{"id":171733,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171733"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:49","slug":"erlik-khan-senyor-inframon-altais","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/erlik-khan-senyor-inframon-altais\/","title":{"rendered":"Erlik Khan \u2013 Senyor de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n dels altais"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171733\" class=\"elementor elementor-171733 elementor-2636 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik Khan, senyor altaic-siberi\u00e0 de l'infram\u00f3n i antagonista d'\u00dclgen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan \u00e9s, en el tengrisme del sud de Sib\u00e8ria, el sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i l&#8217;antagonista m\u00edtic del d\u00e9u de la llum <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a>. Representa alhora la mort i la malaltia, aix\u00ed com una cara obscura necess\u00e0ria i ordenada del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser nociu de la tradici\u00f3 Sib\u00e8ria \/ tengrisme.\">\u00c9sser nociu<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 Sib\u00e8ria \/ tengrisme.\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ tengrisme<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u de l'infram\u00f3n.\">D\u00e9u de l'infram\u00f3n<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" 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975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2855\" alt=\"Erlik Khan \u2013 Senyor de l\u2019infram\u00f3n dels altais\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan \u00e9s el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n <strong>altaic-siberi\u00e0<\/strong> del tengrisme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan, el <strong>d\u00e9u de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n altai<\/strong>, governa els morts i el m\u00f3n subterrani de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de narracions divines transmeses d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> tengrista-xam\u00e0nica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan (tamb\u00e9 Erlik, Erklik, Erlig, en mongol Erlig Khaan) pertany a la capa suprema de d\u00e9us del pante\u00f3 del sud de Sib\u00e8ria. En la creen\u00e7a altaica i tuvina, \u00e9s el senyor del regne inferior, no del mal absolut, sin\u00f3 d&#8217;un territori delimitat on habiten els morts i els esperits de la pesta i la fam.<\/p><p>En les capes tardanes apareix com una figura degenerada i mal\u00e8vola, cosa que es deu principalment a la reelaboraci\u00f3 budista en el m\u00f3n mongol (Erlig Khaan \u2248 Yama) i a la demonitzaci\u00f3 cristiana-missionera dels segles XVIII i XIX.<\/p><p>Dins de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">tradici\u00f3 siberiana-tengrista<\/a>, Erlik forma amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a> una parella dual. Tanmateix, no s&#8217;ha d&#8217;entendre en cap cas en sentit moral com un dualisme maniqueu, sin\u00f3 m\u00e9s b\u00e9 com un ordre complementari entre dalt i baix, estiu i hivern, naixement i mort. A. V. Anokhin va deixar clar aquest enteniment en els seus <em>Materials sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> dels altais<\/em> (1924).<\/p><p>El debat en els estudis de religi\u00f3 sobre Erlik \u00e9s tan ampli precisament perqu\u00e8 mostra de manera exemplar com les perspectives externes missioneres poden distorsionar una religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena. El que els altais coneixien com el \u00absenyor dels de baix\u00bb es va convertir, a trav\u00e9s de traduccions ortodoxes russes i budistes, en el \u00abdiable\u00bb, un cas cl\u00e0ssic dels Postcolonial Religious Studies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom <em>Erlik<\/em> \u00e9s turc antic i sol relacionar-se en la recerca amb <em>er<\/em> (\u00abhome, heroi\u00bb); una derivaci\u00f3 alternativa el vincula amb una arrel que significa \u00abcoratj\u00f3s, fort, dominant\u00bb.<\/p><p>En mongol esdev\u00e9 <em>Erlig Khaan<\/em>; en la superposici\u00f3 budista es fon amb el Yama\/Shinje indo-tibet\u00e0. Walther Heissig va descriure aquesta fusi\u00f3 amb detall a <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>El t\u00edtol <em>Khan<\/em> el marca com a sobir\u00e0; en els cants xam\u00e0nics altais tamb\u00e9 se l&#8217;anomena <em>Yer-Tine Khan<\/em>, \u00abrei de les profunditats de la terra\u00bb. \u00c9s important assenyalar que, en el context siberi\u00e0 propi, Erlik no \u00e9s un diable en sentit cristi\u00e0; tot i aix\u00f2, els missioners cristians del segle XIX (Verbickij i altres) van suggerir aquesta traducci\u00f3, i la recerca l&#8217;ha assumit durant molt temps sense q\u00fcestionar-la.<\/p><p>Ling\u00fc\u00edsticament resulta interessant la possible connexi\u00f3 amb <em>er-lig<\/em>, \u00abel viril\u00bb, que caracteritzaria Erlik com el \u00abGran Home\u00bb m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la mort. En aquesta lectura seria menys un \u00e9sser nociu que el representant d&#8217;una funci\u00f3 antropol\u00f2gica necess\u00e0ria: la mort com a part de ser home.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik \u00e9s descrit com un home vell, de cabells negres, amb ullals de senglar, urpes de ferro i una ma\u00e7a feta de v\u00e8rtebres humanes.<\/p><p>Cavalca un brau negre o un cavall negre; el seu palau es troba a la riba d&#8217;un riu infernal, on habita amb nou fills i nou filles. El tambor xam\u00e0nic altaic el representa en el ter\u00e7 inferior, sovint amb un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> solar invertit.<\/p><p>Aquesta iconografia \u00e9s descrita cl\u00e0ssicament per Anokhin (1924) i per N. Dyrenkova; m\u00e9s tard va ser recollida per Mircea Eliade a <em>Le chamanisme<\/em>. La reinterpretaci\u00f3 budista li afegeix els atributs del Yama indo-tibet\u00e0: banyes de b\u00fafal, lla\u00e7, mirall dels actes.<\/p><p>A les col\u00b7leccions del Museu Kunstkamera (Sant Petersburg) es conserven diverses representacions altaiques d&#8217;Erlik, catalogades per L. P. Potapov en la seva obra de refer\u00e8ncia <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991). Mostren una notable estabilitat iconogr\u00e0fica al llarg de 200 anys d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La mitologia de la creaci\u00f3 altaica explica com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a> vol crear la terra a partir del mar primigeni i demana ajuda a Erlik, que pren forma d&#8217;ocell.<\/p><p>Erlik s&#8217;endinsa a les aig\u00fces i en treu fang, per\u00f2 se&#8217;n guarda una part amagada a la boca; d&#8217;aquesta resta sorgeixen aiguamolls, muntanyes i finalment el mateix Erlik com a poder independent. M\u00e9s tard, per sup\u00e8rbia, intenta seure al costat d&#8217;\u00dclgen, \u00e9s desterrat i des d&#8217;aleshores governa el m\u00f3n inferior.<\/p><p>Una segona narraci\u00f3 explica com Erlik emmalalteix els primers humans en \u00abllegir-los\u00bb els ossos del cos. Els xamans van n\u00e9ixer per recuperar aquests ossos, una mitologia que fonamenta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertany a un procediment religi\u00f3s establert.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span> el viatge del xaman al m\u00f3n inferior i que, en el model del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en qu\u00e8 uns especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> d&#8217;Eliade, ocupa el lloc protot\u00edpic.<\/p><p>Una tercera narraci\u00f3, menys coneguda, relata com Erlik negocia amb els missatgers de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171731\">Tengri<\/a> sobre les \u00e0nimes dels difunts: qui ha viscut b\u00e9 pot tornar amunt; qui ha obrat malament es queda amb Erlik. Aquesta variant moralitzadora \u00e9s probablement d&#8217;origen m\u00e9s recent (post-budista).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En sentit estricte no hi havia una \u00abveneraci\u00f3\u00bb d&#8217;Erlik, sin\u00f3 m\u00e9s b\u00e9 una delimitaci\u00f3 ritualitzada. Els xamans altaics distingien entre <em>aq kam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> blanc), que ascendia fins a \u00dclgen, i <em>kara kam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> negre), que descendia fins a Erlik.<\/p><p>Ambdues vocacions es consideraven leg\u00edtimes i necess\u00e0ries; la descripci\u00f3 etnogr\u00e0fica d&#8217;Anokhin deixa clar que \u00abnegre\u00bb aqu\u00ed significa \u00aborientat cap avall\u00bb i precisament no \u00abmal\u00e8vol\u00bb.<\/p><p>En cas d&#8217;epid\u00e8mies, morts sobtades o p\u00e8rdua d&#8217;un infant, es cridava el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> negre. Durant la sessi\u00f3, penetrava <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d'accions religioses establerta.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span> en el regne d&#8217;Erlik, negociava amb ell i recuperava l&#8217;\u00ab\u00e0nima emportada\u00bb. Les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> consistien en ovelles o cavalls negres; la sang es vessava a terra, en lloc d&#8217;oferir-la al sol.<\/p><p>Amb l&#8217;\u00e8poca sovi\u00e8tica, aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> es va extingir gaireb\u00e9 completament; des del renaixement altaic de 1991 experimenta un renaixement prudent, encara que molt menys visible que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a \u00dclgen, ja que Erlik continua associat, en la percepci\u00f3 moderna, amb la \u00abm\u00e0gia negra\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Descrit des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3 (sense promesa d&#8217;efectes): les pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques contra Erlik inclo\u00efen penjar cintes de llana blanca al llindar de la porta, dipositar petites figures de fusta (\u00abservents d&#8217;Erlik\u00bb) com a ofrena substitutiva simb\u00f2lica, el tab\u00fa de pronunciar el nom d&#8217;Erlik en veu alta despr\u00e9s de la posta de sol, i fumigar la casa amb ginebre.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 certes normes de conducta tenien un tint <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia: dit de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span>: no es podia entrar amb barret a visitar un malalt, perqu\u00e8 Erlik \u00abrecol\u00b7lecta caps\u00bb; els llindars s&#8217;untaven amb carb\u00f3, perqu\u00e8 el negre inhibit suposadament inhibeix el negre, un exemple cl\u00e0ssic de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> simp\u00e0tica en el sentit de James Frazer.<\/p><p>Aquestes pr\u00e0ctiques s&#8217;han d&#8217;entendre en el marc del concepte de tab\u00fa i puresa de la religi\u00f3 del sud de Sib\u00e8ria, que en nombroses regles detallades delimita l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic del m\u00f3n inferior. Roberte Hamayon les ha interpretat a <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) com a part de l&#8217;\u00abeconomia de parentiu\u00bb, en la qual la malaltia i la mort s&#8217;entenen com a trencaments de l&#8217;ordre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estructuralment comparables s\u00f3n: Yama en l&#8217;\u00cdndia v\u00e8dica i budista; Hades en la tradici\u00f3 grega; Hel en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de les narracions m\u00edtiques transmeses d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> n\u00f2rdica; Mictlantecuhtli en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> aztec; Osiris en la seva funci\u00f3 de jutge dels morts, menys com a d\u00e9u que mor. A la mateixa Sib\u00e8ria hi ha figures paral\u00b7leles com <em>Yer-Khan<\/em>, la contrapart d&#8217;<em>Aiy Tojon<\/em> entre els iacuts.<\/p><p>La reconfiguraci\u00f3 budista-tibetana d&#8217;Erlik com a Erlig Khaan = Yama \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;un estudi propi de Walther Heissig (<em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em>, 1970). Aqu\u00ed es mostra com una figura ind\u00edgena del m\u00f3n inferior s&#8217;integra en el tantrisme i \u00e9s recoberta amb capes atributives pr\u00f2pies.<\/p><p>Des de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3 resulta notable l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 que gaireb\u00e9 tots els sistemes cosmol\u00f2gics tripartits (superior, mitj\u00e0, inferior) coneixen una divinitat del m\u00f3n inferior que \u00e9s alhora figura terror\u00edfica i garant de l&#8217;ordre. Erlik, doncs, no \u00e9s una anomalia, sin\u00f3 un exemple paradigm\u00e0tic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, narracions i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> tuv\u00e0 i altaic modern, Erlik \u00e9s m\u00e9s aviat una figura terror\u00edfica que un objecte de culte; en la recepci\u00f3 popular (novel\u00b7les de fantasia, jocs en l\u00ednia) apareix de vegades com a \u00abantagonista fosc\u00bb. Es troben representacions cient\u00edficament s\u00f2lides en Andrei Znamenski, Roberte Hamayon i en la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 russ\u00f2fona <em>Mify narodov mira<\/em> (vol. 2, 1992).<\/p><p>Un debat de recerca important gira al voltant de fins a quin punt la imatge \u00abfosca\u00bb actual d&#8217;Erlik \u00e9s preisl\u00e0mica\/prebudista, i fins a quin punt sorgeix com a demonitzaci\u00f3 cristiana missionera als segles XVIII i XIX. Verbickij i altres missioners van traduir simplement \u00abErlik\u00bb per \u00abdiable\u00bb en els seus diccionaris, cosa que la ci\u00e8ncia posterior va acceptar durant molt temps sense esperit cr\u00edtic.<\/p><p><em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007), d&#8217;Andrei Znamenski, ha reconstru\u00eft \u00e0mpliament aquesta hist\u00f2ria de distorsi\u00f3 i defensa una restituci\u00f3 de l&#8217;Erlik hist\u00f2ric com a figura ordenadora ambivalent, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 dels esquemes dualistes cristians.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debats de recerca i q\u00fcestions obertes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tres preguntes de recerca continuen obertes. Primera: quina va ser la forma pr\u00e8via d&#8217;Erlik en la religi\u00f3 prototurca abans del contacte amb el budisme i el cristianisme? El material d&#8217;Anokhin fa pensar que era m\u00e9s antic i m\u00e9s independent del que suggereix la identificaci\u00f3 budista amb Yama.<\/p><p>Segona: fins a quin punt la tradici\u00f3 altaica d&#8217;Erlik \u00e9s continu amb la tradici\u00f3 iacuta de l&#8217;<em>abasy<\/em>, i discontinu amb la tradici\u00f3 mongola d&#8217;Erlig Khaan? L. P. Potapov ha defensat aqu\u00ed una hip\u00f2tesi de bifurcaci\u00f3 que la recerca m\u00e9s recent ha tornat a recollir.<\/p><p>Tercera: quin paper t\u00e9 Erlik en l&#8217;escena neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual uns especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanista<\/span> contempor\u00e0nia de Tuv\u00e0 i de l&#8217;Altai, que es desenvolupa en part contra i en part amb el corrent dominant rus? Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer ha mostrat en diversos articles que els xamans moderns utilitzen Erlik de manera deliberada per perfilar una alternativa ind\u00edgena a la simbologia dominant russa ortodoxa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaci\u00f3 amb la tradici\u00f3 de Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La identificaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Erlik amb el Yama budista \u00e9s, des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, un dels casos millor documentats de la religi\u00f3 mongolo-tibetana. Walther Heissig va mostrar a <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) com, al llarg de diversos segles, l&#8217;Erlik altaic es va fusionar amb el Yama\/Shinje indotibet\u00e0 sense que es produ\u00eds una substituci\u00f3 completa.<\/p><p>En comptes d&#8217;aix\u00f2, va sorgir una figura de doble capa, en la qual, segons el context, s&#8217;activa la capa altaica o la budista.<\/p><p>Aquesta estratificaci\u00f3 \u00e9s un exemple did\u00e0ctic per als \u00abTranslation Studies\u00bb: com es transfereix exactament un concepte d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 a una altra, quins despla\u00e7aments sem\u00e0ntics s\u00f3n inevitables, i quines formes h\u00edbrides peculiars sorgeixen del proc\u00e9s de traducci\u00f3?<\/p><p>Un cas concret: en el <em>Bardo-th\u00f6dr\u00f6l<\/em> tibet\u00e0 (\u00abel Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts\u00bb), Yama apareix com a portador d&#8217;un mirall que mostra al mort els seus actes en vida. Aquesta idea \u00e9s absent del complex aut\u00f2cton altaic d&#8217;Erlik, per\u00f2 \u00e9s present en la concepci\u00f3 mongola tardana d&#8217;Erlik, cosa que indica la capa budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i relaci\u00f3 amb el nucli cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qui vulgui estudiar el complex d&#8217;Erlik en tota la seva amplitud trobar\u00e0 a la p\u00e0gina de conjunt <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Tradici\u00f3 sibero-tengrista<\/a> les remissions m\u00e9s importants a figures relacionades com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a> i els \u00e9ssers inferiors causants de dany, els <em>abasy<\/em>. Els <em>Materialer per al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual uns especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> dels altaics<\/em> d&#8217;A. V. Anokhin (1924) continuen sent la font prim\u00e0ria m\u00e9s important.<\/p><p>Per a la reelaboraci\u00f3 budista, s\u00f3n fonamentals <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) de Walther Heissig i els estudis de Klaus Sagaster. Per a l&#8217;an\u00e0lisi cr\u00edtica de les distorsions missioneres, <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007) d&#8217;Andrei Znamenski \u00e9s la millor obra disponible.<\/p><p>L&#8217;obra de refer\u00e8ncia de L. P. Potapov, <em>Altaiskij samanizm<\/em> (Sant Petersburg 1991), ofereix la s\u00edntesi sovi\u00e8tica-russa m\u00e9s extensa i no s&#8217;hauria de passar per alt en la recerca sobre Erlik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fenomenologia religiosa del m\u00f3n subterrani<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik pertany a l&#8217;espectre fenomenol\u00f2gic religi\u00f3s de les divinitats del m\u00f3n subterrani, que Mircea Eliade va tractar \u00e0mpliament a <em>Forgerons et alchimistes<\/em> (1956) i en el seu llibre sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual uns especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span>. El tret caracter\u00edstic \u00e9s l&#8217;ambival\u00e8ncia: les divinitats del m\u00f3n subterrani representen l&#8217;\u00e0mbit d&#8217;ombra necessari de l&#8217;ordre cosmic, i qualificar-les simplement de \u00abdolentes\u00bb \u00e9s no entendre la seva naturalesa.<\/p><p>Un tret especialment interessant d&#8217;Erlik \u00e9s la seva funci\u00f3 simult\u00e0nia de causant i de qui allevia les malalties. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span> negre negocia amb Erlik el retorn de les \u00e0nimes perdudes, un model cl\u00e0ssic de \u00abnegociaci\u00f3 xam\u00e0nica\u00bb que Roberte Hamayon va desenvolupar en contraposici\u00f3 al model d&#8217;\u00ab\u00e8xtasi\u00bb d&#8217;Eliade.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;antropologia religiosa, resulta interessant la separaci\u00f3 entre xamans \u00abblancs\u00bb i \u00abnegres\u00bb, amb adreces divines separades. Aquesta estructura doble nom\u00e9s es troba tan clarament en poques tradicions siberianes com entre els altaics i els tuvans; probablement \u00e9s hist\u00f2ricament tardana, potser sorgida sota influ\u00e8ncia budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reflexi\u00f3 metodol\u00f2gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el treball amb les fonts sobre Erlik sorgeixen diversos problemes metodol\u00f2gics. Primer: les fonts m\u00e9s antigues s\u00f3n els registres de missioners cristians (Verbickij, Xivalkov) del segle XIX, que el van identificar sistem\u00e0ticament amb el diable cristi\u00e0. Despullar aquesta capa missionera \u00e9s metodol\u00f2gicament exigent.<\/p><p>Segon: la identificaci\u00f3 budista amb Yama ha afegit capes de significat addicionals que no es poden separar f\u00e0cilment de la capa altaica original d&#8217;Erlik. El model d&#8217;estrats de Walther Heissig ajuda, per\u00f2 continua sent objecte de debat.<\/p><p>Tercer: la pr\u00e0ctica xam\u00e0nica contempor\u00e0nia al voltant d&#8217;Erlik est\u00e0 fragmentada despr\u00e9s de l&#8217;\u00e8poca sovi\u00e8tica; el que observem avui \u00e9s una reformulaci\u00f3 basada en textos etnogr\u00e0fics, no una continu\u00eftat ininterrompuda. Andrei Znamenski ha reflexionat cr\u00edticament sobre aix\u00f2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik en la cultura popular contempor\u00e0nia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la cultura popular contempor\u00e0nia, Erlik t\u00e9 una pres\u00e8ncia sorprenent. Apareix en diverses novel\u00b7les de fantasia russes, en videojocs en l\u00ednia (com <em>Path of Exile<\/em>, <em>Smite<\/em>), en lletres de heavy metal i en el m\u00f3n del manga i l&#8217;anime. Aquesta recepci\u00f3 sovint distorsiona molt la imatge hist\u00f2rica, per\u00f2 converteix Erlik en una figura culturalment activa.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista acad\u00e8mic, aquesta recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s ambivalent: mant\u00e9 Erlik en la mem\u00f2ria cultural, per\u00f2 al mateix temps el banalitza. Andrei Znamenski, a <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007), ha assenyalat la tensi\u00f3 entre la reconstrucci\u00f3 acad\u00e8mica i l&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 popular.<\/p><p>A les mateixes rep\u00fabliques altaica i tuvana, Erlik t\u00e9 menys pres\u00e8ncia en la cultura popular que \u00dclgen o Tengri; continua sent una figura m\u00e9s b\u00e9 perif\u00e8rica, que t\u00e9 un paper en la pr\u00e0ctica xam\u00e0nica per\u00f2 no en la representaci\u00f3 p\u00fablica de la regi\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27518a4a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27518a4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20374ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20374ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik en la narraci\u00f3 altaica de la creaci\u00f3: el cocreador del m\u00f3n imperfecte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d083fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d083fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fdabf2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fdabf2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En els relats de creaci\u00f3 dels pobles turc\u00f2fons de l&#8217;Altai, Erlik, tamb\u00e9 anomenat <em>Erlik Khan<\/em> o <em>Erlik<\/em>, exerceix un paper ambivalent per\u00f2 imprescindible.<\/p><p>Diverses versions recollides per etn\u00f2grafs del segle XIX i principis del XX narren com al principi nom\u00e9s hi havia aigua, i com el d\u00e9u creador, sovint identificat amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, fa emergir la terra de les aig\u00fces primig\u00e8nies amb la col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Erlik.<\/p><p>En una forma de relat molt estesa, tots dos es capbussen en forma d&#8217;ocell, o fan capbussar una criatura, per portar terra del fons del mar primordial. Erlik, per\u00f2, ret\u00e9n d&#8217;amagat una part de la terra a la boca, amb la intenci\u00f3 de crear un m\u00f3n propi.<\/p><p>Quan el d\u00e9u creador fa cr\u00e9ixer la terra que ha portat, tamb\u00e9 comen\u00e7a a cr\u00e9ixer la terra amagada dins la boca d&#8217;Erlik, de manera que aquest es veu obligat a escopir-la. D&#8217;aquesta terra escopida sorgeixen els aiguamolls i les zones inh\u00f2spites i est\u00e8rils. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> explica mitol\u00f2gicament per qu\u00e8 el m\u00f3n no \u00e9s perfecte.<\/p><p>Aquest relat pertany a un tipus molt est\u00e8s de mite de creaci\u00f3 del capbussador de la terra, present a tot Eurasia del Nord i Am\u00e8rica del Nord. Destaca la posici\u00f3 moralment ambivalent d&#8217;Erlik: en lloc d&#8217;un simple destructor, el mite presenta un co-creador, la iniciativa i l&#8217;ast\u00facia del qual completen i alhora danyen el m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>En valorar aquests relats cal tenir en compte que els registres provenen d&#8217;una \u00e8poca en qu\u00e8 la religi\u00f3 altaica ja havia estat tocada per idees cristianes i budistes. Alguns investigadors s&#8217;han preguntat, doncs, si l&#8217;accentuaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Erlik com a co-creador antagonista es va refor\u00e7ar per aquestes influ\u00e8ncies. No \u00e9s possible donar una resposta segura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2032381e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2032381e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2549d4d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2549d4d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El senyor del m\u00f3n inferior: el regne d'Erlik i el viatge xam\u00e0nic cap avall<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699d7d9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2699d7d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c60fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp215c60fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 dels relats de creaci\u00f3, Erlik \u00e9s conegut en la religi\u00f3 altaica i, m\u00e9s \u00e0mpliament, siberiana, sobretot com a senyor del m\u00f3n inferior i sobir\u00e0 dels morts. Les fonts descriuen el seu regne com una regi\u00f3 tenebrosa sota terra, on van a parar els difunts.<\/p><p>Erlik \u00e9s considerat tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;origen de la malaltia i de la mort; segons la concepci\u00f3 altaica, quan alg\u00fa emmalaltia greument, la seva for\u00e7a vital o \u00e0nima podia haver estat segrestada per Erlik o els seus emissaris i portada al m\u00f3n inferior.<\/p><p>A aquesta idea s&#8217;hi vinculava una forma determinada de pr\u00e0ctica xam\u00e0nica. Mentre que el viatge celestial cap a \u00dclgen era un ascens, el viatge cap a Erlik era un descens.<\/p><p>L&#8217;especialista xam\u00e0nic descrivia, en cants rituals, com baixava al regne d&#8217;Erlik, hi superava obstacles i finalment es presentava davant d&#8217;Erlik per negociar amb ell, per exemple per reclamar l&#8217;\u00e0nima segrestada d&#8217;un malalt o per lliurar ofrenes.<\/p><p>Wilhelm Radloff va registrar descripcions d&#8217;aquests descensos, que m\u00e9s tard van ser molt estudiades en la investigaci\u00f3 comparada del xamanisme.<\/p><p>En la interpretaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquests textos cal prud\u00e8ncia. Els textos registrats s\u00f3n representacions concretes, no guions atemporals, i la seva generalitzaci\u00f3 en un patr\u00f3 del viatge xam\u00e0nic al m\u00f3n inferior, tal com va fer Mircea Eliade, ha estat criticada per la investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s recent com massa simplificadora.<\/p><p>Es pot afirmar que Erlik, en la pr\u00e0ctica altaica, era molt m\u00e9s que un \u00e9sser simplement temut que calia evitar: era un poder amb el qual l&#8217;especialista entrava activament en negociaci\u00f3 durant el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>. La relaci\u00f3 amb Erlik anava m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del simple rebuig; era una comunicaci\u00f3 regulada i arriscada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2907420d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2907420d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fc29be0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fc29be0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik entre la tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia i la influ\u00e8ncia estrangera: un debat de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c8e40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp215c8e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27662833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27662833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La figura d&#8217;Erlik es troba al centre d&#8217;un llarg debat de recerca sobre les influ\u00e8ncies estrangeres en la religi\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior. Primer de tot, crida l&#8217;atenci\u00f3 el nom mateix: Erlik, o Erlik Khan, est\u00e0 lligat ling\u00fc\u00edsticament i conceptualment amb el Yama de la tradici\u00f3 budista, que va passar al m\u00f3n de creences mongol i tibet\u00e0-budista com a Erlik Khan.<\/p><p>La q\u00fcesti\u00f3 \u00e9s si la figura del m\u00f3n inferior altaica ja tenia aquesta forma des del principi o si va ser transformada pel budisme.<\/p><p>Una segona l\u00ednia del debat afecta el dualisme.<\/p><p>La contraposici\u00f3 entre \u00dclgen a dalt i Erlik a baix, entre creaci\u00f3 i dany, entre cel i m\u00f3n inferior, recorda a alguns investigadors els sistemes religiosos dualistes, per exemple les concepcions zoro\u00e0striques, que podrien haver-se transm\u00e8s a trav\u00e9s de les rutes comercials de l&#8217;\u00c0sia central, o la contraposici\u00f3 cristiana entre D\u00e9u i el dimoni, que va arribar amb la missi\u00f3 russa.<\/p><p>Com que les fonts nom\u00e9s provenen d&#8217;una \u00e8poca en qu\u00e8 tots aquests contactes ja feia temps que existien, resulta dif\u00edcil destriar el nucli original.<\/p><p>La recerca metodol\u00f2gicament prudent conclou que Erlik probablement es remunta a una concepci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia d&#8217;un poder del m\u00f3n inferior, per\u00f2 que aquesta concepci\u00f3 va ser transformada i perfilada per influ\u00e8ncies budistes i possiblement d&#8217;altres tradicions. Cal advertir aqu\u00ed d&#8217;un malent\u00e8s freq\u00fcent: Erlik no s&#8217;hauria d&#8217;equiparar precipitadament amb el diable cristi\u00e0.<\/p><p>En els relats altaics no \u00e9s un \u00e9sser absolutament dolent, sin\u00f3 una part necess\u00e0ria de l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n, amb la qual les persones i els seus especialistes rituals havien d&#8217;arribar a entendre&#8217;s. La seva consideraci\u00f3 com a antagonista d&#8217;\u00dclgen descriu una complementarietat tensa, no una guerra moral. Altres <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">cultures de l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior<\/a> tamb\u00e9 coneixen governants del m\u00f3n inferior emparentats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>A. V. Anokhin: <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual els especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>L. P. Potapov: <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la creen\u00e7a <em>altaica<\/em>&#8211;<em>siberiana<\/em>, el <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span><\/em> presenta Erlik Khan com a sobir\u00e0 del m\u00f3n inferior i antagonista d&#8217;\u00dclgen; els cants xam\u00e0nics dels turcs altaics i dels buriats transmeten el seu paper en la malaltia, la mort i la conducci\u00f3 de les \u00e0nimes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Erlik Khan, Erlig Khaan, Altai, infram\u00f3n, Yama, reformulaci\u00f3 budista.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-erlik-khan\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, en la tradici\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ tengrisme<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 nivells, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. 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Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2855,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Erlik Khan d\u00e9u de l'infram\u00f3n altai","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Erlik Khan \u2013 D\u00e9u de l'infram\u00f3n altai, mite i fonts","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Erlik Khan \u00e9s, en el tengrisme del sud de Sib\u00e8ria, el senyor de l'infram\u00f3n i antagonista d'\u00dclgen. 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