{"id":171724,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171724"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:35","slug":"tanit-deessa-suprema-cartago","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tanit-deessa-suprema-cartago\/","title":{"rendered":"Tanit \u2013 Deessa suprema de Cartago"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171724\" class=\"elementor elementor-171724 elementor-2627 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit, deessa suprema p\u00fanico-cartaginesa i 'Pene Baal'<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit (p\u00fanic <em>tnt<\/em>) \u00e9s la principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> femenina de la Cartago p\u00fanica i de les seves col\u00f2nies. Apareix regularment vinculada a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> i porta el t\u00edtol de <em>pene Ba\u02bfal<\/em> (&#8216;rostre de Baal&#8217;). Les seves esteles amb el &#8216;s\u00edmbol de la m\u00e0&#8217;, procedents del tofet, s\u00f3n un dels signes iconogr\u00e0fics m\u00e9s caracter\u00edstics de la religi\u00f3 p\u00fanica. Tanit \u00e9s considerada la gran deessa p\u00fanico-cartaginesa i porta l&#8217;ep\u00edtet de &#8216;Pene Baal&#8217;, el significat del qual s&#8217;explica a continuaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deessa de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">Deessa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">Fen\u00edcia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deessa suprema de l'estat.\">Deessa suprema de l'estat<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tanit-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tanit-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tanit-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2853\" alt=\"Tanit \u2013 Deessa suprema de Cartago\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-tanit elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-tanit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit \u00e9s la deessa suprema <strong>p\u00fanico-cartaginesa<\/strong> i consort de Baal-Hammon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit \u00e9s una deessa amb poca documentaci\u00f3 a la metr\u00f2poli fen\u00edcia, que va esdevenir una de les divinitats m\u00e9s importants a Cartago i a les col\u00f2nies p\u00faniques de la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental.<\/p><p>Maria Eugenia Aubet ha mostrat a <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) que Tanit no es va convertir en deessa suprema a Cartago fins al segle V aC. Dins la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia<\/a>, es tracta, doncs, d&#8217;un desenvolupament espec\u00edficament occidental.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati ha descrit detalladament, a <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) i en nombrosos estudis posteriors, la religi\u00f3 espec\u00edficament cartaginesa amb Tanit com a divinitat principal. Ella apareix regularment davant de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> a les esteles del tofet (enterraments d&#8217;infants amb inscripcions votives), fet que subratlla la seva posici\u00f3 com a deessa protectora suprema de la fam\u00edlia i de l&#8217;estat p\u00fanics.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, Tanit representa el tipus de deessa suprema de l&#8217;estat, que apareix en diverses cultures mediterr\u00e0nies (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171716\">Hebat<\/a> entre els hitites, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171722\">Astart\u00e9<\/a> a Fen\u00edcia, Roma a Roma). La seva relaci\u00f3 amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171725\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> com a esp\u00f2s o company \u00e9s la relaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica m\u00e9s important. La combinaci\u00f3 de tots dos forma la parella divina suprema de Cartago.<\/p><p>Una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 interessant de la recerca fa refer\u00e8ncia a la possible prehist\u00f2ria de Tanit a la metr\u00f2poli fen\u00edcia. Alguns testimonis a\u00efllats de Sarepta i Sid\u00f3 suggereixen que hi va haver una deessa predecessora que a Cartago va evolucionar fins a convertir-se en una deessa suprema independent. Aquesta transformaci\u00f3 &#8216;tan\u00edtica&#8217; \u00e9s un dels fen\u00f2mens m\u00e9s interessants de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions de la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;etimologia del nom de Tanit no est\u00e0 definitivament resolta. Una interpretaci\u00f3 plausible el relaciona amb l&#8217;arrel sem\u00edtica occidental <em>tnn<\/em> &#8216;plorar, lamentar-se&#8217;, que concordaria amb una funci\u00f3 de deessa del dol. Una altra interpretaci\u00f3 considera el nom un pr\u00e9stec berber, cosa que s&#8217;ajustaria al component libio-numida de Cartago. Una tercera possibilitat \u00e9s la connexi\u00f3 amb testimonis d&#8217;Ugarit d&#8217;una deessa Tannit.<\/p><p>A les inscripcions apareix com <em>tnt pn b\u02bfl<\/em> &#8216;Tanit, rostre de Baal&#8217;. Aquest ep\u00edtet subratlla la seva funci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica com a aparici\u00f3 o manifestaci\u00f3 de Baal-Hammon. En el material grec s&#8217;identifica amb Hera o amb Artemis Caelestis; en el per\u00edode rom\u00e0, amb Juno Caelestis, que m\u00e9s tard esdevindr\u00e0 una important deessa suprema africano-romana.<\/p><p>La recepci\u00f3 grega i romana com a &#8216;Senyora del Cel&#8217; la relaciona amb el seu aspecte astral; el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la lluna li est\u00e0 associat regularment. Les famoses esteles de &#8216;lluna i estrella&#8217; del tofet de Cartago mostren clarament aquesta connotaci\u00f3 astral. Charles Krahmalkov ha recollit els testimonis epigr\u00e0fics m\u00e9s importants a <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia teol\u00f2gica important de l&#8217;ep\u00edtet &#8216;rostre de Baal&#8217; \u00e9s la concepci\u00f3 de Tanit com a aparici\u00f3 hipost\u00e0tica de Baal-Hammon. Segons aquesta visi\u00f3, Tanit no \u00e9s simplement una deessa independent, sin\u00f3 la funci\u00f3 personificada del rostre de Baal, una mena de fa\u00e7 div\u00ed a trav\u00e9s del qual el d\u00e9u suprem es manifesta al m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit \u00e9s iconogr\u00e0ficament famosa pel &#8216;s\u00edmbol de Tanit&#8217; o &#8216;signe de Tanit&#8217;, que porta el seu nom: una figura femenina estilitzada amb un triangle com a cos, una barra horitzontal com a bra\u00e7os i un cercle com a cap. Aquest signe apareix en milers d&#8217;esteles procedents del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> del tofet de Cartago i \u00e9s un dels s\u00edmbols m\u00e9s coneguts de la religi\u00f3 p\u00fanica.<\/p><p>A les esteles apareix sovint acompanyada d&#8217;altres s\u00edmbols: la &#8216;m\u00e0 de Tanit&#8217; (una m\u00e0 oberta com a signe protector), la mitja lluna i l&#8217;estel, la magrana, la flor de lotus. De vegades el signe de Tanit apareix sol, de vegades associat al &#8216;caduceu&#8217; o a s\u00edmbols de proa de vaixell. Aquesta riquesa iconogr\u00e0fica reflecteix la multifuncionalitat de la deessa.<\/p><p>Les representacions antropomorfes s\u00f3n m\u00e9s rares; una excepci\u00f3 important \u00e9s una estatueta de Thinissut (Tun\u00edsia), que mostra Tanit entronitzada amb corona p\u00f2los i acompanyada d&#8217;esfinxs.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 en les fases hel\u00b7len\u00edstico-romanes apareix cada vegada m\u00e9s amb forma humana, sobretot despr\u00e9s de la identificaci\u00f3 amb Juno Caelestis. Les troballes arqueol\u00f2giques del tofet han estat publicades detalladament en diverses obres, entre elles la de H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar sobre la religi\u00f3 cartaginesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pr\u00e0cticament no hi ha narracions mitol\u00f2giques pr\u00f2pies sobre Tanit. A difer\u00e8ncia de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171721\">Baal<\/a> o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171729\">Anat<\/a>, no s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s cap <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> en qu\u00e8 Tanit aparegui com a figura activa dins d&#8217;una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia narrativa. \u00c9s sobretot una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> de car\u00e0cter cultic i ritual, la import\u00e0ncia de la qual es despr\u00e8n de la pr\u00e0ctica i no pas del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>.<\/p><p>Alguns autors tardans (Agust\u00ed, Tertul\u00b7li\u00e0) fan al\u00b7lusions fragment\u00e0ries a un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de Tanit a Cartago; per\u00f2 la majoria d&#8217;aquests testimonis s\u00f3n pol\u00e8mics i poc fiables. Tertul\u00b7li\u00e0 (<em>Apologeticum<\/em> 9) descriu de manera cruent sacrificis infantils a Saturn (= Baal-Hammon) i la seva consort, una al\u00b7lusi\u00f3 a la pr\u00e0ctica del tofet, sense cap suport mitol\u00f2gic.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, aquesta pobresa m\u00edtica \u00e9s t\u00edpica de les &#8216;deesses urbanes&#8217; del final de l&#8217;edat del bronze i de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca prehist\u00f2rica posterior a l'edat del bronze, marcada pel treball del ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">edat del ferro<\/span>; s\u00f3n centrals en el culte per\u00f2 perif\u00e8riques en la mitologia. Tamb\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/arinna-deessa-sol\/\">Arinna<\/a>, dins la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hitita-anatolic-tarhunna-deus-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 hitita<\/a>, comparteix aquest perfil: suprema deessa de l&#8217;imperi sense narraci\u00f3 m\u00edtica pr\u00f2pia. La funci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica rau en la pres\u00e8ncia constant, no en l&#8217;acci\u00f3 narrativa.<\/p><p>La pobresa m\u00edtica de Tanit contrasta de manera interessant amb el ric univers simb\u00f2lic de les esteles del tofet; la seva import\u00e0ncia teol\u00f2gica no \u00e9s, doncs, principalment narrativa, sin\u00f3 simb\u00f2lica i cultica. Aquest despla\u00e7ament del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> cap al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> resulta hist\u00f2ricament notable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El principal centre de culte de Tanit era el santuari-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">tofet<\/span> de Cartago, un jaciment format per diverses capes amb milers d&#8217;enterraments en urnes de nens petits i animals joves, cadascun amb inscripcions gravades dedicades a Tanit i Baal-Hammon.<\/p><p>El significat exacte de la pr\u00e0ctica del tofet \u00e9s objecte de controv\u00e8rsia des de fa generacions: es tracta de sacrificis infantils regulars (com sostenen fonts cl\u00e0ssiques com Diodor, Polibi o Tertul\u00b7li\u00e0) o d&#8217;enterraments de nadons morts prematurament (com defensen interpretacions m\u00e9s modernes)?<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 actual tendeix a una posici\u00f3 interm\u00e8dia: al tofet s&#8217;hi enterraven tant nadons morts de manera natural com nens sacrificats, en proporcions variables segons les \u00e8poques de crisi o obligacions religioses particulars (<em>n\u0113der<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una promesa religiosa solemne feta a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">vot<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span>).<\/p><p>Lawrence Stager, Joseph Greene i Brian Schmidt han analitzat troballes \u00f2ssies en diversos estudis; el debat no est\u00e0 tancat. Cient\u00edficament, el tofet \u00e9s, en tot cas, un dels santuaris m\u00e9s impressionants de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca prehist\u00f2rica posterior a l'edat del bronze, marcada pel treball del ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">edat del ferro<\/span>.<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s de Cartago, es coneixen santuaris tofet a Mozia (Sic\u00edlia), Tharros (Sardenya), Sulcis (Sardenya), Hadrumetum (Tun\u00edsia) i diverses altres col\u00f2nies p\u00faniques. A cadascun d&#8217;aquests jaciments, Tanit era venerada com a receptora principal de les ofrenes votives. Sabatino Moscati va documentar sistem\u00e0ticament els jaciments p\u00fanics.<\/p><p>La identificaci\u00f3 dels enterraments del tofet com a simples enterraments, en lloc d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span>, \u00e9s defensada especialment per Jeffrey Schwartz i Frank Houghton; Lawrence Stager, en canvi, considera hist\u00f2ricament confirmada la interpretaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span>. Ambdues postures s&#8217;han enfrontat en la investigaci\u00f3 i encara es continuen debatent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit era la deessa protectora de la fam\u00edlia, dels infants, de les dones embarassades i de la p\u00f2lis p\u00fanica en conjunt. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la &#8216;m\u00e0 de Tanit&#8217; apareix de forma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia: dit de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span> a les entrades de les cases, en amulets i en instal\u00b7lacions ramaderes; era un dels signes protectors m\u00e9s freq\u00fcents del m\u00f3n p\u00fanic. La m\u00e0 oberta amb els dits estesos senyala rebuig i protecci\u00f3 divina.<\/p><p>De manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia: dit de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span> s&#8217;hi col\u00b7locaven estatuetes de Tanit a les cases; s&#8217;han trobat milers de &#8216;plaques de Tanit&#8217; de terracota en llocs d&#8217;habitatge cartaginesos. Servien per protegir la llar, per protegir el part i per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i pr\u00e0ctica religiosa vivencial d'una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> general. Aquesta pietat privada est\u00e0 ben documentada i contrasta amb la pr\u00e0ctica ritual estatal del tofet.<\/p><p>En les inscripcions p\u00faniques, Tanit apareix com a destinat\u00e0ria de vots <em>n\u0113der<\/em> en moments de crisi: abans de parts, abans de viatges, abans de batalles, en cas de malaltia. La freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la seva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte d'adre\u00e7ar-se a una divinitat o poder, ja sigui en forma de s\u00faplica o d'invocaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> mostra la intensa pietat privada de la poblaci\u00f3 p\u00fanica.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">L&#8217;iWell Guard documenta Tanit com una figura hist\u00f2rica i historicoreligiosa sense cap relaci\u00f3 amb promeses de curaci\u00f3 actuals; la pr\u00e0ctica del tofet nom\u00e9s es pot reconstruir avui, tamb\u00e9 en la discussi\u00f3 cient\u00edfica, de manera hist\u00f2rica, no reproduir-la.<\/p><p>Les inscripcions <em>n\u0113der<\/em> del tofet s\u00f3n una font prim\u00e0ria important per a la pr\u00e0ctica de pietat vers Tanit.<\/p><p>Segueixen una f\u00f3rmula est\u00e0ndard: &#8216;A la senyora Tanit, rostre de Baal, i al senyor Baal-Hammon, all\u00f2 que N.N. ha prom\u00e8s, perqu\u00e8 l&#8217;ha escoltat \/ l&#8217;ha escoltada \/ ho ha escoltat&#8217;. Aquesta f\u00f3rmula s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en milers de variants i forma part dels conjunts epigr\u00e0fics m\u00e9s ben documentats del m\u00f3n antic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit est\u00e0 hist\u00f2ricament emparentada amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171722\">Astarte<\/a>, amb la fen\u00edcia Baalat (&#8216;senyora&#8217;), amb la mesopot\u00e0mica I\u0161tar i amb Atargatis de la posterior tradici\u00f3 sir\u00edaca. En \u00e8poca hel\u00b7len\u00edstica i romana va ser identificada amb Hera, Juno, \u00c0rtemis Celestis i Dem\u00e8ter. La sincresi m\u00e9s important \u00e9s Juno Celestis, una gran deessa africano-romana de l&#8217;\u00e8poca imperial romana, que deriva directament de Tanit.<\/p><p>Amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171716\">Hebat<\/a> de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hitita-anatolic-tarhunna-deus-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 hitita<\/a>, Tanit compareix la funci\u00f3 de suprema deessa imperial femenina. Amb l&#8217;\u00c0rtemis Ef\u00e8sia grega comparteix el perfil astral de &#8216;senyora del cel&#8217;. Cient\u00edficament \u00e9s una de les figures m\u00e9s importants de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca prehist\u00f2rica posterior a l'edat del bronze, caracteritzada pel treball del ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">edat del ferro<\/span> del Mediterrani occidental.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;\u00e8poca imperial romana, Tanit-Juno Celestis va romandre present fins al segle IV dC; el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> a Cartago va ser un centre religi\u00f3s important tamb\u00e9 despr\u00e9s de la caiguda de l&#8217;estat p\u00fanic. Nom\u00e9s l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'antiguitat i l'edat mitjana, aproximadament del segle III al VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat tardana<\/span> cristiana va posar-hi fi; Agust\u00ed polemitza extensament contra els cultes de Celestis a <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 2.4 com a punt culminant de la &#8216;immoralitat pagana&#8217;.<\/p><p>En la tradici\u00f3 num\u00eddica i mauritana, Tanit esdev\u00e9 mediadora entre la religi\u00f3 p\u00fanica i la l\u00edbia; apareix en estels berbers amb ep\u00edtets locals propis. Aquesta &#8216;berberitzaci\u00f3&#8217; de Tanit en el per\u00edode hel\u00b7len\u00edstic i rom\u00e0 \u00e9s important des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i \u00e9s tractada extensament als estudis de Marcel Le Glay <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre Tanit es troba avui en un nivell alt. Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar, Lawrence Stager i Joseph Greene s\u00f3n entre les autoritats m\u00e9s importants. Les excavacions en curs a Cartago, a Motya i en jaciments tunisians aporten regularment materials nous; els treballs de Roald Docter sobre la topografia de Cartago han estat importants els darrers anys.<\/p><p>En la recepci\u00f3 popular, Tanit \u00e9s coneguda sobretot per la controv\u00e8rsia del tofet; la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 dels sacrificis infantils ha marcat fortament la seva percepci\u00f3 popular. A la Tun\u00edsia moderna, Tanit ha viscut un modest renaixement com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> cultural; el &#8216;signe de Tanit&#8217; apareix ocasionalment en la simbologia tunisiana i en l&#8217;art nord-afric\u00e0.<\/p><p>Cient\u00edficament, Tanit es considera avui un objecte d&#8217;estudi central per a la religi\u00f3 p\u00fanica, per a la pr\u00e0ctica del tofet i per a la hist\u00f2ria religiosa del Mediterrani occidental. Els focus de recerca actuals se centren en l&#8217;an\u00e0lisi arqueol\u00f2gica dels ossos del tofet, en la hist\u00f2ria iconogr\u00e0fica del signe de Tanit i en la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 del component berber.<\/p><p>L&#8217;iWell Guard documenta Tanit com a membre d&#8217;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> hist\u00f2ric i no com a destinat\u00e0ria actual de protecci\u00f3. No s&#8217;observa cap ressorgiment espiritual en sentit neopag\u00e0.<\/p><p>Estudis d&#8217;ADN recents sobre ossos del tofet, dirigits per Patricia Smith i Gal Avishai, indiquen que els individus enterrats al tofet eren majorit\u00e0riament nadons i infants menors d&#8217;un any, la qual cosa \u00e9s compatible tant amb la mortalitat infantil com amb la pr\u00e0ctica ritual de sacrifici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent reuneix les obres de refer\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s importants per a la recerca sobre Tanit. Inclou informes arqueol\u00f2gics sobre el tofet, s\u00edntesis hist\u00f2riques i edicions d&#8217;inscripcions. Moscati, Aubet i B\u00e9nichou-Safar formen el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de textos reconeguts com a autoritzat en una tradici\u00f3 religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> cl\u00e0ssic; Stager i Greene, els estudis bioarqueol\u00f2gics m\u00e9s recents. L&#8217;obra de Brian Doak sobre l&#8217;aniconisme fenici ofereix la perspectiva iconol\u00f2gica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c64876a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c64876a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2812fdfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2812fdfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El tofet de Cartago i la controv\u00e8rsia sobre els sacrificis infantils<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24230163 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24230163\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp237be4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp237be4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cap tema de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa fenicio-p\u00fanica \u00e9s tan controvertit com el tofet de Cartago, un recinte al sud de la ciutat on, durant segles, es van dipositar urnes amb ossos cremats de nens petits i d&#8217;animals joves.<\/p><p>Sobre les urnes solia haver-hi esteles amb inscripcions votives, moltes dedicades a Tanit i a Baal Hammon. El lloc va ser excavat a partir de 1921 i rebut el nom de tofet, pres d&#8217;una denominaci\u00f3 b\u00edblica.<\/p><p>Autors de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> com Diodor de Sic\u00edlia i Plutarc parlen de sacrificis infantils cartaginesos a Cronos, referint-se en realitat a Baal Hammon. Durant molt temps aix\u00f2 es va considerar una prova d&#8217;una pr\u00e0ctica p\u00fanica cruel.<\/p><p>Des dels anys 1980, per\u00f2, investigadors com Sabatino Moscati i, m\u00e9s tard, un grup encap\u00e7alat per Jeffrey Schwartz han q\u00fcestionat aquesta interpretaci\u00f3. Van assenyalar l&#8217;elevada mortalitat infantil de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> i van proposar veure el tofet com un cementiri per a infants morts de causes naturals.<\/p><p>La posici\u00f3 contr\u00e0ria, defensada entre altres per Paolo Xella i per un estudi publicat a la revista <em>Antiquity<\/em> l&#8217;any 2014, mant\u00e9 la interpretaci\u00f3 sacrificial. Es basa en les inscripcions votives, que parlen expl\u00edcitament d&#8217;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una promesa religiosa solemne feta a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">vot<\/span>, en l&#8217;abs\u00e8ncia d&#8217;enterraments normals d&#8217;adults i en l&#8217;edat dels ossos, que mostra una concentraci\u00f3 significativa.<\/p><p>Una posici\u00f3 interm\u00e8dia considera que el tofet acollia tant sacrificis votius com enterraments d&#8217;infants morts prematurament. La controv\u00e8rsia no est\u00e0 resolta. Per a Tanit, aix\u00f2 significa que el seu principal lloc de culte \u00e9s alhora la troballa m\u00e9s fosca i la m\u00e9s debatuda de tota la seva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22ea3590 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22ea3590\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27d5519a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27d5519a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El signe de Tanit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp287e5baf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp287e5baf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263e6cbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp263e6cbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En nombroses esteles p\u00faniques, especialment les procedents del tofet de Cartago, apareix un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> senzill que la investigaci\u00f3 anomena signe de Tanit.<\/p><p>Consisteix en un triangle sobre el qual descansa una barra horitzontal, i sobre la barra un cercle o disc. Sovint els extrems de la barra estan corbats cap amunt, de manera que el conjunt recorda una figura humana estilitzada amb els bra\u00e7os oberts.<\/p><p>Sobre l&#8217;origen i el significat exacte del signe no hi ha consens. Alguns hi veuen una representaci\u00f3 esquem\u00e0tica de la deessa mateixa, altres un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> derivat del signe egipci de la vida, l&#8217;ankh, i encara altres hi veuen una combinaci\u00f3 d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lloc elevat o taula per a sacrificis i actes religiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span>, oferent i disc solar.<\/p><p>La denominaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s antiga, signe de Tanit, resulta problem\u00e0tica en la mesura que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> apareix tamb\u00e9 en esteles dedicades \u00fanicament a Baal Hammon, per la qual cosa no est\u00e0 vinculat exclusivament a la deessa.<\/p><p>El signe es troba dif\u00f3s sobretot a la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental, a Cartago, a Sardenya, a Sic\u00edlia i al nord d&#8217;\u00c0frica, principalment a partir del segle V abans de la nostra era. A la metr\u00f2poli fen\u00edcia \u00e9s molt m\u00e9s rar. Aix\u00f2 suggereix que es tracta d&#8217;un desenvolupament espec\u00edficament p\u00fanic, \u00e9s a dir, occidental fenici.<\/p><p>Sovint apareix juntament amb altres signes, com la mitja lluna oberta cap amunt, el disc o la m\u00e0 al\u00e7ada. La investigaci\u00f3 interpreta aquestes combinacions de s\u00edmbols com un llenguatge visual religi\u00f3s, encara que la seva gram\u00e0tica exacta no s&#8217;ha desxifrat completament fins avui. El signe de Tanit continua sent, doncs, un dels s\u00edmbols m\u00e9s coneguts i alhora m\u00e9s enigm\u00e0tics del m\u00f3n p\u00fanic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26bfe79d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26bfe79d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25c24eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp25c24eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit pene Baal i la relaci\u00f3 amb Baal Hammon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2972f679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2972f679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bde9374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2bde9374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En les inscripcions votives p\u00faniques, Tanit apareix gaireb\u00e9 sempre en associaci\u00f3 fixa amb Baal Hammon, generalment en l&#8217;ordre en qu\u00e8 primer s&#8217;anomena la deessa i despr\u00e9s el d\u00e9u.<\/p><p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ep\u00edtet fix que caracteritza una divinitat o figura.\" tabindex=\"0\">ep\u00edtet<\/span> freq\u00fcent \u00e9s <em>tnt pn b\u02bfl<\/em>, llegit Tanit pene Baal, que es tradueix com Tanit, rostre de Baal. El significat exacte d&#8217;aquesta expressi\u00f3 \u00e9s controvertit.<\/p><p>Una interpretaci\u00f3 ent\u00e9n l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ep\u00edtet fix que caracteritza una divinitat o figura.\" tabindex=\"0\">ep\u00edtet<\/span> en sentit espacial o cultual: Tanit seria aquella que es troba davant el rostre de Baal, \u00e9s a dir, com a mediadora o com la vessant orientada cap al d\u00e9u.<\/p><p>Una altra lectura hi veu una afirmaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica, segons la qual Tanit seria la forma visible i accessible del lluny\u00e0 Baal Hammon. Encara d&#8217;altres estableixen una comparaci\u00f3 amb la idea b\u00edblica del rostre de D\u00e9u.<\/p><p>\u00c9s notable que en les inscripcions la deessa sovint precedeix el d\u00e9u mascul\u00ed, cosa inusual a l&#8217;Orient Antic, i que atorga a Tanit una posici\u00f3 destacada en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> p\u00fanic. A la metr\u00f2poli fen\u00edcia, en canvi, Tanit gaireb\u00e9 no est\u00e0 documentada; un testimoni primerenc prov\u00e9 de Sarepta, per\u00f2 per la resta \u00e9s sobretot una deessa del m\u00f3n occidental.<\/p><p>Alguns investigadors, entre ells Edward Lipi\u0144ski, relacionen Tanit amb la deessa celeste <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171722\">Astarte<\/a> o hi veuen una manifestaci\u00f3 occidental de la mateixa figura. Les fonts disponibles no permeten arribar aqu\u00ed a un judici definitiu. El que s\u00ed \u00e9s cert \u00e9s que la parella formada per Tanit i Baal Hammon ocupava el centre de la religi\u00f3 estatal cartaginesa i era invocada conjuntament en milers d&#8217;inscripcions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215f657c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp215f657c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2952118e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2952118e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit despr\u00e9s de la caiguda de Cartago<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25c8d7c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp25c8d7c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac38a6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ac38a6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La destrucci\u00f3 de Cartago per Roma l&#8217;any 146 abans de la nostra era va posar fi a l&#8217;estatalitat p\u00fanica, per\u00f2 no al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Tanit. A la prov\u00edncia romana d&#8217;\u00c0frica, la deessa va continuar existint sota un nom nou.<\/p><p>Va ser identificada amb la deessa celeste romana i venerada com <em>Juno Caelestis<\/em>, o simplement Caelestis. Septimi Sever, ell mateix originari del nord d&#8217;\u00c0frica, i la seva dinastia van fomentar aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>, que als segles II i III de la nostra era va trobar seguidors a tota la prov\u00edncia i m\u00e9s enll\u00e0.<\/p><p>Aquesta continu\u00eftat no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s una equival\u00e8ncia de nom. A la mateixa Cartago, sobre el territori de l&#8217;antic culte p\u00fanic, es va aixecar un gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> dedicat a Caelestis. Les inscripcions i les ofrenes votives demostren que la veneraci\u00f3 va perdurar sense interrupci\u00f3 durant segles, tot i que la llengua religiosa va passar del p\u00fanic al llat\u00ed.<\/p><p>Nom\u00e9s el cristianisme va acabar despla\u00e7ant definitivament el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>. Pares de l&#8217;Esgl\u00e9sia del nord d&#8217;\u00c0frica, sobretot Agust\u00ed d&#8217;Hipona, van polemitzar contra Caelestis com a deessa celeste pagana. A principis del segle V el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> a Cartago va ser tancat.<\/p><p>La import\u00e0ncia d&#8217;aquesta llarga perviv\u00e8ncia des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions rau en el fet que mostra fins a quin punt pot persistir una divinitat principal, fins i tot quan l&#8217;entitat pol\u00edtica que havia sustentat el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> ja fa temps que ha desaparegut.<\/p><p>Tanit no va desapar\u00e8ixer amb Cartago, sin\u00f3 que va transformar la seva figura i va perdurar mig mil\u00b7lenni m\u00e9s sota un nom rom\u00e0, abans de desapar\u00e8ixer finalment de la vida religiosa del nord d&#8217;\u00c0frica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (Rom 2004)<\/li><li>Lawrence Stager \/ Joseph Greene: a <em>Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands<\/em> (Atlanta 2000)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism in its Mediterranean and Ancient Near Eastern Contexts<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tanit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tanit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tanit-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tanit-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit \u00e9s la gran deessa p\u00fanico-<em>cartaginesa<\/em> i companya de Baal Hammon, el s\u00edmbol de la qual, format per un triangle, un travesser i un disc solar, apareix documentat en nombroses esteles del tofet de Cartago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Tanit Cartago fenicis tofet Baal-Hammon Juno Caelestis pene Baal.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tanit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" 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No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2853,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tanit Cartago fenicis","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tanit \u2013 Deessa suprema de Cartago, mite, culte","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tanit \u00e9s la deessa m\u00e9s important del Cartago p\u00fanic, deessa suprema de l'estat junt amb Baal-Hammon. 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