{"id":171726,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171726"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:38","slug":"eshmun-deu-guaridor-sido","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/eshmun-deu-guaridor-sido\/","title":{"rendered":"Eshmun \u2013 D\u00e9u guaridor de Sid\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171726\" class=\"elementor elementor-171726 elementor-2629 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eshmun, d\u00e9u guaridor fenici i d\u00e9u tutelar de Sid\u00f3<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun (en fenici <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>) \u00e9s el principal d\u00e9u tutelar de Sid\u00f3 i un dels d\u00e9us guaridors m\u00e9s importants del m\u00f3n fenici. Va ser identificat amb l&#8217;Asclepi grec i \u00e9s el centre d&#8217;un culte de guarici\u00f3 de gran import\u00e0ncia, amb el c\u00e8lebre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun prop de Sid\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">Fen\u00edcia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u guaridor.\">D\u00e9u guaridor<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" 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500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2849\" alt=\"Eshmun \u2013 D\u00e9u guaridor de Sid\u00f3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span><\/strong> d&#8217;Eshmun uneix els cultes de guarici\u00f3 fenicis amb les tradicions hel\u00b7len\u00edstiques d&#8217;Asclepi i va marcar el culte del temple a Sid\u00f3 durant segles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun \u00e9s una de les divinitats fen\u00edcies m\u00e9s importants; \u00e9s el d\u00e9u tutelar de Sid\u00f3 i apareix regularment junt amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171722\">Astart\u00e9<\/a> com a parella divina de Sid\u00f3.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati va demostrar a <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Eshmun tenia a Sid\u00f3 una import\u00e0ncia pol\u00edtica i econ\u00f2mica clau; el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun a Bostan esh-Sheikh, al nord-est de Sid\u00f3, \u00e9s un dels santuaris fenicis m\u00e9s ben conservats.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, Eshmun representa el tipus del d\u00e9u sanador que mor i ressuscita estacionalment. El seu perfil funcional \u00e9s clarament m\u00e9s restringit que el de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171721\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>: Eshmun \u00e9s sobretot un d\u00e9u sanador i protector de la ciutat, m\u00e9s que no pas un d\u00e9u de la tempesta.<\/p><p>Aquesta especialitzaci\u00f3 en la curaci\u00f3 i en les funcions urbanes \u00e9s poc habitual dins el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> fenici i converteix Eshmun en una figura teol\u00f2gica singular. Dins la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia<\/a>, \u00e9s el d\u00e9u sanador per excel\u00b7l\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet ha estudiat en diversos treballs la identificaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Eshmun amb l&#8217;Asclepi grec i les seves implicacions teol\u00f2giques. Aquesta identificaci\u00f3 est\u00e0 documentada liter\u00e0riament des del segle V aC i va comportar una influ\u00e8ncia m\u00fatua entre ambdues tradicions cultuals. En l&#8217;\u00e8poca hel\u00b7len\u00edstica, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun esdev\u00e9 un asclepieion d&#8217;abast regional.<\/p><p>Un tret notable d&#8217;Eshmun \u00e9s el seu vincle estret amb la casa reial de Sid\u00f3. Eshmunazar I, Eshmunazar II, Bod-Eshmun i diversos altres reis sidonis porten el seu te\u00f2nim en el nom. Aquesta tradici\u00f3 onom\u00e0stica testimonia la posici\u00f3 central d&#8217;Eshmun en la hist\u00f2ria din\u00e0stica de Sid\u00f3.<\/p><p>El vincle teol\u00f2gic d&#8217;Eshmun amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171722\">Astart\u00e9<\/a> com a parella divina de Sid\u00f3 \u00e9s an\u00e0leg a la constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171721\">Baal-Hadad<\/a> i Anat, o de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171724\">Tanit<\/a>, en altres ciutats estat fen\u00edcies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;etimologia del nom Eshmun \u00e9s discutida. Una interpretaci\u00f3 plausible relaciona <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> amb el n\u00famero &#8216;vuit&#8217; (semita occidental <em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun seria llavors &#8216;el vuit\u00e8&#8217;, probablement com a vuit\u00e8 fill d&#8217;una fam\u00edlia divina o com a vuitena posici\u00f3 en una llista de d\u00e9us.<\/p><p>Una altra interpretaci\u00f3 veu <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> com a relacionat amb el mot per a &#8216;oli&#8217; (<em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun seria llavors &#8216;l&#8217;ungit&#8217; o &#8216;el vinculat a l&#8217;oli&#8217;, cosa que encaixaria amb la seva funci\u00f3 sanadora.<\/p><p>En les inscripcions apareix com <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>; en fonts gregues com Eshmun (\u1f18\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd o \u1f08\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2). Damasci (segle VI dC) relata en les seves <em>Quaestiones Vitae<\/em> que Eshmun havia estat un jove de Beirut que, per un desengany amor\u00f3s, es va llevar la vida en una font i que, despr\u00e9s de la seva mort, va ser venerat com a d\u00e9u.<\/p><p>Aquest tard\u00e0 &#8216;heroi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>&#8216; resulta revelador des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions perqu\u00e8 fixa la identificaci\u00f3 amb Adonis i amb el tipus d&#8217;heroi mortal-div\u00ed.<\/p><p>En accadi i en hitita, Eshmun no est\u00e0 directament identificat. La identificaci\u00f3 grega amb Asclepi \u00e9s la m\u00e9s important; Paus\u00e0nies i altres autors de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span> la documenten. A Cartago i a les col\u00f2nies occidentals Eshmun tamb\u00e9 hi apareix, encara que molt m\u00e9s rarament que <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171724\">Tanit<\/a>.<\/p><p>En la tradici\u00f3 cartaginesa posterior, Eshmun apareix amb l&#8217;ep\u00edtet &#8216;Sanador&#8217; i s&#8217;identifica directament amb el grec Asclepi. Aquesta identificaci\u00f3 asclepiana va marcar la cultura sanadora cartaginesa i va sobreviure a la caiguda de l&#8217;estat p\u00fanic durant el per\u00edode rom\u00e0 amb el nom d&#8217;Aesculapius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun apareix en la iconografia fen\u00edcia com un d\u00e9u jove, barbut o imberbe, sovint amb un bast\u00f3 i una serp, el s\u00edmbol curatiu per excel\u00b7l\u00e8ncia. En \u00e8poca hel\u00b7len\u00edstica, la seva iconografia s&#8217;assimila en gran mesura a la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Asclepi: bast\u00f3 amb serp enroscada, mantell llarg, actitud serena.<\/p><p>El seu animal sagrat \u00e9s la serp; el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun a Sid\u00f3 tenia efectivament serps sagrades, tal com relata Damasci. Aquesta tradici\u00f3 del santuari de les serps vincula Eshmun amb l&#8217;asclepieion grec d&#8217;Epidaure, on tamb\u00e9 es mantenien serps sagrades. Tamb\u00e9 el gall apareix ocasionalment com el seu animal acompanyant, la qual cosa constitueix una altra coincid\u00e8ncia amb Asclepi.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun a Bostan esh-Sheikh est\u00e0 ben documentat arqueol\u00f2gicament; les excavacions dirigides per Maurice Dunand i, m\u00e9s recentment, per Patty Gerstenblith, han publicat l&#8217;arquitectura del temple, les inscripcions i les ofrenes votives.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> disposava d&#8217;un bany curatiu (<em>balneum<\/em>) amb aigua corrent procedent de la muntanya ve\u00efna, on els qui cercaven la curaci\u00f3 hi feien purificacions rituals. Aquesta arquitectura curativa \u00e9s un dels testimonis m\u00e9s significatius del culte sanador fenici.<\/p><p>Una estatueta de marbre d&#8217;un infant trobada al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun, coneguda amb el sobrenom de &#8216;Noi d&#8217;Eshmun&#8217;, \u00e9s un dels objectes individuals m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebres; va ser <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lliurat al sagrat mitjan\u00e7ant un acte religi\u00f3s i, per tant, apartat de l'\u00e0mbit quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagrada<\/span> per Eshmunazar II i mostra el car\u00e0cter jove i sagrat, t\u00edpicament ic\u00f2nic, del d\u00e9u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els mites fenicis sobre Eshmun nom\u00e9s s&#8217;han conservat de manera fragment\u00e0ria. Damasci relata la narraci\u00f3 heroica esmentada anteriorment: Eshmun, un jove bell de Beirut, era perseguit per Astart\u00e9; per fugir del seu amor, es va castrar ell mateix i va morir. Astart\u00e9 va agafar el seu cos, el va portar de tornada a Beirut i el va &#8216;cridar a una nova vida mitjan\u00e7ant una calor vivificadora&#8217;.<\/p><p>Aquesta narraci\u00f3 pertany estructuralment a la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Adonis-Tammuz: un heroi jove i mortal-div\u00ed, la seva mort, la seva resurrecci\u00f3 per obra d&#8217;una deessa. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, \u00e9s un exemple de la variant fen\u00edcia del motiu del &#8216;d\u00e9u que mor i ressuscita&#8217;, molt est\u00e8s en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit mediterrani occidental.<\/p><p>Una segona tradici\u00f3 vincula Eshmun amb la curaci\u00f3 mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 divina en somnis (<em>incubatio<\/em>): els que cercaven la curaci\u00f3 dormien al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> i rebien en somnis indicacions curatives.<\/p><p>Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica correspon a la tradici\u00f3 grega de l&#8217;Asclepieion i es va desenvolupar en ambdues cultures de manera paral\u00b7lela o per intercanvi. Els <em>Discursos Sagrats<\/em> d&#8217;Elius Ar\u00edstides, del segle II d.C., documenten \u00e0mpliament aquesta pr\u00e0ctica d&#8217;incubaci\u00f3 referida a Asclepi; per a Eshmun s&#8217;han transm\u00e8s relats similars procedents de Sid\u00f3 i Beirut.<\/p><p>Una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o cisellat en un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> fen\u00edcia fragment\u00e0ria de Cartago esmenta una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una process\u00f3 religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun amb una llitera i un &#8216;despertar&#8217; en el dia de la primavera. Aquesta process\u00f3 primaveral est\u00e0 hist\u00f2ricament relacionada amb la festa de despertar de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171723\">Melqart<\/a> i forma part de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia de les festes de primavera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El principal lloc de culte d&#8217;Eshmun era el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Bostan esh-Sheikh, situat a uns 4 km al nord-est de l&#8217;antiga Sid\u00f3. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> va ser fundat al segle VI a.C. pel rei Eshmunazar I i va ser ampliat de manera espl\u00e8ndida sota Eshmunazar II (segle V a.C.).<\/p><p>La c\u00e8lebre inscripci\u00f3 del sarc\u00f2fag d&#8217;Eshmunazar II (conservada al Louvre) \u00e9s una de les inscripcions fen\u00edcies m\u00e9s importants que es coneixen; hi anomena Eshmun &#8216;el meu senyor&#8217; i descriu la seva import\u00e0ncia cultual.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> comprenia diversos complexos: l&#8217;edifici principal amb el sant dels sants, el bany curatiu amb aigua corrent, un pati amb altars, sales per a la incubaci\u00f3 i \u00e0rees per a les ofrenes votives. Els que cercaven la curaci\u00f3 hi portaven ofrenes en forma d&#8217;ossos de bronze, figuretes de terrissa, inscripcions i &#8216;orelles d&#8217;or&#8217; (senyals d&#8217;agra\u00efment per preg\u00e0ries escoltades).<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s, Eshmun tenia santuaris a Beirut, a Cartago (on era venerat al tur\u00f3 de Byrsa), a Idalion, a Xipre, i en diversos altres llocs. A Idalion apareix sovint juntament amb l&#8217;Astart\u00e9 fen\u00edcia i l&#8217;Afrodita grega. A Cartago apareix ocasionalment al costat de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, per\u00f2 conserva la seva pr\u00f2pia funci\u00f3 curativa independent.<\/p><p>Les inscripcions d&#8217;Eshmun procedents de Sid\u00f3 documenten detalladament la jerarquia sacerdotal: <em>kohen<\/em> (sacerdot), <em>moqim \u02beelim<\/em> (&#8216;el que desperta el d\u00e9u&#8217;), servents <em>\u02bfbd<\/em> i servidores <em>\u02bemh<\/em>. Aquesta jerarquia \u00e9s comparable a la del culte de Melqart.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun era el d\u00e9u sanador protot\u00edpic fenici. Els que buscaven curaci\u00f3 venien de tot el Mediterrani oriental per trobar-la al seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>. La pr\u00e0ctica de la incubaci\u00f3 era central: els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una persona que empr\u00e8n un viatge de motivaci\u00f3 religiosa cap a un lloc sagrat.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelegrins<\/span> dormien al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, sovint sobre pells especials, i rebien en somnis instruccions curatives.<\/p><p>Al mat\u00ed, els sacerdots interpretaven el somni; la curaci\u00f3 es produ\u00efa sovint pel mateix fet de somiar, per banys rituals o per remeis vegetals prescrits.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya el mal: dit de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicament<\/span> es col\u00b7locaven estatuetes d&#8217;Eshmun a les cases; les famoses &#8216;figures de nens sidonis&#8217; del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun (col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 del Museu Nacional de Beirut) mostren nens o nenes petits, probablement ofrenes votives per la curaci\u00f3 de nens malalts. Les inscripcions d&#8217;aquestes estatuetes confirmen la seva funci\u00f3 com a ofrenes d&#8217;agra\u00efment o de s\u00faplica.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">En els noms personals fenicis, el te\u00f2nim d&#8217;Eshmun \u00e9s molt freq\u00fcent: Eshmunazar &#8216;Eshmun ajuda&#8217;, Eshmunpalat &#8216;Eshmun salva&#8217;, Bod-Eshmun &#8216;per la m\u00e0 d&#8217;Eshmun&#8217;. La freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia dels noms te\u00f2fors mostra la intensa devoci\u00f3 privada. iWell Guard registra Eshmun com a figura hist\u00f2rico-religiosa sense relaci\u00f3 amb promeses de curaci\u00f3 actuals; la pr\u00e0ctica del culte sanador \u00e9s un fenomen hist\u00f2ric que es reconstrueix cient\u00edficament, no es repr\u00e8n a la pr\u00e0ctica.<\/p><p>En els rituals de curaci\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 es prescrivien remeis vegetals; els sacerdots fenicis disposaven de coneixements farmacol\u00f2gics que es van transmetre en forma de textos curatius. Es poden recon\u00e8ixer fragments d&#8217;aquests textos a les inscripcions del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Eshmun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El paral\u00b7lel hist\u00f2ric m\u00e9s important \u00e9s el grec Asclepi; la identificaci\u00f3 est\u00e0 documentada liter\u00e0riament des del segle V a. C. Asclepi \u00e9s fill d&#8217;Apol\u00b7lo, sanador h\u00e0bil, amb el bast\u00f3 i la serp com a atributs. Les coincid\u00e8ncies entre tots dos s\u00f3n tan denses que \u00e9s probable una influ\u00e8ncia m\u00fatua. Stephanie Budin, Corinne Bonnet i Mary Bachvarova han estudiat aquestes connexions.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit mesopot\u00e0mic, Eshmun correspon en part al d\u00e9u sanador Damu i al d\u00e9u Ninazu; en el material hitita no hi ha un d\u00e9u paral\u00b7lel directe, per\u00f2 s\u00ed rituals de curaci\u00f3 relacionats amb la tradici\u00f3 hurrita de Kamru\u0161epa. La <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hitita-anatolic-tarhunna-deus-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 hitita<\/a> tenia la seva pr\u00f2pia cultura curativa a trav\u00e9s de les &#8216;velles dones&#8217; (<em>\u1e2aAR.\u1e2aAR<\/em>), sense un d\u00e9u sanador espec\u00edfic com ho \u00e9s Eshmun.<\/p><p>Amb Adonis, Eshmun compareix el mitologema d&#8217;heroi amb mort i revivisc\u00e8ncia a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;una deessa. Tots dos pertanyen a la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;herois de la vegetaci\u00f3 sem\u00edtica occidental, que tamb\u00e9 inclou <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171723\">Melqart<\/a>. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, aquesta fam\u00edlia d&#8217;herois \u00e9s un fenomen hist\u00f2ric important de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca prehist\u00f2rica posterior a l'edat del bronze, caracteritzada pel treball del ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">edat del ferro<\/span> fen\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 les tradicions de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hitita-anatolic-tarhunna-deus-proteccio\/\">cultura curativa hitita<\/a>, sobretot els rituals de la &#8216;vella dona&#8217; i les pr\u00e0ctiques d&#8217;incubaci\u00f3, presenten coincid\u00e8ncies funcionals amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Eshmun. Volkert Haas ha documentat els rituals curatius de l&#8217;Anat\u00f2lia antiga a <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003); no es pot demostrar una relaci\u00f3 directa en la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, per\u00f2 els paral\u00b7lelismes estructurals s\u00f3n reveladors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre Eshmun es troba avui a un nivell alt. Les excavacions del temple de Maurice Dunand dels anys 1960 s\u00f3n una refer\u00e8ncia cl\u00e0ssica; Patty Gerstenblith i H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader han continuat la recerca arqueol\u00f2gica. Els estudis de Corinne Bonnet sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 de concepcions o divinitats de tradicions religioses diferents.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> amb Asclepi s\u00f3n importants per a l&#8217;estudi comparat de les religions.<\/p><p>En la recepci\u00f3 popular, Eshmun \u00e9s conegut pel seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> prop de Sid\u00f3; el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> \u00e9s avui un jaciment arqueol\u00f2gic i una atracci\u00f3 tur\u00edstica. El sarc\u00f2fag d&#8217;Eshmunazar al Louvre \u00e9s una de les antiguitats fen\u00edcies m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebres.<\/p><p>Cient\u00edficament, Eshmun \u00e9s avui un objecte d&#8217;estudi central per a la religi\u00f3 sanadora fen\u00edcia, per a la tradici\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia d&#8217;Asclepi i per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de l&#8217;heroi mortal-div\u00ed. Els actuals eixos de recerca se centren en l&#8217;edici\u00f3 de noves inscripcions d&#8217;Eshmun, en l&#8217;an\u00e0lisi de les ofrenes votives del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> i en la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la relaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica exacta amb Asclepi.<\/p><p>Els treballs recents d&#8217;H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader i Mark Smith sobre la religi\u00f3 fen\u00edcia situen Eshmun en un context m\u00e9s ampli de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions: com a representant de la generaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s jove de d\u00e9us que, a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca prehist\u00f2rica posterior a l'edat del bronze, caracteritzada pel treball del ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">edat del ferro<\/span>, diferencien les funcions espec\u00edfiques que a l&#8217;edat del bronze final encara estaven en mans d&#8217;una sola divinitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent reuneix les obres de refer\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s importants per a la recerca sobre Eshmun. Inclou publicacions de temples, edicions d&#8217;inscripcions i s\u00edntesis hist\u00f2riques. La publicaci\u00f3 del temple de Dunand \u00e9s una refer\u00e8ncia cl\u00e0ssica; Bonnet i Sader ofereixen la contextualitzaci\u00f3 fen\u00edcia i hist\u00f2rico-religiosa; Aubet, la difusi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia; Krahmalkov, el material historicoling\u00fc\u00edstic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b4c80e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29b4c80e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20285701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20285701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El santuari d'Eshmun de Bustan esch-Scheich, prop de Sid\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d64a737 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d64a737\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cff5052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cff5052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La troballa arqueol\u00f2gica m\u00e9s important sobre <em>Eshmun<\/em> es troba a uns tres quil\u00f2metres al nord-est de Sid\u00f3, en l&#8217;actual L\u00edban, en un lloc anomenat Bustan esh-Sheikh. Des de 1900, primer per arque\u00f2legs otomans i alemanys, i m\u00e9s tard per arque\u00f2legs libanesos i francesos, s&#8217;hi ha excavat un extens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span>.<\/p><p>El nucli monumental \u00e9s una gran terrassa de podi feta de carreus acuradament ajustats, constru\u00efda probablement sota el rei sidoni Bodashtart, cap a finals del segle VI a.C.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> \u00e9s notable perqu\u00e8 ofereix una rara connexi\u00f3 directa entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>, reialesa i inscripci\u00f3 constructiva. Diverses inscripcions constructives esmenten Bodashtart com a fundador i Eshmun com el d\u00e9u al qual dedica el complex.<\/p><p>Aix\u00ed, Eshmun no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un nom de llistes de d\u00e9us, sin\u00f3 una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> amb una gran construcci\u00f3 datable i patrocinada per la monarquia. L&#8217;aigua hi tenia un paper central: canals, basses i captacions de fonts recorren el complex, la qual cosa concorda amb la interpretaci\u00f3 sanadora del d\u00e9u.<\/p><p>Entre les troballes c\u00e8lebres hi ha el \u00abTron d&#8217;Astart\u00e9\u00bb, un tron div\u00ed buit que remet a l&#8217;estreta connexi\u00f3 d&#8217;Eshmun amb la deessa tutelar de Sid\u00f3, aix\u00ed com una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;est\u00e0tues de nens interpretades com a ofrenes votives, possiblement relacionades amb la guarici\u00f3 o la protecci\u00f3. Els resultats de les excavacions han estat publicats, entre altres, per Maurice Dunand i, m\u00e9s endavant, per Rolf Stucky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8a42e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b8a42e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c75b921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c75b921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eshmun i Asclepi: una equiparaci\u00f3 antiga i els seus l\u00edmits<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp265ed336 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp265ed336\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp222bef1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp222bef1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ja els autors <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a.C. al 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antics<\/span> equiparaven <em>Eshmun<\/em> amb el d\u00e9u sanador grec <em>Asclepi<\/em>. Aquesta <em>interpretatio graeca<\/em> est\u00e0 ben documentada, per exemple en l&#8217;autor transm\u00e8s sota el nom de Fil\u00f3 de Biblos, que refereix en grec tradicions fen\u00edcies, i explica per qu\u00e8 en la recerca m\u00e9s antiga Eshmun sovint es presentava simplement com l&#8217;\u00abAsclepi fenici\u00bb.<\/p><p>Aquesta equiparaci\u00f3 \u00e9s \u00fatil i, al mateix temps, perillosa. \u00datil perqu\u00e8 confirma la vessant sanadora d&#8217;Eshmun: l&#8217;aigua del santuari, les ofrenes de nens i els relats antics sobre guaricions concorden amb un d\u00e9u al qual es recorria en cas de malaltia.<\/p><p>Perillosa perqu\u00e8 indueix a projectar sobre Eshmun tota la imatge grega d&#8217;Asclepi, inclosa la iconografia de la serp i la pr\u00e0ctica de la incubaci\u00f3, per a les quals no hi ha proves directes en tots els casos dins la documentaci\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de recerca a part \u00e9s l&#8217;origen del nom. Una proposta for\u00e7a difosa, per\u00f2 no confirmada, el relaciona amb el mot sem\u00edtic per a \u00aboli\u00bb o \u00aboli d&#8217;unci\u00f3\u00bb, i per tant amb la unci\u00f3 com a remei; altres interpretacions hi veuen una refer\u00e8ncia num\u00e8rica (\u00abel vuit\u00e8\u00bb). Cap d&#8217;aquestes etimologies est\u00e0 generalment acceptada. M\u00e9s segura que l&#8217;etimologia \u00e9s l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 que Eshmun va esdevenir la divinitat principal de Sid\u00f3 i que apareix en inscripcions p\u00faniques, per exemple relacionades amb Cartago, juntament amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>. El d\u00e9u, doncs, no era un cas local a\u00efllat, sin\u00f3 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> present en tot l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de difusi\u00f3 fenici.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Maurice Dunand: <em>Le temple d&#8217;Echmoun \u00e0 Sidon<\/em> (Paris 1965)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (Paris 2015)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Eshmun Sid\u00f3 d\u00e9u sanador Fenicis Asclepi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> Bostan esh-Sheikh.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-eshmun\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 port\u00e0tils, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\">Fenici<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2849,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Eshmun Sid\u00f3 d\u00e9u guaridor fenicis","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Eshmun \u2013 D\u00e9u guaridor de Sid\u00f3, mite, culte","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Eshmun \u00e9s el d\u00e9u guaridor fenici i el principal d\u00e9u tutelar de Sid\u00f3. Aproximaci\u00f3 des de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions amb mite i culte.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171726","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Eshmun \u2013 D\u00e9u guaridor de Sid\u00f3, mite, culte<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Eshmun \u00e9s el d\u00e9u guaridor fenici i el principal d\u00e9u tutelar de Sid\u00f3. 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