{"id":171727,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:51","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171727"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:39","slug":"yam-deu-fenici-mar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/yam-deu-fenici-mar\/","title":{"rendered":"Yam \u2013 D\u00e9u fenici del mar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171727\" class=\"elementor elementor-171727 elementor-2630 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yam, d\u00e9u fenici-ugar\u00edtic del mar i adversari de Baal<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam (en ugar\u00edtic <em>ym<\/em>, en fenici <em>ym<\/em>) \u00e9s el d\u00e9u del mar de la tradici\u00f3 ugar\u00edtico-fen\u00edcia i el principal adversari de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171721\">Baal<\/a> en el Cicle de Baal. La seva caiguda marca l&#8217;establiment de l&#8217;ordre div\u00ed; pertany a la fam\u00edlia de les criatures del caos de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser mar\u00ed de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">\u00c9sser mar\u00ed<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">Fenici<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u del mar.\">D\u00e9u del mar<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" 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500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2854\" alt=\"Yam \u2013 D\u00e9u fenici del mar\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam \u00e9s el d\u00e9u del mar <strong>fenici-ugar\u00edtic<\/strong> i l&#8217;adversari de Baal en el Cicle de Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam \u00e9s l&#8217;encarnaci\u00f3 fenici-cananea del mar ca\u00f2tic. Mark Smith ha mostrat a <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (1994\/2009) que Yam \u00e9s la figura antagonista central en el Cicle de Baal, la caiguda del qual fonamenta el domini reial de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171721\">Baal<\/a>. Dins de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia<\/a>, Yam \u00e9s el d\u00e9u protot\u00edpic del caos mar\u00ed.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, Yam representa el tipus de l&#8217;aigua ca\u00f2tica divina que apareix en gaireb\u00e9 totes les mitologies de l&#8217;\u00c0sia occidental antiga: Tiamat a Mesopot\u00e0mia, Apsu, el conflicte Marduk-Tiamat, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171719\">Hedammu<\/a> en la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hitita-anatolic-tarhunna-deus-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 hurrita<\/a>, Tif\u00f3 a Gr\u00e8cia. Aquests d\u00e9us de l&#8217;aigua ca\u00f2tica no s\u00f3n simplement mal\u00e8fics, sin\u00f3 \u00e9ssers c\u00f2smics ambivalents, la subjugaci\u00f3 dels quals estableix l&#8217;ordre div\u00ed.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171719\">Hedammu<\/a> o d&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171718\">Ullikummi<\/a>, Yam \u00e9s un d\u00e9u de ple dret; t\u00e9 el seu propi palau, missatgers i reclama la sobirania reial. La seva derrota davant de Baal no \u00e9s l&#8217;aniquilaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un monstre, sin\u00f3 la resoluci\u00f3 d&#8217;un combat reial entre d\u00e9us. Aquesta difer\u00e8ncia teol\u00f2gica \u00e9s important des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i distingeix la tradici\u00f3 ugar\u00edtico-fen\u00edcia de la hurrita.<\/p><p>Un punt teol\u00f2gic especialment destacat del conflicte Baal-Yam \u00e9s que Yam va ser inicialment designat rei leg\u00edtim per El, l&#8217;anciana divinitat paterna. L&#8217;ascens de Baal es produeix, doncs, contra la jerarquia divina establerta, no en harmonia amb ella. Aquest detall subratlla la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre d\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> revolucion\u00e0ria del Cicle de Baal, que estableix un nou ordre div\u00ed.<\/p><p>Aquesta configuraci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica, amb un rei en exercici (Yam) i un d\u00e9u tempestu\u00f3s revolucionari (Baal), t\u00e9 paral\u00b7lels estrets en el cicle hitita de Kumarbi, on <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171715\">Teshub<\/a> s&#8217;al\u00e7a contra el d\u00e9u patern establert, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171714\">Kumarbi<\/a>. La xarxa hist\u00f2rico-religiosa de l&#8217;edat del bronze tardana en el Mediterrani oriental \u00e9s aqu\u00ed particularment densa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom <em>ym<\/em> \u00e9s la paraula sem\u00edtica occidental comuna per a &#8216;mar&#8217;; Yam \u00e9s, doncs, literalment &#8216;el mar&#8217; mateix. Aquesta identitat entre el nom del d\u00e9u i la categoria c\u00f2smica \u00e9s t\u00edpica de la teogonia de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic. En accadi, l&#8217;equivalent seria <em>t\u00e2mtu<\/em> (Tiamat); en hebreu, <em>y\u0101m<\/em> (amb etimologia id\u00e8ntica, encara que no personificada divinament).<\/p><p>En els textos ugar\u00edtics, Yam apareix amb diversos ep\u00edtets: <em>zbl ym<\/em> &#8216;pr\u00edncep Yam&#8217;, <em>tp\u1e6d nhr<\/em> &#8216;jutge Riu&#8217;, <em>\u02beyl rbn<\/em> &#8216;d\u00e9u poder\u00f3s&#8217; i <em>tnn<\/em> &#8216;Tannin&#8217; (drac mar\u00ed). Aquesta multiplicitat de noms reflecteix la multifuncionalitat c\u00f2smica: Yam \u00e9s mar, riu, drac i pretendent reial alhora.<\/p><p>En el material hebreu, Yam apareix com a adversari c\u00f2smic de Jahv\u00e8 en diversos salms i textos prof\u00e8tics (Sl 74; Sl 89; Is 27; Ha 3); tamb\u00e9 el Liwjatan (Leviatan) i el Tannin pertanyen a la fam\u00edlia ampliada de Yam.<\/p><p>John Day ha examinat detalladament els testimonis hebreus a <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985); Mark Smith ha dut a terme la classificaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica a <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>En inscripcions aramees i fen\u00edcies del primer mil\u00b7lenni a. C., la figura personificada de Yam desapareix; el mar es referencia cada vegada m\u00e9s nom\u00e9s com a esfera c\u00f2smica, no com a d\u00e9u actiu. Aquesta &#8216;desdivinitzaci\u00f3&#8217; del mar \u00e9s reveladora des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i es produeix paral\u00b7lelament a la consolidaci\u00f3 del culte a Baal com a culte principal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam apareix rarament en forma personificada en la iconografia; se&#8217;l representa sobretot com el mar mateix o com una serp marina gigantesca (Tannin). En alguns segells ugar\u00edtics del segle XIV\/XIII a. C. es mostra la lluita entre Baal i Yam de manera simb\u00f2lica: Baal amb una ma\u00e7a al\u00e7ada sobre una figura serpentina.<\/p><p>En contextos fenicis, la iconografia de Yam \u00e9s encara m\u00e9s escassa; el mar se simbolitza m\u00e9s sovint com a entorn c\u00f2smic de la navegaci\u00f3 fen\u00edcia, amb imatges de proes de vaixell, motius de peixos i ornamentaci\u00f3 d&#8217;onades, sense que hi hagi una personificaci\u00f3 directa de Yam.<\/p><p>Una tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica important es desenvolupa en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit hel\u00b7len\u00edstico-rom\u00e0: Yam-Posid\u00f3 amb trident i carro tirat per cavalls. Aquesta transposici\u00f3 de les imatges gregues de Posid\u00f3 a la tradici\u00f3 fenici-semita occidental del d\u00e9u del mar \u00e9s menys pronunciada a la metr\u00f2poli fen\u00edcia que a les col\u00f2nies de la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental, on la influ\u00e8ncia grega era m\u00e9s intensa.<\/p><p>La famosa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una llosa de pedra o fusta dreta, inscrita o il\u00b7lustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> del toro de Ras Shamra mostra una petita forma serpentina sota els peus de Baal; en la investigaci\u00f3, aquesta serp s&#8217;identifica sovint amb Yam-Tannin. Aquesta confirmaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica de la vict\u00f2ria de Baal sobre la serp \u00e9s un dels testimonis visuals m\u00e9s importants del Cicle de Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La font principal per a Yam \u00e9s el cicle ugar\u00edtic de Baal (KTU 1.1, 1.2), on es representa el conflicte entre Yam i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171721\">Baal<\/a>. L&#8217;acci\u00f3 en l\u00ednies generals: Yam, designat oficialment com a rei per El, envia els seus missatgers al consell div\u00ed i exigeix l&#8217;entrega de Baal. Els d\u00e9us tremolen i abaixen el cap; nom\u00e9s Baal es resisteix i accepta el combat.<\/p><p>El d\u00e9u ferrer Kothar-wa-Khasis fabrica per a Baal dues armes m\u00e0giques, anomenades &#8216;Ayamur&#8217; i &#8216;Yagrush&#8217; (&#8216;el que expulsa&#8217; i &#8216;el que persegueix&#8217;). Baal les fa servir per lluitar contra Yam; el primer cop el fa vacil\u00b7lar, el segon l&#8217;esclafa.<\/p><p>Yam cau a terra; Baal proclama: &#8216;Yam \u00e9s mort, Baal \u00e9s rei!&#8217;. Mark Smith ha comentat el text amb detall en la seva edici\u00f3 monumental.<\/p><p>Un altre episodi ugar\u00edtic descriu la lluita d&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171729\">Anat<\/a> contra Yam, en suport del seu germ\u00e0 Baal. Anat &#8216;abat el mar, aniquila el riu, humilia el Tannin, ven\u00e7 la serp retor\u00e7ada&#8217;. Aquesta seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia Anat-Yam \u00e9s reveladora hist\u00f2ricament i mostra que la lluita contra les aig\u00fces del caos era un esfor\u00e7 div\u00ed col\u00b7lectiu, no nom\u00e9s un acte individual de Baal.<\/p><p>Un altre episodi fragmentari descriu Yam en relaci\u00f3 amb els &#8216;fills d&#8217;El&#8217; (<em>bn \u02beil<\/em>), que actuen com a consell div\u00ed. La demanda de Yam es debat en el consell div\u00ed, El hi consent, i nom\u00e9s Baal s&#8217;hi oposa. Aquesta tradici\u00f3 del &#8216;consell div\u00ed&#8217; \u00e9s important per a la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i t\u00e9 paral\u00b7lels amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> hebreu dels &#8216;fills de D\u00e9u&#8217; (Jb 1; Sl 82).<\/p><p>Els cantors ugar\u00edtics probablement interpretaven el conflicte Baal-Yam en representacions completes, amb portadors de tauletes, instruments musicals i danses cultuals. Aquesta dimensi\u00f3 performativa ha estat desenvolupada de manera sistem\u00e0tica en la recerca ugar\u00edtica m\u00e9s recent, per exemple per Wilfred Watson i Pierre Bordreuil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam no era destinatari de culte; com a d\u00e9u del caos, no era venerat, sin\u00f3 ven\u00e7ut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d'acci\u00f3 religiosa establerta.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span>. En alguns rituals de protecci\u00f3 apareix com a exemple protot\u00edpic del perill c\u00f2smic que cal repel\u00b7lir mitjan\u00e7ant la intervenci\u00f3 divina.<\/p><p>El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>, per\u00f2, es recitava en el culte oficial; el cicle de Baal formava part del repertori dels cantors ugar\u00edtics i probablement es representava en les grans festes. \u00c9s possible que la representaci\u00f3 ritual de la seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia Baal-Yam form\u00e9s part del ritu festiu de primavera, de manera semblant al Enuma-Elish mesopot\u00e0mic en la festa de l&#8217;any nou.<\/p><p>En els rituals mar\u00edtims fenicis, el mar era apaivagat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d'acci\u00f3 religiosa establerta.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span>; capitans i viatgers oferien <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Donatiu a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> al mar, amb l&#8217;esperan\u00e7a d&#8217;obtenir una travessia segura. Aquesta pietat marinera no es referia directament a Yam, per\u00f2 pertanyia al mateix univers cosmol\u00f2gic. Sabatino Moscati ha descrit la cultura mar\u00edtima fen\u00edcia en diversos estudis.<\/p><p>Existeix una connexi\u00f3 ritual important entre la vict\u00f2ria sobre Yam i la festa de primavera ugar\u00edtica; probablement el conflicte s&#8217;actualitzava <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d'acci\u00f3 religiosa establerta.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span> en l&#8217;\u00e8poca de les tempestes primaverals, quan les fortes pluges hivernals remetien i comen\u00e7ava la temporada de navegaci\u00f3. Aquesta estacionalitat ritual \u00e9s hist\u00f2ricament caracter\u00edstica de la Mediterr\u00e0nia oriental en el bronze final.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques contra el mar ca\u00f2tic eren habituals en contextos fenicis. En les decoracions dels bucs dels vaixells apareixen ulls apotropaics, s\u00edmbols de banyes de bou o el &#8216;signe de Tanit&#8217; com a protecci\u00f3 contra els perills del mar. Aquestes imatges formaven part de l&#8217;equipament est\u00e0ndard dels vaixells fenicis, tant comercials com de guerra.<\/p><p>A les ciutats portu\u00e0ries s&#8217;utilitzaven f\u00f3rmules de protecci\u00f3 contra &#8216;el mar furi\u00f3s i els seus \u00e9ssers&#8217;; en les inscripcions p\u00faniques es troben ofrenes votives per un retorn feli\u00e7 dels viatges mar\u00edtims. Aquesta pietat de viatge \u00e9s interessant des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, perqu\u00e8 emmarca directament, en clau religiosa, la mobilitat internacional del m\u00f3n fenici.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Des d&#8217;una perspectiva cient\u00edfica, Yam \u00e9s un exemple de personificaci\u00f3 del mar ca\u00f2tic. La seva derrota narrativa a mans de les armes m\u00e0giques de Baal \u00e9s hist\u00f2ricament comparable al conflicte entre Marduk i Tiamat, en el qual tamb\u00e9 unes armes m\u00e0giques permeten la vict\u00f2ria. iWell Guard registra Yam com a figura historicomitol\u00f2gica sense funci\u00f3 protectora actual i sense cap relaci\u00f3 amb promeses de guariment modernes.<\/p><p>En les inscripcions p\u00faniques de Cartago i Motya apareixen &#8216;d\u00e9us del mar&#8217; (fenici <em>\u02belm ym<\/em>) com a destinataris d&#8217;ofrenes votives abans dels viatges mar\u00edtims; si aix\u00f2 representa un record directe de Yam o b\u00e9 una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La invocaci\u00f3 s\u00faplica o conjuradora d'una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> gen\u00e8rica a un d\u00e9u del mar \u00e9s una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 discutida.<\/p><p>Els ulls dels bucs dels vaixells fenicis s&#8217;han d&#8217;interpretar, des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya el mal: dit dels signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia les influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaics<\/span>; transformen la mirada del vaixell en una for\u00e7a protectora contra Yam i els seus \u00e9ssers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam pertany a la fam\u00edlia internacional de d\u00e9us del caos aqu\u00e0tic. En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit mesopot\u00e0mic li correspon Tiamat, procedent de l&#8217;Enuma Elish; en la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hitita-anatolic-tarhunna-deus-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 hurrita-hitita<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171719\">Hedammu<\/a> i el fragmentari &#8216;Cant del mar&#8217; (CTH 346) contra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171715\">Teshub<\/a>. Mark Smith i Mary Bachvarova han documentat en diversos estudis la interconnexi\u00f3 d&#8217;aquestes mitologies.<\/p><p>En el material hebreu, Yam \u00e9s l&#8217;adversari c\u00f2smic de Jahv\u00e8 en diversos salms; la creaci\u00f3 s&#8217;interpreta com la vict\u00f2ria de Jahv\u00e8 sobre Yam, Liwjatan i Tannin (Sl 74:13, 14; Is 27:1). Aquests textos pertanyen a la &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> del combat contra el caos&#8217; de la B\u00edblia hebrea i depenen hist\u00f2ricament de manera directa de la tradici\u00f3 ugar\u00edtica de Yam.<\/p><p>Amb el Tif\u00f3 grec, Yam compareix el perfil d&#8217;adversari del caos; amb Posid\u00f3, la personificaci\u00f3 del mar, encara que en una configuraci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica clarament diferent. En el per\u00edode hel\u00b7len\u00edstic-rom\u00e0, el Yam fenici es va identificar amb Posid\u00f3; el perfil actiu d&#8217;adversari del caos es va modificar en favor de la funci\u00f3 de d\u00e9u de la navegaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>En inscripcions urartees apareix un d\u00e9u del mar anomenat Quera, la connexi\u00f3 del qual amb Yam en la hist\u00f2ria de les religions es discuteix des de fa uns anys. La recerca de Mirjo Salvini aporta aqu\u00ed noves troballes importants.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre Yam es troba avui en un nivell elevat. L&#8217;edici\u00f3 del Cicle de Baal de Mark Smith i Wayne Pitard \u00e9s la refer\u00e8ncia est\u00e0ndard; John Day ha analitzat detalladament els paral\u00b7lelismes hebreus a <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985). Daniel Schwemer ha proporcionat el marc hist\u00f2ric a <em>Die Wettergottgestalten<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>En la recepci\u00f3 popular, Yam es coneix sobretot pels mites ugar\u00edtics i per les al\u00b7lusions hebrees-b\u00edbliques. Falta un renaixement espiritual en sentit neopag\u00e0.<\/p><p>Cient\u00edficament, Yam es considera avui un objecte d&#8217;estudi central per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> del caos aqu\u00e0tic de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic i per a la fam\u00edlia m\u00edtica dels combats entre el d\u00e9u de la tempesta i el mar.<\/p><p>Els focus actuals de la recerca se centren en la diferenciaci\u00f3 dels diversos \u00e9ssers marins (Yam, Liwjatan, Tannin), en els paral\u00b7lelismes b\u00edblics i en la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la relaci\u00f3 exacta, dins la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, amb la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica de Tiamat. L&#8217;iWell Guard registra Yam com a exemple hist\u00f2ric sense cap refer\u00e8ncia de protecci\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica.<\/p><p>En la recerca b\u00edblica moderna, Yam s&#8217;estudia cada vegada de manera m\u00e9s sistem\u00e0tica com a rerefons, dins la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, dels textos de creaci\u00f3 i de combat contra el caos. Bernard Batto i John Day han examinat detalladament en diversos estudis la connexi\u00f3 entre la tradici\u00f3 de Yam i el relat hebreu de la creaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent reuneix les obres de refer\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s importants per a la recerca sobre Yam. Inclou edicions de textos, s\u00edntesis hist\u00f2riques i estudis sobre els paral\u00b7lelismes hebreus-b\u00edblics. L&#8217;edici\u00f3 del Cicle de Baal de Mark Smith \u00e9s la base de les fonts prim\u00e0ries; John Day i Schwemer ofereixen la contextualitzaci\u00f3 dins la hist\u00f2ria de les religions. Mary Bachvarova aporta la l\u00ednia de transmissi\u00f3 cap a la tradici\u00f3 grega.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp267ce5fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp267ce5fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c5eeff3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c5eeff3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Cicle de Baal d'Ugarit com a font principal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24751ec0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24751ec0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20cca71c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20cca71c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pr\u00e0cticament tot el que es pot afirmar sobre <em>Yammu<\/em> com a personatge actiu prov\u00e9 d&#8217;un \u00fanic complex textual: el conegut Cicle de Baal, una s\u00e8rie de tauletes d&#8217;argila en escriptura alfab\u00e8tica cune\u00efforme trobades entre 1929 i la d\u00e8cada de 1930 durant les excavacions franceses dirigides per Claude Schaeffer al <em>Tell Ras Shamra<\/em>, a la costa s\u00edria.<\/p><p>Les tauletes es cataloguen avui amb les signatures KTU 1.1 a 1.6; l&#8217;episodi de Yam se centra en KTU 1.1 i 1.2. Segons l&#8217;indicaci\u00f3 del colof\u00f3, van ser escrites pel copista Ilimilku, probablement al segle XIV o XIII a. C.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> \u00e9s fragment\u00e0ria. La tauleta KTU 1.1 est\u00e0 molt malmesa i l&#8217;inici del conflicte manca en gran part. Nom\u00e9s KTU 1.2 comen\u00e7a amb una escena coherent: Yam envia missatgers a l&#8217;assemblea dels d\u00e9us i exigeix el lliurament de Baal.<\/p><p>Des de les primeres edicions de Charles Virolleaud, la recerca discuteix si una altra tauleta, avui perduda, contenia l&#8217;inici de l&#8217;enfrontament. L&#8217;ordre mateix de les tauletes no est\u00e0 garantit per cap colof\u00f3, sin\u00f3 que \u00e9s una reconstrucci\u00f3 dels editors.<\/p><p>Per al treball cient\u00edfic, aquesta situaci\u00f3 de les fonts \u00e9s decisiva: Yam no \u00e9s un personatge d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> \u00e0mplia i polif\u00f2nica, sin\u00f3 que \u00e9s accessible gaireb\u00e9 exclusivament des de la perspectiva d&#8217;un text narratiu pro-baalita. Les afirmacions sobre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> propi a Yam, sobre himnes dedicats a ell o sobre el seu paper fora del conflicte amb Baal continuen sent, per tant, especulatives.<\/p><p>L&#8217;edici\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard actual \u00e9s <em>Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit<\/em> (KTU) de Manfried Dietrich, Oswald Loretz i Joaqu\u00edn Sanmart\u00edn; una traducci\u00f3 anglesa molt utilitzada amb comentari \u00e9s la de Mark S. Smith.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24e2e352 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24e2e352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22d58ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22d58ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'assemblea dels d\u00e9us i el missatge de Yam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp248e4b3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp248e4b3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp220d4b7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp220d4b7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;escena de Yam millor conservada (KTU 1.2 i) mostra una assemblea dels d\u00e9us presidida pel d\u00e9u suprem <em>El<\/em>. Yam envia dos missatgers amb l&#8217;exig\u00e8ncia que Baal li sigui entregat com a tributari o com a presoner.<\/p><p>El text dona a l&#8217;escena una coreografia precisa: en arribar els missatgers, els d\u00e9us abaixen el cap fins als genolls, un gest de temor. Baal els ho retreu i s&#8217;aixeca.<\/p><p>El, el patriarca de l&#8217;assemblea, reacciona amb condescend\u00e8ncia. En diverses passatges anomena Yam el seu favorit i sembla disposat a accedir a l&#8217;exig\u00e8ncia, arribant a designar Baal com a servent de Yam.<\/p><p>Aquesta actitud d&#8217;El \u00e9s un punt \u00e0mpliament debatut: mostra que en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> ugar\u00edtic el d\u00e9u suprem no s&#8217;identifica amb el d\u00e9u de la tempesta victori\u00f3s, i confereix al conflicte un mat\u00eds pol\u00edtic, gaireb\u00e9 el d&#8217;una disputa din\u00e0stica dins d&#8217;una mateixa fam\u00edlia.<\/p><p>En aquestes l\u00ednies, Yam porta designacions dobles fixes. A m\u00e9s de <em>ym<\/em>, apareix com <em>tpt nhr<\/em>, sovint tradu\u00eft com \u00abJutge Riu\u00bb o \u00abSobir\u00e0 Corrent\u00bb. La col\u00b7locaci\u00f3 paral\u00b7lela de \u00abmar\u00bb i \u00abriu\u00bb \u00e9s un recurs estil\u00edstic t\u00edpic de la poesia ugar\u00edtica i deixa clar que Yam encarna la totalitat de l&#8217;aigua desfermada, no nom\u00e9s el mar obert.<\/p><p>L&#8217;escena acaba amb la negativa de Baal i el seu anunci d&#8217;atacar els missatgers i el seu senyor. Constitueix aix\u00ed el pas immediatament previ al duel que es narra a la mateixa tauleta, a KTU 1.2 iv. Sobre la figura antagonista, vegeu tamb\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> com a manifestaci\u00f3 fen\u00edcia posterior del nom de Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Mark Smith \/ Wayne Pitard: <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Leiden 1994\/2009)<\/li><li>John Day: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (Cambridge 1985)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Mark Smith: <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (Oxford 2001)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Mary Bachvarova: <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (Cambridge 2016)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el cicle de Baal <em>ugar\u00edtic<\/em>, transm\u00e8s en tauletes d&#8217;argila de Ras Xamra del segle catorze abans de Crist, Yam apareix com a d\u00e9u del mar i antagonista de Baal, a qui aquest finalment ven\u00e7 amb les armes llanc\u00edvoles Ajamur i Jagrusch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Conceptes clau relacionats: Yam, fenicis, d\u00e9u del mar, Cicle de Baal, Tann\u00edn, Lotan, aig\u00fces del caos.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-yam\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 port\u00e0tils, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\">Fenici<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2854,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yam Fenicis D\u00e9u del mar Baal","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yam \u2013 D\u00e9u fenici del mar, Cicle de Baal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yam \u00e9s el d\u00e9u fenici-ugar\u00edtic del mar, principal adversari de Baal en el Cicle de Baal. 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