Cal ser prudent en avaluar aquesta descripci\u00f3. El text que va recollir Radloff \u00e9s una representaci\u00f3 concreta, lligada a un lloc i un moment determinats, no un gui\u00f3 atemporal. Eliade el va generalitzar com a model del viatge celestial xam\u00e0nic, per\u00f2 la investigaci\u00f3 posterior ha criticat la seva tend\u00e8ncia a la uniformitzaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Es pot concloure que \u00dclgen, en la pr\u00e0ctica altaica, no era nom\u00e9s una idea teol\u00f2gica, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;una acci\u00f3 ritual complexa, en la qual la disposici\u00f3 en capes del cel i l&#8217;ascens de l&#8217;especialista es representaven de manera concreta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25359e9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25359e9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp239a60e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp239a60e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00dclgen i Erlik: l'estructura dualista i les seves interpretacions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c94b71a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c94b71a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27d463c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27d463c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un tret caracter\u00edstic de la imatge transmesa d&#8217;\u00dclgen \u00e9s el seu estret vincle amb la figura oposada, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Erlik<\/a>. En nombrosos relats altaics, els dos apareixen com una parella complement\u00e0ria: \u00dclgen dalt al cel, associat a la llum, la creaci\u00f3 i la vida; Erlik a baix, associat al m\u00f3n subterrani, la malaltia i la mort.<\/p><p>Algunes narracions de la creaci\u00f3 fan que tots dos participin en la creaci\u00f3 del m\u00f3n, tot i que la contribuci\u00f3 d&#8217;Erlik sol introduir-hi all\u00f2 imperfecte o nociu.<\/p><p>Aquesta estructura dualista ha ocupat intensament la investigaci\u00f3. Una de les q\u00fcestions \u00e9s si el dualisme marcat \u00e9s un tret original de la religi\u00f3 altaica o si es va refor\u00e7ar per contactes amb sistemes religiosos dualistes, com les idees zoro\u00e0striques a trav\u00e9s de les rutes comercials de l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior, o les idees cristianes de D\u00e9u i el diable a trav\u00e9s de la missi\u00f3 russa.<\/p><p>No \u00e9s possible donar una resposta definitiva, ja que les fonts provenen d&#8217;una \u00e8poca en qu\u00e8 aquests contactes ja feia temps que existien.<\/p><p>Cal tenir en compte, a m\u00e9s, que la contraposici\u00f3 entre \u00dclgen i Erlik no s&#8217;ha d&#8217;entendre com una simple lluita entre el b\u00e9 i el mal. En molts relats, Erlik no \u00e9s un simple adversari, sin\u00f3 una part necess\u00e0ria de l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n, amb la qual calia entendre&#8217;s tant com amb \u00dclgen.<\/p><p>Els especialistes xam\u00e0nics es comunicaven tant amb el m\u00f3n de dalt com amb el m\u00f3n de baix. Per tant, la relaci\u00f3 entre les dues pot\u00e8ncies s&#8217;ha de descriure m\u00e9s com una complementarietat tensa que com un dualisme moral. D&#8217;aix\u00f2 se&#8217;n despr\u00e8n que el significat d&#8217;\u00dclgen nom\u00e9s es revela plenament en contraposici\u00f3 amb Erlik: \u00e9s el pol celestial d&#8217;una interpretaci\u00f3 bipolar del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>A. V. Anokhin: <em>Materials sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en qu\u00e8 uns especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> dels altais<\/em> (1924)<\/li><li>L. P. Potapov: <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen: <em>Shamanism and Culture<\/em> (1998)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-uelgen e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-uelgen\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-uelgen-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-uelgen-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El d\u00e9u de la llum altaic es transmet en les fonts amb dues transcripcions habituals: <strong>\u00dclgen<\/strong> en la forma est\u00e0ndard turcol\u00f2gica i <strong>Uelgen<\/strong> en textos en alemany sense car\u00e0cters especials.<\/p><p>Ambdues grafies designen la mateixa figura, que en els registres de Wilhelm Radloff i en investigacions religioses siberianes posteriors apareix com a creador del m\u00f3n superior i contrapart del subterrani Erlik. La doble grafia facilita la cerca en bibliografies antigues i en cat\u00e0legs digitals, on les di\u00e8resis es processen de manera diferent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-uelgen e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-uelgen\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-uelgen-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-uelgen-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El mite de la creaci\u00f3 <em>altaic<\/em> presenta \u00dclgen com el llumin\u00f3s senyor celestial del m\u00f3n superior, el seu antagonista Erlik governa el m\u00f3n subterrani; els registres etnogr\u00e0fics de Wilhelm Radloff al segle XIX documenten \u00e0mpliament el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: \u00dclgen Aq Kam xamans blancs nou cels creaci\u00f3 altaica.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-uelgen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, en la tradici\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ tengrisme<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 nivells, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uelgen-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-uelgen-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2858,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"\u00dclgen d\u00e9u de la llum Altai","_yoast_wpseo_title":"\u00dclgen \u2013 D\u00e9u de la llum de l'Altai, creaci\u00f3 i fonts","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"\u00dclgen \u00e9s, en el tengrisme del sud de Sib\u00e8ria, el creador i d\u00e9u de la llum del m\u00f3n superior. 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