{"id":171722,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171722"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:05:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:05:33","slug":"astarte-deessa-fenicia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/astarte-deessa-fenicia\/","title":{"rendered":"Astart\u00e9 \u2013 Deessa fen\u00edcia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171722\" class=\"elementor elementor-171722 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astart\u00e9, deessa fen\u00edcia de l'amor, la guerra i la reialesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astart\u00e9 (en fenici <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) \u00e9s la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> femenina m\u00e9s important del pante\u00f3 fenici i apareix en les ciutats estat de Sid\u00f3, Tir, Biblos, Kition i a tot el Mediterrani fenici. \u00c9s deessa de l&#8217;amor, la guerra, la reialesa i la fertilitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deessa de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">Deessa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia.\">Fen\u00edcia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitat suprema.\">Divinitat suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2847\" alt=\"Astart\u00e9 \u2013 Deessa fen\u00edcia\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 i perfil breu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astart\u00e9 (en acadi I\u0161tar, en ugar\u00edtic \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) \u00e9s la forma fen\u00edcia d&#8217;una de les divinitats femenines m\u00e9s antigues de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim. Sabatino Moscati va mostrar a <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) que Astart\u00e9 ocupa una posici\u00f3 central en gaireb\u00e9 cada ciutat estat fen\u00edcia, sovint com a esposa del d\u00e9u principal local.<\/p><p>A Sid\u00f3 \u00e9s esposa d&#8217;Eixmun; a Tir apareix al costat de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171723\">Melqart<\/a>; a Biblos al costat de Baalat. Dins de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\">tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia<\/a> \u00e9s, sens dubte, la deessa m\u00e9s important.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet va presentar a <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) la monografia m\u00e9s completa sobre aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>. Hi mostra que Astart\u00e9 tenia un perfil funcional molt ampli: deessa de l&#8217;amor i la sexualitat, deessa de la guerra, protectora de la reialesa, patrona dels navegants, deessa de la curaci\u00f3 i, en alguns contextos, una funci\u00f3 ct\u00f2nica i infernal. Aquesta multifuncionalitat \u00e9s t\u00edpica de les deesses de la fam\u00edlia \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar a l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, Astart\u00e9 pertany al tipus de deessa sem\u00edtica occidental que es va desenvolupar a partir de la tradici\u00f3 A\u1e6ftart siriaca antiga i amorrita. Al primer mil\u00b7lenni aC va ser identificada amb l&#8217;Afrodita grega; la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;Afrodita xipriota deriva directament de l&#8217;Astart\u00e9 fen\u00edcia, com ja va observar Herodot.<\/p><p>Una especificaci\u00f3 local important \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00abAstart\u00e9 del L\u00edban\u00bb, esmentada en diverses inscripcions; probablement era id\u00e8ntica a l&#8217;Astart\u00e9 de Beirut. Tamb\u00e9 es documenta una \u00abAstart\u00e9 del mar\u00bb a Tir. Aquesta diversitat d&#8217;hip\u00f2stasis \u00e9s t\u00edpica de la religi\u00f3 fen\u00edcia i converteix Astart\u00e9 en la deessa m\u00e9s diferenciada del pante\u00f3.<\/p><p>La posici\u00f3 d&#8217;Astart\u00e9 al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> fenici \u00e9s comparable a la de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/arinna-deessa-sol\/\">deessa solar d&#8217;Arinna<\/a> hitita o a la d&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171716\">Hebat<\/a> com a suprema deessa imperial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom \u02bf\u0161trt (Astart\u00e9) \u00e9s sem\u00edtic occidental i pertany a l&#8217;arrel <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, que tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s la base d&#8217;\u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) i I\u0161tar (Mesopot\u00e0mia). L&#8217;etimologia no est\u00e0 definitivament aclarida; una interpretaci\u00f3 plausible relaciona l&#8217;arrel amb el terme \u00abestrella\u00bb i veu Astart\u00e9 com \u00abla deessa estel\u00b7lar\u00bb, probablement en refer\u00e8ncia a l&#8217;estel del mat\u00ed (Venus).<\/p><p>En les inscripcions fen\u00edcies apareix com a <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, i igualment en els textos p\u00fanics. Una forma hel\u00b7len\u00edstica important \u00e9s <em>A\u0161tart<\/em>, amb el canvi voc\u00e0lic aramaic.<\/p><p>En acadi s&#8217;identifica amb I\u0161tar; en el m\u00f3n hel\u00b7len\u00edstic amb Afrodita o Hera (segons l&#8217;\u00e8mfasi funcional); a Egipte apareix des del Regne Nou com una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> importada independent amb el nom d&#8217;Astart\u00e9. Tamb\u00e9 all\u00e0 conserva el seu car\u00e0cter sem\u00edtic occidental.<\/p><p>L&#8217;Afrodita Urania grega correspon directament a l&#8217;Astart\u00e9 fen\u00edcia; Herodot fa derivar la seva veneraci\u00f3 de Fen\u00edcia, passant per Xipre, cap a Gr\u00e8cia. Aquesta l\u00ednia d&#8217;her\u00e8ncia converteix Astart\u00e9 en una de les deesses m\u00e9s influents de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa del m\u00f3n mediterrani.<\/p><p>En alguns textos tamb\u00e9 se l&#8217;anomena \u00abSenyora del Cel\u00bb o \u00abReina del Cel\u00bb, un t\u00edtol que apareix tamb\u00e9 en el llibre b\u00edblic de Jeremies (Jer 7,18; 44,17, 19) i que hi \u00e9s comentat cr\u00edticament. Aquesta tradici\u00f3 de la \u00abReina del Cel\u00bb ha estat estudiada per Saby Caves en el marc de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions i constitueix un vincle important entre la hist\u00f2ria religiosa cananea i la b\u00edblica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astart\u00e9 apareix en la iconografia fen\u00edcia en diversos tipus d&#8217;imatges: com a deessa nua dreta (la pose de la \u00abplaca d&#8217;Astart\u00e9\u00bb), com a reina entronitzada amb corona polos, com a deessa de la guerra amb llan\u00e7a i escut, com a genet sobre un lle\u00f3 o com a reina celestial envoltada d&#8217;estrelles. Aquesta diversitat iconogr\u00e0fica reflecteix la seva multifuncionalitat.<\/p><p>El seu animal sagrat \u00e9s el lle\u00f3 o la lleona; a Sid\u00f3 i Cartago apareix sovint entronitzada o cavalcant un lle\u00f3. Tamb\u00e9 se li associa el colom, especialment en contextos xipriotes i mediterranis; els coloms d&#8217;Afrodita s\u00f3n una her\u00e8ncia directa de l&#8217;Astart\u00e9 fen\u00edcia. Una altra associaci\u00f3 animal \u00e9s la serp, que representa la seva vessant ct\u00f2nica.<\/p><p>A les col\u00f2nies del Mediterrani occidental, sobretot a Tartessos (Espanya), Astart\u00e9 va ser venerada de manera especialment intensa; la famosa figura de bronze \u00abAstart\u00e9 del Carambolo\u00bb, del segle VII aC, la mostra com a deessa entronitzada amb una inscripci\u00f3 votiva fen\u00edcia. Tamb\u00e9 a Sevilla, Cadis i altres jaciments s&#8217;han trobat figuretes d&#8217;Astart\u00e9 que documenten la intensa pres\u00e8ncia del seu culte.<\/p><p>A Kition (Xipre) es va excavar un enorme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Astart\u00e9, un dels santuaris m\u00e9s grans del Mediterrani de l&#8217;edat del ferro. Les excavacions dirigides per Vassos Karageorghis i, m\u00e9s recentment, per Maria Iacovou han ampliat considerablement la comprensi\u00f3 del culte fenici a Xipre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En els textos ugar\u00edtics (KTU 1.92 i altres), Astarte apareix com a deessa de la cacera i companya de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171721\">Baal<\/a>; en el cicle de Baal, per\u00f2, t\u00e9 un paper menor que la seva germana <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171729\">Anat<\/a>. En fragments mitol\u00f2gics fenicis, sobretot en Fil\u00f3 de Biblos (citat per Eusebi), apareix com una reina que viatja amb el toro fins a Tir i hi ocupa el tron reial.<\/p><p>Fil\u00f3 relata que Astarte va &#8216;trobar un cap de toro&#8217; i se&#8217;l va posar sobre el seu propi cap, confirmant aix\u00ed la seva divinitat. Aquest relat recorda la tradici\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia d&#8217;Hathor i la hist\u00f2ria mesopot\u00e0mica d&#8217;Inanna i Anu. Albert Baumgarten va editar cr\u00edticament aquest material a <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>En textos hel\u00b7len\u00edstics, Astarte es vincula amb el relat d&#8217;Europa: Europa, filla del rei Agenor de Tir, va ser segrestada per Zeus, transformat en toro, i portada a Creta. Aquesta connexi\u00f3 \u00e9s hist\u00f2ricament notable: Astarte \u00e9s tant mare d&#8217;Europa com el seu rerefons div\u00ed. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> d&#8217;Europa \u00e9s, doncs, una s\u00edntesi hel\u00b7lenofen\u00edcia.<\/p><p>De l&#8217;\u00e8poca cartaginesa es conserva una relaci\u00f3 entre Astarte i la figura heroica de Dido; la reina Dido, fundadora de Cartago, \u00e9s interpretada en algunes fonts romanes com una &#8216;encarnaci\u00f3 sacerdotal&#8217; d&#8217;Astarte. Aquesta identificaci\u00f3 \u00e9s molt reveladora des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els centres de culte m\u00e9s importants d&#8217;Astarte eren Sid\u00f3 (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Astarte, constru\u00eft per Eshmunazar II), Tir, Biblos (amb la Baalat), Kition (Xipre, on un enorme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Astarte dominava l&#8217;illa), Cartago i les col\u00f2nies mediterr\u00e0nies. Maria Eugenia Aubet ha documentat aquesta expansi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia a <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> inclo\u00efa sacrificis cremats, libacions i el que s&#8217;anomena la &#8216;festa sagrada de la dansa&#8217;, esmentada en algunes fonts fen\u00edcies.<\/p><p>Un paper especial el tenien els <em>qedeshim<\/em> i les <em>qedeshot<\/em>, homes i dones consagrats la funci\u00f3 exacta dels quals encara es debat en la recerca; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet i Stephanie Budin han argumentat contra la interpretaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s antiga com a &#8216;prostituci\u00f3 de temple&#8217;, sense que la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 estigui resolta definitivament.<\/p><p>En \u00e8poca hel\u00b7len\u00edstica, Astarte es va identificar amb Afrodita; el fam\u00f3s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> d&#8217;Afrodita a Pafos, a Xipre, \u00e9s hist\u00f2ricament la continuaci\u00f3 directa del culte fenici a Astarte. Tamb\u00e9 a Corint, a Erice (Sic\u00edlia) i en nombrosos altres llocs mediterranis es va perpetuar la tradici\u00f3 fen\u00edcia d&#8217;Astarte sota denominaci\u00f3 grega.<\/p><p>A Cartago, Astarte va ser progressivament despla\u00e7ada per <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171724\">Tanit<\/a>, sense arribar a desapar\u00e8ixer del tot; a les inscripcions del tofet, ambdues deesses apareixen de vegades juntes. Aquesta compet\u00e8ncia entre dues grans deesses femenines \u00e9s un dels trets m\u00e9s caracter\u00edstics de la religi\u00f3 p\u00fanica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte era la deessa protectora de les fam\u00edlies reials, de les dones embarassades, dels navegants i dels homes guerrers. A Sid\u00f3 apareix en segells reials com a protectora de la casa reial; la famosa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit sobre un suport dur.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> del rei Eshmunazar II (segle V a.C.) l&#8217;anomena, junt amb Eshmun, com la deessa protectora suprema.<\/p><p>De manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia: dit de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span>, es col\u00b7locaven figuretes d&#8217;Astarte a les cases; les anomenades &#8216;plaquetes d&#8217;Astarte&#8217;, petits relleus de terracota d&#8217;una dona nua, es coneixen en milers d&#8217;exemplars procedents de jaciments fenicis. Probablement servien per a la protecci\u00f3, la invocaci\u00f3 de la fertilitat i la protecci\u00f3 de la llar. La funci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquestes plaquetes \u00e9s objecte de debat controvertit en la recerca; en tot cas, la seva freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia \u00e9s indici de la intensa veneraci\u00f3 dom\u00e8stica d&#8217;Astarte.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">En els rituals fenicis de viatge, Astarte era invocada com a protectora de la navegaci\u00f3; capitans i mercaders li oferien ofrenes abans i despr\u00e9s dels viatges mar\u00edtims. Aquesta &#8216;pietat de viatge&#8217; \u00e9s interessant des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, perqu\u00e8 emmarca religiosament la mobilitat internacional del m\u00f3n fenici. iWell Guard registra Astarte com una figura hist\u00f2rica sense cap refer\u00e8ncia actual a promeses de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Els segells d&#8217;escarabeu fenicis dels segles VII i VI a.C. mostren sovint motius d&#8217;Astarte: la deessa nua dreta, Astarte sobre un lle\u00f3, Astarte amb una flor de lotus. Aquests segells de format petit es duien com a amulets de protecci\u00f3 personal i estaven molt estesos en el m\u00f3n fenici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astart\u00e9 pertany a la gran fam\u00edlia de deesses sem\u00edtica occidental i mesopot\u00e0mica \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar. Est\u00e0 estretament emparentada amb la ugar\u00edtica \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu, la mesopot\u00e0mica I\u0161tar, l&#8217;aramea mitjana Atargatis (amb un desenvolupament propi), la hurrita \u0160au\u0161ga i la hitita I\u0161tar de \u0160amu\u1e2ba. En accadi, la multifuncionalitat d&#8217;I\u0161tar d&#8217;Uruk est\u00e0 especialment ben documentada.<\/p><p>Astart\u00e9 \u00e9s, des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, id\u00e8ntica a la grega Afrodita; l&#8217;Afrodita xipriota \u00e9s successora directa de l&#8217;Astart\u00e9 fen\u00edcia. Tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;Hera grega, Atena i, en alguns aspectes, \u00c0rtemis porten her\u00e8ncia d&#8217;Astart\u00e9. A Cartago, es fon progressivament amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171724\">Tanit<\/a>, que desenvolupa la seva funci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>En el material hebreu, Astart\u00e9 apareix com Ashtoreth, amb una c\u00e0rrega pol\u00e8mica negativa (1 Reis 11,5; 2 Reis 23,13). Aquesta pol\u00e8mica es dirigeix contra la religi\u00f3 cananea en la seva forma fen\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Cient\u00edficament, Astart\u00e9 \u00e9s per a l&#8217;antic Israel un d\u00e9u competidor de la mateixa tradici\u00f3 cananea; l&#8217;antiastartisme b\u00edblic \u00e9s la reacci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica a una ve\u00efnan\u00e7a religiosa real. Es troben paral\u00b7lels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/hitita-anatolic-tarhunna-deus-proteccio\/\">hitites<\/a> en la \u0160au\u0161ga de \u0160amu\u1e2ba.<\/p><p>La identificaci\u00f3 Astart\u00e9 = Afrodita no \u00e9s hist\u00f2ricament arbitr\u00e0ria; Paus\u00e0nies i altres autors <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament entre el 800 a. C. i el 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antics<\/span> testimonien la derivaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;Afrodita grega a partir de models fenicis. Els estudis de Walter Burkert a <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> i de Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge s\u00f3n refer\u00e8ncia est\u00e0ndard en aquesta q\u00fcesti\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre Astart\u00e9 es troba avui en un nivell molt alt. La monografia de Corinne Bonnet <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) \u00e9s refer\u00e8ncia est\u00e0ndard; <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) de Stephanie Budin tracta cr\u00edticament la connexi\u00f3 amb Afrodita. Sabatino Moscati i Maria Eugenia Aubet s\u00f3n autoritats en la difusi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia. L&#8217;edici\u00f3 de les inscripcions fen\u00edcies a c\u00e0rrec de Charles Krahmalkov i Wolfgang R\u00f6llig proporciona els textos primaris.<\/p><p>En la recepci\u00f3 popular, Astart\u00e9 es coneix sobretot per la seva identificaci\u00f3 amb Afrodita i per la pol\u00e8mica b\u00edblica. Un renaixement espiritual en sentit neopag\u00e0, sobretot en cercles feministes i neopagans des dels anys 1980, ha rebut Astart\u00e9 com a &#8216;deessa mare&#8217;; aquesta recepci\u00f3 moderna \u00e9s problem\u00e0tica des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, perqu\u00e8 simplifica el perfil hist\u00f2ric.<\/p><p>Cient\u00edficament, Astart\u00e9 \u00e9s considerada avui un dels objectes d&#8217;estudi m\u00e9s importants de la religi\u00f3 sem\u00edtica occidental. Els focus de recerca actuals se centren en la diferenciaci\u00f3 de les hip\u00f2stasis locals d&#8217;Astart\u00e9 (Astart\u00e9 de Sid\u00f3, Tir, Biblos, Kition), en la connexi\u00f3 amb la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Afrodita i en la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de les <em>qedeshot<\/em> en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> d&#8217;Astart\u00e9. L&#8217;iWell Guard registra Astart\u00e9 com a membre central del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> i no com a destinat\u00e0ria de protecci\u00f3 actual.<\/p><p>Troballes arqueol\u00f2giques recents de jaciments fenicis a Espanya (Sevilla, Cadis) i al Marroc (Lixus) amplien considerablement la imatge de la seva veneraci\u00f3 occidental. Les investigacions de Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Deamos i Manuela Mar\u00edn han publicat en els darrers anys noves proves importants.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent reuneix les obres de refer\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s importants sobre la recerca d&#8217;Astart\u00e9. Inclou monografies, edicions d&#8217;inscripcions i s\u00edntesis hist\u00f2riques. <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> de Corinne Bonnet \u00e9s la primera porta d&#8217;entrada; l&#8217;estudi de Budin sobre Afrodita tracta la l\u00ednia grega; el d&#8217;Aubet, l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia. La gram\u00e0tica del fenici-p\u00fanic de Krahmalkov proporciona el material ling\u00fc\u00edstic i hist\u00f2ric; la s\u00edntesi cl\u00e0ssica de Moscati, el marc de la hist\u00f2ria cultural.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astart\u00e9 en el sarc\u00f2fag d'Eshmunazar i les inscripcions reials de Sid\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una de les fonts epigr\u00e0fiques m\u00e9s importants sobre Astart\u00e9 \u00e9s la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> del sarc\u00f2fag del rei Eshmunazar II de Sid\u00f3, datada a inicis del segle V abans de la nostra era. El sarc\u00f2fag mateix \u00e9s d&#8217;origen egipci i va ser trobat el 1855; avui es troba al Louvre. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> fen\u00edcia \u00e9s un dels textos m\u00e9s llargs conservats d&#8217;aquesta llengua.<\/p><p>En ella, la casa reial explica que va construir un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> per a Astart\u00e9. S&#8217;esmenta el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> de l&#8217;<em>Astart\u00e9 Xem Baal<\/em>, l&#8217;Astart\u00e9, nom de Baal, una expressi\u00f3 que s&#8217;assembla a la Tanit pene Baal de les inscripcions p\u00faniques i que expressa una connexi\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica entre la deessa i el d\u00e9u.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> esmenta tamb\u00e9 el d\u00e9u Eshmun, i posa aix\u00ed de manifest el programa religi\u00f3s de la dinastia reial de Sid\u00f3.<\/p><p>Una segona font central \u00e9s la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> del rei Bodashtart, tamb\u00e9 de Sid\u00f3, que igualment parla d&#8217;activitat constructiva per a Astart\u00e9 i Eshmun. D&#8217;aquests textos es despr\u00e8n que Astart\u00e9 era la deessa principal de Sid\u00f3 i que el culte de la ciutat estava estretament vinculat amb la legitimaci\u00f3 de la casa reial.<\/p><p>Les inscripcions reials fen\u00edcies s\u00f3n tan valuoses perqu\u00e8, a difer\u00e8ncia dels textos mitol\u00f2gics d&#8217;Ugarit, procedeixen directament del cor del territori fenici i de l&#8217;activitat de culte real.<\/p><p>Mostren Astart\u00e9 no com a figura narrativa, sin\u00f3 com a receptora de temples, fundacions i veneraci\u00f3 reial. Les edicions d&#8217;aquests textos es troben en les col\u00b7leccions est\u00e0ndard d&#8217;inscripcions fen\u00edcies, per exemple les d&#8217;Herbert Donner i Wolfgang R\u00f6llig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astart\u00e9, Afrodita i la traducci\u00f3 grega de la deessa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els grecs, que van estar en contacte amb els fenicis per tot el Mediterrani, van identificar Astart\u00e9 amb la seva pr\u00f2pia deessa de l&#8217;amor i la bellesa, Afrodita. Aquesta identificaci\u00f3 \u00e9s m\u00e9s que una simple traducci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Her\u00f2dot parla d&#8217;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> de l&#8217;Afrodita celestial a Ascalon i el qualifica com el m\u00e9s antic de tots els santuaris d&#8217;aquesta deessa, del qual tamb\u00e9 derivaria el de Xipre. Amb aix\u00f2 situa expressament l&#8217;origen d&#8217;Afrodita en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit sirio-fenici.<\/p><p>Xipre t\u00e9 un paper clau en aquesta hist\u00f2ria. L&#8217;illa va ser colonitzada aviat pels fenicis, especialment la ciutat de Kition, i el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a la deessa xipriota que els grecs veneraven com Afrodita porta rastres clars d&#8217;Astart\u00e9.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> de Pafos, a Xipre, venerava la seva imatge divina en forma d&#8217;una pedra c\u00f2nica, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una pr\u00e0ctica transmesa i repetida regularment en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> que correspon m\u00e9s a la concepci\u00f3 cultual del pr\u00f2xim orient que a la grega.<\/p><p>La recerca discuteix fins a quin punt Afrodita \u00e9s realment una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> origin\u00e0riament grega o si va sorgir essencialment de l&#8217;adopci\u00f3 de l&#8217;Astart\u00e9 fen\u00edcia. Walter Burkert, en els seus treballs sobre la influ\u00e8ncia oriental en la religi\u00f3 grega, ha subratllat amb for\u00e7a aquesta connexi\u00f3. Altres investigadors hi veuen una barreja d&#8217;una deessa indoeuropea de l&#8217;alba amb elements del pr\u00f2xim orient.<\/p><p>Una cosa \u00e9s certa: durant segles, Astart\u00e9 i Afrodita van ser tractades com dos noms d&#8217;una deessa considerada emparentada. Per a Astart\u00e9 aix\u00f2 significa que la seva hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia va molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les ciutats fen\u00edcies i continua en la religi\u00f3 grega i, m\u00e9s tard, romana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astart\u00e9 i Aixtoret a la B\u00edblia hebrea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astart\u00e9 apareix a la B\u00edblia hebrea sota la forma <em>Aixtoret<\/em>, en plural <em>Aixtarot<\/em>. La recerca considera que la vocalitzaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquest nom \u00e9s una deformaci\u00f3 deliberada: sembla que els erudits massoretes van substituir les vocals originals per les de la paraula hebrea que significa vergonya, un procediment que tamb\u00e9 es sospita en el cas d&#8217;altres divinitats estrangeres.<\/p><p>Els textos b\u00edblics anomenen Aixtoret en diversos passatges. Al primer llibre dels Reis se la designa com la deessa dels sidonis, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> de la qual el rei Salom\u00f3 hauria perm\u00e8s.<\/p><p>Sovint apareix en plural al costat dels Baalim, les figures de Baal, com a compendi dels cultes estrangers contra els quals polemitzen els autors b\u00edblics. El llibre dels Jutges i els llibres de Samuel utilitzen l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 que el poble havia servit els baals i les astartes.<\/p><p>Aquests testimonis s\u00f3n importants per a la hist\u00f2ria de les religions per dues raons. Primer, confirmen des de fora que Astart\u00e9 era efectivament la deessa principal de Sid\u00f3, cosa que les inscripcions reials fen\u00edcies tamb\u00e9 atesten des de la seva pr\u00f2pia perspectiva. Segon, mostren que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Astart\u00e9 tamb\u00e9 estava est\u00e8s entre la poblaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit israelita i judeu, ja que altrament la pol\u00e8mica prof\u00e8tica no hauria tingut cap objectiu.<\/p><p>La B\u00edblia \u00e9s aqu\u00ed una font hostil, per\u00f2 precisament per aix\u00f2 reveladora. No transmet la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> dels adoradors d&#8217;Astart\u00e9, per\u00f2 s\u00ed la prova indirecta que el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> era prou viu com per ser percebut durant segles com una compet\u00e8ncia religiosa.<\/p><p>La q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de com es relaciona Aixtoret amb Aixer\u00e0, tamb\u00e9 esmentada a la B\u00edblia, continua sent objecte de debat en la recerca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Roma 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> fenici, Astart\u00e9 uneix amor, guerra i sobirania reial; el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> s&#8217;est\u00e9n de Sid\u00f3 i Tir fins a Cartago i marca m\u00e9s tard les identificacions hel\u00b7len\u00edstiques amb Afrodita i Hera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Astart\u00e9 fenicis deessa amor guerra Ixtar Afrodita Sid\u00f3 Tir.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 port\u00e0tils, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/fenicis-cartago-baal-tanit-proteccio\/\">Fenici<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2847,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Astart\u00e9 Deessa Fen\u00edcia","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Astart\u00e9 \u2013 Deessa fen\u00edcia, mite, culte","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Astart\u00e9 \u00e9s la divinitat femenina m\u00e9s important del pante\u00f3 fenici, associada a l'amor, la guerra i la 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