{"id":171731,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171731"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:47","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:47","slug":"tengri-deu-del-cel-dels-tengristes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tengri-deu-del-cel-dels-tengristes\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengri \u2013 D\u00e9u del cel dels tengristes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171731\" class=\"elementor elementor-171731 elementor-2634 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri, d\u00e9u del cel dels turcs, mongols i pobles siberians de l'estepa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri \u00e9s la principal divinitat suprema del tengrisme estepari eurasi\u00e0tic. Com a cel blau etern (en mongol <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>) encarna alhora ordre, dret i poder, i constitueix el rerefons davant el qual xamans, khans i ancians de tribu es legitimen pol\u00edticament i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertany a una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d'accions religioses establerta.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador de la tradici\u00f3 de Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 de Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme.\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ Tengrisme<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitat suprema.\">Divinitat suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 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data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2857\" alt=\"Tengri \u2013 D\u00e9u del cel dels tengristes\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri \u00e9s la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> de rang m\u00e9s elevat d&#8217;un ampli complex religi\u00f3s que s&#8217;est\u00e9n des de la Mong\u00f2lia interior, a trav\u00e9s de les estepes de l&#8217;\u00c0sia central, fins al sud de Sib\u00e8ria, i que la investigaci\u00f3 anomena <strong>tengrisme<\/strong>.<\/p><p>El terme historicoreligi\u00f3s \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 relativament recent dels segles XIX i XX, per\u00f2 el fenomen subjacent, la veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;un cel impersonal i immens com a poder suprem, es pot documentar de manera continuada entre els turcs (k\u00f6k-turcs), els hsiung-nu, els mongols de Genguis Khan i nombrosos pobles siberians com els iacuts, els buriats i els altais.<\/p><p>Tengri no \u00e9s ni un d\u00e9u antropomorf ni un caprici\u00f3s amo del temps; m\u00e9s aviat coincideix amb el cel visible i invisible alhora.<\/p><p>En les fonts etnogr\u00e0fiques m\u00e9s recents apareix com una de diverses capes d&#8217;un pante\u00f3 multinivell, en el qual tamb\u00e9 hi figuren <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a> com a habitant superior del cel i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171733\">Erlik Khan<\/a> com a sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. Tot aquest complex forma part del que la investigaci\u00f3 engloba com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">religi\u00f3 tengrista siberiana<\/a>.<\/p><p>El nom Tengri est\u00e0 documentat des dels primers informes xinesos sobre els hsiung-nu (segle III aC), on el mot es transcriu com <em>cheng-li<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aquest testimoni primerenc situa Tengri com una de les divinitats supremes m\u00e9s antigues documentades hist\u00f2ricament a tota l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior, i proporciona a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de recerca un punt de refer\u00e8ncia poc habitual amb m\u00e9s de dos mil\u00b7lennis de testimonis continuats. Rares vegades es pot resseguir un concepte de manera cont\u00ednua durant un per\u00edode tan llarg en la hist\u00f2ria de les religions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom <em>Tengri<\/em> es troba documentat en pr\u00e0cticament totes les capes de les lleng\u00fces altaiques: turc antic <em>te\u014bri<\/em>, mongol <em>tngri<\/em> o <em>tenger<\/em>, iacut <em>tangara<\/em>, txuvaix <em>tur\u0103<\/em>. L&#8217;etimologia \u00e9s discutida; una derivaci\u00f3 estesa en la turcologia relaciona el mot amb una arrel alta\u00eftzada amb el significat d&#8217;\u00abalt, ample, llumin\u00f3s\u00bb.<\/p><p>Gerard Clauson planteja, en el seu <em>Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish<\/em> (1972), la tesi que el mot origin\u00e0riament significava \u00abespai ampli i immens\u00bb i que nom\u00e9s amb l&#8217;\u00fas religi\u00f3s es va condensar en una designaci\u00f3 de divinitat suprema.<\/p><p>\u00c9s revelador que el mot porti, en moltes lleng\u00fces, el doble significat de <em>cel<\/em> i <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span><\/em>, un cas cl\u00e0ssic de numinositat fusionada ling\u00fc\u00edsticament, tal com el descriu la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3, per exemple en <em>dyaus<\/em> (v\u00e8dic) o <em>Zeus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aquesta fusi\u00f3 \u00e9s definida per Gerardus van der Leeuw com \u00abla quinta ess\u00e8ncia del numin\u00f3s\u00bb i constitueix un tret caracter\u00edstic de moltes divinitats supremes indoeuropees i altaiques. Distingeix Tengri, de manera fonamental, dels d\u00e9us personalitzats posteriors com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171736\">Khormusta<\/a>.<\/p><p>Les inscripcions k\u00f6k-turques d&#8217;Orkhon i Ienissei (segle VIII) parlen del <em>K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Tengri<\/em>, el \u00abCelestial dels k\u00f6k-turcs\u00bb, i utilitzen la f\u00f3rmula <em>Tengri yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, \u00abordre del cel\u00bb. En mongol apareix m\u00e9s tard la c\u00e8lebre expressi\u00f3 <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>, \u00abcel blau etern\u00bb, en els edictes dels grans khans.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;etnografia tsarista del segle XIX, investigadors com Wilhelm Radloff van introduir Tengri en el llenguatge cient\u00edfic com \u00abel d\u00e9u suprem dels turcs\u00bb; investigadors posteriors com Jean-Paul Roux han desenvolupat les diferenciacions internes del concepte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri mai no ha desenvolupat una iconografia pr\u00f2pia. A difer\u00e8ncia dels d\u00e9us concebuts de manera personal a l&#8217;\u00c0sia interior (com les figures budistes de Mahakala), Tengri roman sense imatge.<\/p><p>Quan tot i aix\u00ed es representa, per exemple en intents moderns de \u00abre-tengrisme\u00bb al Kazakhstan i al Kirguizistan, es recorre a motius solars, d&#8217;\u00e0guila i de llop, que, per\u00f2, no continuen cap tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica preisl\u00e0mica. Aquesta \u00ababs\u00e8ncia d&#8217;imatge\u00bb \u00e9s significativa des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3: connecta Tengri tipol\u00f2gicament amb altres divinitats supremes invisibles com el YHWH de l&#8217;Antic Testament o el Tian xin\u00e8s.<\/p><p>El seu \u00ablloc\u00bb \u00e9s el firmament; el seu so \u00e9s el tro, el seu senyal la llum blava del dia. En els cants xam\u00e0nics dels altais i dels iacuts se l&#8217;invoca com <em>Aar Tojon<\/em> o <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> (\u00abSenyor Blanc Suprem\u00bb).<\/p><p>El tambor xam\u00e0nic, la pintura del qual mostra en moltes tribus una cosmovisi\u00f3 de tres capes, situa sempre Tengri en el nivell superior; la pell mateixa del tambor \u00e9s considerada per molts investigadors (com Mircea Eliade a <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em>, 1951) com un cavall simb\u00f2lic que porta el xaman al m\u00f3n superior, \u00abcap a Tengri\u00bb.<\/p><p>Els s\u00edmbols secundaris que apareixen en contextos tengristes s\u00f3n: l&#8217;\u00e0guila blanca (missatgera del cel), el cavall blanc (muntura del xaman), la forma escalonada de nou nivells (nou cels), el pal daurat (l&#8217;estrella polar, \u00abclau del cel\u00bb).<\/p><p>En l&#8217;escut d&#8217;estat modern del Kazakhstan, l&#8217;estrella polar s&#8217;interpreta deliberadament com una refer\u00e8ncia tengrista, la qual cosa il\u00b7lustra b\u00e9 la tensi\u00f3 entre la religi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica i la construcci\u00f3 identit\u00e0riopol\u00edtica. Aquesta observaci\u00f3, segons Marlene Laruelle (2007), \u00e9s una de les caracter\u00edstiques pr\u00f2pies del neotengrisme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri apareix rarament com a figura activa en una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> narrativa. La seva acci\u00f3 \u00e9s m\u00e9s un ordre de fons que una hist\u00f2ria. All\u00e0 on els relats s\u00ed que el posen en escena, aix\u00f2 succeeix en mites de creaci\u00f3 i de legitimaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>A la Hist\u00f2ria Secreta mongola (1240), Genguis Khan \u00e9s legitimat com l&#8217;elegit de Tengri; la seva ascensi\u00f3 es justifica repetidament amb la f\u00f3rmula <em>M\u00f6ngke Tengri-yin k\u00fcch\u00fcn-t\u00fcr<\/em>, \u00abpel poder del cel etern\u00bb.<\/p><p>Igor de Rachewiltz, en la seva monumental edici\u00f3 de Brill (2004), va analitzar amb precisi\u00f3 l&#8217;\u00fas ling\u00fc\u00edstic i el pes teol\u00f2gic d&#8217;aquesta f\u00f3rmula: no transmet nom\u00e9s \u00e8xit, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 responsabilitat pol\u00edtica. Si el khan fracassa, \u00e9s perqu\u00e8 Tengri s&#8217;ha apartat d&#8217;ell.<\/p><p>Un relat de creaci\u00f3 altaic, recollit per Wilhelm Radloff al segle XIX, presenta Tengri (aqu\u00ed en la seva forma escindida <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171734\">\u00dclgen<\/a>) al\u00e7ant la terra del mar primordial juntament amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171733\">Erlik Khan<\/a>, fins que Erlik, per sup\u00e8rbia, trenca l&#8217;ordre i \u00e9s desterrat al m\u00f3n subterrani.<\/p><p>Aquesta forma narrativa, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> del bussejador, uneix la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> centreasi\u00e0tica amb tradicions paleosiberianes i nord-americanes molt esteses, cosa que Mircea Eliade va interpretar com un indici d&#8217;una capa origin\u00e0ria circumpolar.<\/p><p>Als textos del Ienissei de l&#8217;\u00e8poca dels k\u00f6kt\u00fcrks (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> de Bilge Kagan) es pot llegir el lament: \u00abEls turcs eren un poble unit, quan Tengri a dalt i la sagrada terra a baix els havien donat un regne\u00bb, un t\u00f2pic fundacional que fa derivar directament del cel la legitimitat pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Talat Tekin va desxifrar ling\u00fc\u00edsticament aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> en la seva edici\u00f3 de refer\u00e8ncia (1968) i va assenyalar el car\u00e0cter teol\u00f2gic del seu llenguatge formulari.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Tengri va ser hist\u00f2ricament un <strong>culte estatal<\/strong>, no un culte de temple. No hi havia santuaris en sentit estricte; la veneraci\u00f3 es feia a l&#8217;aire lliure, sovint a colls de muntanya, en munts de pedres <em>obo<\/em> o mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;ofrena cremada de cavalls i ovelles.<\/p><p>El khan hi actuava com a mediador, de manera similar a la funci\u00f3 del <em>tianzi<\/em> xin\u00e8s, el \u00abfill del cel\u00bb. Caroline Humphrey ha assenyalat amb insist\u00e8ncia aquest paral\u00b7lelisme a <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>A nivell popular, la creen\u00e7a en Tengri es barrejava amb una \u00e0mplia religi\u00f3 d&#8217;esperits auxiliars, en el centre de la qual hi havia el <em>kam<\/em> (turc) o <em>b\u00f6\u00f6<\/em> (mongol): el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religi\u00f3s al qual s'atribueix la mediaci\u00f3 entre els humans i el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xaman<\/span>. Els xamans no invocaven Tengri directament, se&#8217;l considerava massa lluny\u00e0, sin\u00f3 que s&#8217;adre\u00e7aven a divinitats auxiliars com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171732\">Umai<\/a>, als avantpassats o a esperits animals de for\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Tengri va romandre el garant invisible de l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n. Aquesta \u00abllunyania del d\u00e9u suprem\u00bb ha estat descrita fenomenol\u00f2gicament com a <em>deus otiosus<\/em>, un concepte que Mircea Eliade i, despr\u00e9s d&#8217;ell, Raffaele Pettazzoni van desenvolupar \u00e0mpliament.<\/p><p>Amb la islamitzaci\u00f3 del m\u00f3n turc a partir del segle X, el terme <em>Tengri<\/em> es va traslladar en part a Al\u00b7l\u00e0 (cf. el t\u00e0tar <em>T\u00e4ngre<\/em>), i en part va ser despla\u00e7at com a residu pag\u00e0.<\/p><p>A la perif\u00e8ria siberiana i entre els mongols, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> es va mantenir m\u00e9s temps; a la Mong\u00f2lia budista a partir del segle XVII, Tengri va ser superposat gradualment per divinitats supremes budistes personalitzades, sense arribar a desapar\u00e8ixer del tot. Walther Heissig va descriure detalladament aquesta estratificaci\u00f3 a <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Des d&#8217;un punt de vista cient\u00edfic, la pr\u00e0ctica protectora dins del complex de Tengri era menys una petici\u00f3 de curaci\u00f3 que un acte de confirmaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n: qui honrava Tengri es mantenia dins de l&#8217;ordre, qui el vulnerava en queia fora. Les accions apotropaiques inclo\u00efen preservar la \u00abpuresa\u00bb de les muntanyes sagrades (les muntanyes Bogdo), evitar contaminar l&#8217;aigua o el foc, i pronunciar f\u00f3rmules rituals de salutaci\u00f3 al sol i al cel.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit dom\u00e8stic, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171732\">Umai<\/a>, com a deessa mare i protectora dels infants, assumia moltes funcions protectores concretes que en altres religions s&#8217;atribueixen al mateix d\u00e9u suprem. Tengri romania el rerefons lluny\u00e0 davant del qual totes aquestes accions protectores menors adquirien el seu sentit. Aquesta divisi\u00f3 funcional \u00e9s rellevant des de la sociologia de la religi\u00f3 i va ser descrita sistem\u00e0ticament per Vladimir Basilov a <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984).<\/p><p>Una forma particular de veneraci\u00f3 de Tengri amb car\u00e0cter apotropaic \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia pautada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> de l&#8217;<em>ovoo<\/em>: en colls de muntanya s&#8217;apilen munts de pedres, es decoren amb cintes blaves de tela (<em>khadag<\/em>) i es volten tres vegades en passar-hi a cavall.<\/p><p>Dins de la tradici\u00f3, aquest acte s&#8217;interpreta com una petici\u00f3 de protecci\u00f3 de Tengri i dels esperits lligats al lloc; cient\u00edficament, continua sent una pr\u00e0ctica, no una prova d&#8217;efic\u00e0cia. Aquesta observaci\u00f3 forma part de la tasca cl\u00e0ssica de descripci\u00f3 de la mongol\u00edstica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fenomenol\u00f2gicament, Tengri s&#8217;inscriu en l&#8217;espectre dels anomenats \u00ab\u00c9ssers Suprems\u00bb que Wilhelm Schmidt va examinar sistem\u00e0ticament en la seva obra en dotze volums <em>Der Ursprung der Gottesidee<\/em> (1912, 1955).<\/p><p>Estructuralment comparables s\u00f3n: el v\u00e8dic <em>Dyaus Pitar<\/em>, el concepte grec de Zeus Pater, el substrat n\u00f2rdic-germ\u00e0nic de Tyr, el xin\u00e8s <em>Tian<\/em> i, a la mateixa Sib\u00e8ria, el iacut <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> com a especialitzaci\u00f3 del d\u00e9u suprem. Tamb\u00e9 el Num ugrofin\u00e8s i el Ukko fin\u00e8s presenten similituds tipol\u00f2giques.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia del d\u00e9u creador sem\u00edtic, Tengri, per\u00f2, <strong>no<\/strong> \u00e9s narrable com a persona; \u00e9s m\u00e9s b\u00e9 all\u00f2 que Eliade anomena un <em>deus otiosus<\/em>, un \u00abd\u00e9u inactiu\u00bb al qual les intervencions concretes li s\u00f3n m\u00e9s alienes que la simple exist\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>El debat sobre el <em>deus otiosus<\/em> recorre tota la fenomenologia religiosa i va ser defensat per Raffaele Pettazzoni a <em>L&#8217;essere supremo nelle religioni primitive<\/em> (1957) contra Wilhelm Schmidt.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, la relaci\u00f3 amb el xin\u00e8s Tian \u00e9s especialment estreta: ambd\u00f3s conceptes fonen cel i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>, ambd\u00f3s legitimen el poder (\u00abFill del Cel\u00bb versus \u00abElegit de Tengri\u00bb), i ambd\u00f3s romanen sense imatges. Si hi va haver contactes hist\u00f2rics entre aquests dos corrents, i en quina direcci\u00f3 van actuar, \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;un debat continu en la sinologia i la turcologia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Des dels anys 1990, el tengrisme viu un renaixement, sobretot al Kazakhstan, al Kirguizistan i a la Mong\u00f2lia Interior.<\/p><p>Autors com Olzhas Suleimenov i Nurmagambet Ayupov l&#8217;han presentat com una \u00abalternativa espiritual\u00bb a l&#8217;islam i al cristianisme; a Mong\u00f2lia coexisteix obertament amb el budisme tibet\u00e0. Aquest renaixement ha estat documentat cr\u00edticament per historiadors de les religions com Marlene Laruelle (2007).<\/p><p>Avui la recerca acad\u00e8mica sobre el tengrisme \u00e9s interdisciplin\u00e0ria. Noms cl\u00e0ssics s\u00f3n Wilhelm Radloff, Vladimir Basilov, Jean-Paul Roux, Andrei Znamenski i, per als mongols, Igor de Rachewiltz amb la seva edici\u00f3 comentada de la Hist\u00f2ria Secreta.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade va situar Tengri en la seva obra sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> com a exemple d&#8217;un \u00e9sser suprem que manca d&#8217;activitat xam\u00e0nica; Roberte Hamayon va revisar cr\u00edticament aquesta visi\u00f3 m\u00e9s endavant a <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva cient\u00edfica, cal assenyalar que el neotengrisme contemporani \u00e9s una reformulaci\u00f3 moderna i no s&#8217;hauria d&#8217;identificar amb el tengrisme hist\u00f2ric de l&#8217;estepa. La recerca adverteix contra una identificaci\u00f3 ing\u00e8nua i defensa una an\u00e0lisi acurada i estratificada de les fonts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debats de recerca i q\u00fcestions obertes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diverses controv\u00e8rsies acad\u00e8miques marquen encara avui l&#8217;estudi de Tengri. Primer: Tengri va ser origin\u00e0riament un \u00fanic d\u00e9u suprem o un terme col\u00b7lectiu per a tota una capa celestial? La concepci\u00f3 mongola dels \u00ab99 Tengri\u00bb (33 blancs occidentals, 44 negres orientals, m\u00e9s 22 intermedis) suggereix un concepte plural, mentre que les inscripcions antic-turques m\u00e9s aviat apunten a un singular.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig va tractar aquest debat \u00e0mpliament a <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>Segon: com s&#8217;ha de pensar la relaci\u00f3 entre Tengri i el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span>? Roberte Hamayon va argumentar contra la tesi d&#8217;Eliade que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> no \u00e9s una \u00abt\u00e8cnica arcaica de l&#8217;\u00e8xtasi\u00bb independent, sin\u00f3 part d&#8217;una \u00e0mplia economia de ca\u00e7a i parentiu; en aquest model, Tengri seria menys un objectiu que un ordre de fons.<\/p><p>Tercer: quin paper hi tenen les influ\u00e8ncies iranianes? La mediaci\u00f3 khotanesa i sogdiana va fer fusionar conceptes com el d&#8217;Ahura Mazda amb Tengri, cosa que es fa visible en el complex tard\u00e0 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171736\">Khormusta<\/a>. Aqu\u00ed es mostra com \u00e9s de dif\u00edcil separar el Tengri \u00abaut\u00f2cton\u00bb del \u00absincr\u00e8tic\u00bb, una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 metodol\u00f2gica que, en definitiva, val per a tota la hist\u00f2ria religiosa de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Interior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23e73899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23e73899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fa99b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fa99b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El cel com a font de legitimitat pol\u00edtica: Tengri en les inscripcions antic-turques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c162290 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c162290\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268040b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp268040b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els testimonis escrits m\u00e9s antics i fiables sobre Tengri procedeixen de les inscripcions r\u00faniques antic-turques de la vall d&#8217;Orkhon, a l&#8217;actual Mong\u00f2lia, datades al segle VIII. Les m\u00e9s conegudes s\u00f3n les inscripcions en honor del pr\u00edncep K\u00fcl Tegin i del sobir\u00e0 Bilge Kagan.<\/p><p>Estan escrites en una escriptura pr\u00f2pia, desxifrada a finals del segle XIX pel ling\u00fcista dan\u00e8s Vilhelm Thomsen, fet que va fer accessible per primera vegada la hist\u00f2ria antic-turca a partir de fonts pr\u00f2pies.<\/p><p>En aquestes inscripcions, Tengri apareix sobretot com a fundador i garant del poder. Una f\u00f3rmula recurrent afirma, en ess\u00e8ncia, que el cel havia establert el kagan, i que el sobir\u00e0 governava en virtut del cel.<\/p><p>Aqu\u00ed Tengri \u00e9s menys objecte d&#8217;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> elaborat que una for\u00e7a ordenadora que atorga i pot retirar l&#8217;autoritat pol\u00edtica. Si el poble s&#8217;apartava del cam\u00ed correcte, segons el to de diversos passatges, el cel retirava el seu suport.<\/p><p>Aquesta associaci\u00f3 entre d\u00e9u celestial i legitimaci\u00f3 del poder \u00e9s caracter\u00edstica del tengrisme tal com es pot reconstruir a partir de les fonts m\u00e9s antigues. Ha tingut una repercussi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica notable: idees similars sobre el mandat celestial es retroben m\u00e9s endavant entre els mongols, i Genguis Khan i els seus successors van fonamentar expl\u00edcitament la seva pretensi\u00f3 de poder en la voluntat del cel etern.<\/p><p>Les inscripcions d&#8217;Orkhon tenen, doncs, un valor no nom\u00e9s ling\u00fc\u00edstic sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per a la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i del poder, ja que mostren Tengri en la seva funci\u00f3 sustentadora de l&#8217;estat abans que fonts posteriors modifiquessin la imatge amb influ\u00e8ncies for\u00e0nies. Conceptes celestials afins es troben tamb\u00e9 en altres <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">cultures de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Interior<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23886c36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23886c36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a626ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a626ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri entre la interpretaci\u00f3 monoteista i el cosmos politeista xam\u00e0nic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d60fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp263d60fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b80099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24b80099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un dels debats centrals de la recerca fa refer\u00e8ncia a la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de si el tengrisme s&#8217;ha d&#8217;entendre com una religi\u00f3 monoteista amb un \u00fanic d\u00e9u celeste o com un sistema multiforme amb nombrosos esperits i divinitats. Totes dues perspectives tenen defensors, i la resposta dep\u00e8n en gran manera de quines fonts i de quina fase hist\u00f2rica es prenguin com a refer\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>A favor d&#8217;una interpretaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s b\u00e9 monoteista hi juga el fet que Tengri apareix a les inscripcions turques antigues com una for\u00e7a suprema i \u00fanica, en relaci\u00f3 amb la qual s&#8217;orienten el poder i l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Alguns autors, en part vinculats a moviments nacionals moderns de pa\u00efsos de parla turca i mongola, subratllen aquest aspecte i presenten el tengrisme com una religi\u00f3 superior origin\u00e0ria. Aquesta interpretaci\u00f3, per\u00f2, sovint est\u00e0 influ\u00efda per interessos identitaris actuals i s&#8217;ha de llegir amb esperit cr\u00edtic.<\/p><p>En canvi, les religions dels pobles siberians i centreasi\u00e0tics documentades etnogr\u00e0ficament mostren un m\u00f3n d&#8217;esperits ric i divers: divinitats de la terra, de les muntanyes, de les aig\u00fces, esperits ancestrals i esperits protectors conviuen al costat del cel. En aquesta visi\u00f3, Tengri \u00e9s una pot\u00e8ncia entre altres, tot i que destacada, i el cel mateix pot estar organitzat en diverses capes.<\/p><p>La recerca actual s&#8217;inclina majorit\u00e0riament a considerar que no va existir un tengrisme uniforme i estable al llarg dels segles, sin\u00f3 una fam\u00edlia de creences afins que es van accentuar de manera diferent segons l&#8217;\u00e8poca, la regi\u00f3 i el context social. Tengri va ser, en aquest marc, un element connector, per\u00f2 no definit de manera r\u00edgida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a28b01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21a28b01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ba36c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ba36c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'estat de les fonts: relats externs, etnografia i el problema de la reconstrucci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp245c69c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp245c69c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2182fa7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2182fa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre Tengri s&#8217;enfronta a un problema fonamental pel que fa a les fonts. Els testimonis aut\u00f2ctons m\u00e9s antics, les inscripcions d&#8217;Orkhon, s\u00f3n breus i es limiten al context del poder. Per a l&#8217;\u00e8poca anterior i per a la majoria de regions, falten per complet testimonis escrits propis, perqu\u00e8 els pobles en q\u00fcesti\u00f3 no van desenvolupar una cultura escrita pr\u00f2pia o b\u00e9 la seva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> era oral.<\/p><p>Bona part del nostre coneixement prov\u00e9, per tant, de relats externs. Les cr\u00f2niques xineses parlen de la religi\u00f3 dels pobles de l&#8217;estepa, viatgers medievals com Guillem de Rubruck i Giovanni da Pian del Carpine van descriure la religi\u00f3 dels mongols des d&#8217;una perspectiva europea, i autors persans i \u00e0rabs van aportar m\u00e9s observacions.<\/p><p>Aquestes fonts s\u00f3n valuoses, per\u00f2 estan tenyides per la perspectiva i els conceptes dels observadors. S&#8217;hi afegeix un ampli material etnogr\u00e0fic dels segles XVIII al XX sobre pobles siberians i centreasi\u00e0tics, que documenta, per\u00f2, una religiositat ja for\u00e7a transformada, sovint superposada al budisme, a l&#8217;islam i, m\u00e9s tard, a la pressi\u00f3 antireligiosa sovi\u00e8tica.<\/p><p>La reconstrucci\u00f3 d&#8217;un tengrisme hist\u00f2ric ha de combinar aquestes fonts dispars, la qual cosa comporta riscos considerables. Hi ha la temptaci\u00f3 de deduir, a partir d&#8217;observacions etnogr\u00e0fiques tardanes, un estat originari uniforme, o de completar les inscripcions breus amb el material de l&#8217;etnografia de l&#8217;estepa.<\/p><p>Per aix\u00f2, la recerca metodol\u00f2gicament prudent distingeix acuradament entre all\u00f2 que est\u00e0 realment documentat per a una \u00e8poca i una regi\u00f3 determinades i all\u00f2 que continua sent reconstrucci\u00f3 i hip\u00f2tesi. Pel que fa a Tengri, aix\u00f2 vol dir: la funci\u00f3 b\u00e0sica com a pot\u00e8ncia celeste suprema est\u00e0 ben documentada, mentre que els detalls elaborats de moltes representacions s&#8217;han de llegir amb reserves.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jean-Paul Roux: <em>La religion des Turcs et des Mongols<\/em> (Payot 1984)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Wilhelm Radloff: <em>Aus Sibirien<\/em> (1893)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill 2004)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Marlene Laruelle: <em>Tengrism<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Talat Tekin: <em>A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic<\/em> (1968)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Conceptes clau relacionats: Tengri M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri K\u00f6kt\u00fcrken Orchon Bilge Kagan deus otiosus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tengri\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, en la tradici\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/xamanisme-siberia-i-tengrisme-estepa-taiga\/\">Sib\u00e8ria \/ tengrisme<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 nivells, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2857,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tengri D\u00e9u del cel Tengrisme","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tengri \u2013 D\u00e9u del cel dels pobles de l'estepa, mite i fonts","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tengri \u00e9s el d\u00e9u del cel etern dels tengristes turcomongols i siberians. 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