{"id":171708,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:40","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171708"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:59","slug":"aita-deu-etrusc-de-linfern","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/aita-deu-etrusc-de-linfern\/","title":{"rendered":"Aita &#8211; D\u00e9u etrusc de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171708\" class=\"elementor elementor-171708 elementor-2611 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aita - Hades etrusc i sobir\u00e0 de l'infram\u00f3n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita (tamb\u00e9 Eita) \u00e9s, en la religi\u00f3 etrusca, el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, hom\u00f2leg de l&#8217;Hades grec i del Plut\u00f3 rom\u00e0. Governa el reialme dels morts i \u00e9s el consort de la deessa Persipnei (l&#8217;equivalent etrusc de la grega Pers\u00e8fone). Aquesta descripci\u00f3 exposa la seva posici\u00f3 des de l&#8217;estudi de les religions dins el sistema escatol\u00f2gic etrusc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">Etrusca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u de l'infram\u00f3n.\">D\u00e9u de l'infram\u00f3n<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-aita-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-aita-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-aita-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2816\" alt=\"Aita \u2013 D\u00e9u etrusc de l\u2019infram\u00f3n\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins el pante\u00f3 etrusc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita \u00e9s un dels d\u00e9us m\u00e9s elevats de la religi\u00f3 etrusca. No forma part de la tr\u00edada capitolina (Tinia-Uni-Menrva), sin\u00f3 que \u00e9s sobir\u00e0 del regne de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, que en la religi\u00f3 etrusca constitueix un \u00e0mbit propi. En aquesta funci\u00f3, se situa per sobre de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171706\">Charun<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171707\">Vanth<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171710\">Tuchulcha<\/a>.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante, Jean-Rene Jannot i Nancy Thomson de Grummond han tractat Aita de manera sistem\u00e0tica en les seves obres sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca. Est\u00e0 menys documentat en l&#8217;art etrusc que els d\u00e9us ol\u00edmpics, per\u00f2 \u00e9s clau per entendre l&#8217;escatologia etrusca.<\/p><p>Aita com a sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;ultratomba etrusca nom\u00e9s es pot situar si es considera la religi\u00f3 etrusca com un sistema aut\u00f2nom entre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> grecomediterr\u00e0nia i la it\u00e0lico-romana. Aquesta perspectiva es remunta a les aportacions de recerca de Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani i Giovanni Colonna, que han precisat de manera decisiva el perfil d&#8217;aquesta tradici\u00f3.<\/p><p>Aita ocupa el cim de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit ultraterrenal etrusc i mostra aix\u00ed com de marcadament jer\u00e0rquic i organitzat per funcions estava el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> etrusc. A difer\u00e8ncia del que suggereixen alguns estudis m\u00e9s antics, aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> era una variant pr\u00f2pia de la religi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia, ni &#8216;misteriosa&#8217; ni &#8216;estranya&#8217;.<\/p><p>Aita, el nom del qual remet a l&#8217;Hades grec, encarna el paper mediador dels etruscos entre la influ\u00e8ncia grega i la naixent religi\u00f3 romana. Precisament aquesta posici\u00f3 d&#8217;intermediari en la hist\u00f2ria religiosa it\u00e0lica confereix un gran valor a l&#8217;estudi religi\u00f3s del material etrusc.<\/p><p>El fet que Aita estigui emparentat amb l&#8217;Hades grec ha portat la recerca m\u00e9s antiga a tractar l&#8217;ultratomba etrusca com una simple c\u00f2pia. La recerca etnoreligiosa de les darreres d\u00e8cades, en canvi, considera la religi\u00f3 etrusca un sistema tancat en si mateix i fenomenol\u00f2gicament independent, i ha substitu\u00eft la lectura de mera derivaci\u00f3 per una visi\u00f3 m\u00e9s matisada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom Aita est\u00e0 emparentat amb l&#8217;Hades grec. Ling\u00fc\u00edsticament es considera que la forma etrusca va ser manllevada del grec. Tamb\u00e9 est\u00e0 documentada la variant Eita. L&#8217;<em>Editio Minor<\/em> d&#8217;Helmut Rix recull la documentaci\u00f3 epigr\u00e0fica.<\/p><p>De vegades Aita apareix tamb\u00e9 amb l&#8217;ep\u00edtet Aita Tuchulcha, que suggereix una relaci\u00f3 amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> Tuchulcha. Aquesta relaci\u00f3 \u00e9s cient\u00edficament interessant: mostra que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n coneix una densa xarxa de relacions.<\/p><p>El nom d&#8217;Aita, juntament amb la variant Eita, pertany a una llengua que, des del punt de vista de la classificaci\u00f3 ling\u00fc\u00edstica, es considera a\u00efllada o b\u00e9 es pot atribuir a una hipot\u00e8tica fam\u00edlia \u00abtirs\u00e8nica\u00bb, a la qual potser tamb\u00e9 pertanyen el lemni i el r\u00e8tic. El desxiframent d&#8217;aquests textos \u00e9s un tema de recerca obert des del segle XIX.<\/p><p>La documentaci\u00f3 epigr\u00e0fica d&#8217;Aita i de la variant Eita es troba a l&#8217;Editio Minor d&#8217;Helmut Rix, la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 fonamental del corpus ling\u00fc\u00edstic etrusc. Aquesta col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 s&#8217;amplia avui amb el Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae i la base de dades en l\u00ednia ETP (Etruscan Texts Project).<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 la posici\u00f3 d&#8217;Aita en el m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 etrusc toca la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 no resolta de l&#8217;origen dels etruscs. Herodot els feia venir de L\u00eddia, mentre que Dion\u00eds d&#8217;Halicarn\u00e0s els considerava originaris d&#8217;It\u00e0lia. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, aquesta q\u00fcesti\u00f3 \u00e9s rellevant perqu\u00e8 afecta possibles connexions de la religi\u00f3 etrusca amb els cultes de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Menor.<\/p><p>Avui la recerca ling\u00fc\u00edstica i l&#8217;epigr\u00e0fica es necessiten m\u00fatuament, i l&#8217;edici\u00f3 digital dels textos etruscs a l&#8217;ETP (Etruscan Texts Project) facilita la comparaci\u00f3 de testimonis, tamb\u00e9 de les formes del nom Aita i Eita. Marie-Laurence Haack i Vincent Jolivet compten entre els investigadors capdavanters en aquest camp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita \u00e9s representat en l&#8217;art etrusc com un home barbat i majestu\u00f3s, sovint amb un casc de llop (gorra d&#8217;Hades) o amb un ceptre. La gorra de llop \u00e9s una particularitat etrusca que no est\u00e0 documentada de la mateixa manera en el tipus grec d&#8217;Hades.<\/p><p>En les pintures funer\u00e0ries etrusques (Tomba dell&#8217;Orco a Tarqu\u00ednia) Aita apareix en escenes impressionants amb la seva esposa Persipnei. Aquestes imatges es troben entre els testimonis m\u00e9s punyents de l&#8217;escatologia etrusca.<\/p><p>Aita est\u00e0 documentat amb menys freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia que els ol\u00edmpics en l&#8217;art etrusc, per\u00f2 precisament aqu\u00ed es manifesta la riquesa de la iconografia etrusca, els miralls, els gerros, la pintura funer\u00e0ria i els bronzes de la qual constitueixen la major part del nostre coneixement. Larissa Bonfante ha valorat aquest llenguatge iconogr\u00e0fic com una tradici\u00f3 aut\u00f2noma, no simplement derivada.<\/p><p>Aita \u00e9s una de les figures m\u00e9s punyents de la pintura funer\u00e0ria etrusca, que a Tarqu\u00ednia, Cerveteri i Vulci constitueix una font de primer ordre per a la religi\u00f3 i l&#8217;escatologia etrusques. Les seves escenes de banquets, danses i m\u00fasica, aix\u00ed com els episodis mitol\u00f2gics, dibuixen l&#8217;altra vida com una continuaci\u00f3 de la vida terrenal.<\/p><p>Aita sol ser representat en relaci\u00f3 amb Persipnei i altres figures del m\u00f3n inferior, la qual cosa reflecteix la predilecci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina sobre els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> etrusca per les escenes multifiguratives, les refer\u00e8ncies narratives i les condensacions simb\u00f2liques. Aquest llenguatge iconogr\u00e0fic \u00e9s objecte de la iconografia religiosa etrusca.<\/p><p>Aita apareix en escenes amb Persipnei i dimonis com Tuchulcha, i aix\u00f2 ja evidencia la condensaci\u00f3 narrativa de l&#8217;art etrusc, en el qual un mirall o un gerro pot contenir diverses refer\u00e8ncies mitol\u00f2giques alhora. La recerca ha de llegir, per tant, aquestes imatges amb cura dins el seu context.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aita en l'escatologia etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita governa el regne del m\u00f3n inferior, que en la concepci\u00f3 etrusca \u00e9s un espai amb una estructura complexa. Els morts entren, despr\u00e9s de la mort, en el regne d&#8217;Aita, on porten una exist\u00e8ncia d&#8217;ombres que, tanmateix, no t\u00e9 una connotaci\u00f3 negativa com el regne grec d&#8217;Hades.<\/p><p>Les pintures funer\u00e0ries etrusques mostren els morts en banquets, ballant, conversant: imatges d&#8217;una altra vida for\u00e7a plaent.<\/p><p>Aquesta escatologia positiva \u00e9s notable des del punt de vista fenomenol\u00f2gic-religi\u00f3s i distingeix la tradici\u00f3 etrusca de la grega. Jannot ha posat en relleu aquesta difer\u00e8ncia a <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em>.<\/p><p>No s&#8217;ha conservat cap relat coherent sobre Aita, ja que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca no coneix textos narratius elaborats com els grecs o romans. Es reconstrueix a partir de fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques, inscripcions i la transmissi\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grecoromana, la qual cosa exigeix una gran cautela metodol\u00f2gica.<\/p><p>Aita est\u00e0 emparentat amb l&#8217;Hades grec i representa aix\u00ed la relaci\u00f3 complexa entre ambdues mitologies. Els etruscs van adoptar molts temes grecs sobre Aquil\u00b7les, Odisseu o \u00c8dip, per\u00f2 els van dotar d&#8217;interpretacions pr\u00f2pies. Aquesta adaptaci\u00f3 \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;una recerca intensa.<\/p><p>Aita presideix els dimonis del m\u00f3n inferior Charun, Vanth i Tuchulcha, per\u00f2 actua en el marc d&#8217;un model teol\u00f2gic que tamb\u00e9 val en altres casos: el consell dels d\u00e9us (consensus deorum). Fins i tot Tinia es consulta amb altres d\u00e9us, en lloc d&#8217;actuar tot sol. Aquest concepte constitueix una particularitat des del punt de vista fenomenol\u00f2gic-religi\u00f3s.<\/p><p>La posici\u00f3 d&#8217;Aita en l&#8217;altra vida nom\u00e9s es pot deduir perqu\u00e8 la tradici\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica dels etruscs no s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en relats tancats. Cal reconstruir-la, m\u00e9s aviat, a partir d&#8217;escenes iconogr\u00e0fiques, inscripcions i fonts secund\u00e0ries. En aix\u00f2, un m\u00e8tode important combina la inscripci\u00f3 etrusca, el model iconogr\u00e0fic grec i la lectura contextual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els relats etruscs sobre Aita solen seguir models grecs, amb accents propis. La hist\u00f2ria del rapte de Pers\u00e8fone est\u00e0 documentada en miralls etruscs, on Persipnei apareix com la Pers\u00e8fone etrusca i Aita com Hades. Aquesta adaptaci\u00f3 mostra tant la influ\u00e8ncia grega com el segell propi etrusc.<\/p><p>Una tradici\u00f3 etrusca aut\u00f2noma \u00e9s la pintura de la Tomba dell&#8217;Orco, en la qual Aita i Persipnei s\u00f3n representats en una rica comunitat divina de l&#8217;altra vida. Aquesta escena no t\u00e9 model grec i es considera una creaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia etrusca.<\/p><p>La Disciplina Etrusca era el sistema endevinatori dels etruscs i comprenia l&#8217;examen de v\u00edsceres (haruspicina), la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps (fulguratio) i l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels ocells (auspicia). Els etruscs la van transmetre als romans, que la van practicar fins al segle IV dC; Cicer\u00f3 i S\u00e8neca la van descriure detalladament.<\/p><p>La Disciplina Etrusca es transmetia en escoles sacerdotals pr\u00f2pies, els textos fonamentals de les quals eren els Libri Rituales, els Libri Haruspicini i els Libri Fulgurales. Aquests escrits s&#8217;han perdut, per\u00f2 es poden reconstruir en part gr\u00e0cies a les citacions en fonts romanes com Cicer\u00f3, Fest i Macrobi.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc estava organitzat de manera fortament vinculada a les ciutats. Cada gran ciutat mantenia els seus propis cultes principals i particularitats religioses, com Tarqu\u00ednia, Caere, Vulci, Ve\u00efi, Cl\u00fasium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perusa, Arezzo, Volterra, Popul\u00f2nia i Roselle, en les tombes de les quals el regne d&#8217;Aita es fa present de manera iconogr\u00e0fica.<\/p><p>Com a sistema religi\u00f3s-divinatori tancat, la Disciplina Etrusca es compta entre les pr\u00e0ctiques endevinat\u00f2ries m\u00e9s desenvolupades del m\u00f3n antic. Els romans la van adoptar de manera sistem\u00e0tica, i es va practicar fins a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span> tardana, una continu\u00eftat hist\u00f2ricament notable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i rituals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita, com tots els d\u00e9us dels inferns, no era venerat en temples oberts i p\u00fablics. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> tenia lloc principalment en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit sepulcral: en els enterraments es recitaven f\u00f3rmules dedicades a Aita, i imatges seves decoraven cambres funer\u00e0ries i sarc\u00f2fags.<\/p><p>Entre les pr\u00e0ctiques espec\u00edficament etrusques hi havia les ofrenes en pous, considerats entrades al m\u00f3n dels morts, aix\u00ed com la deposici\u00f3 d&#8217;objectes concrets a les tombes, pensats com a regals per a Aita.<\/p><p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscs s\u00f3n arquitect\u00f2nicament peculiars: l&#8217;estil tuscanus constitueix un ordre de columnes propi, que Vitruvi descriu a De Architectura. Les seves plantes accentuen la cel\u00b7la i un ampli vest\u00edbul frontal, el qual els distingeix clarament dels models grecs.<\/p><p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscs eren sovint construccions monumentals. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Iuppiter al Capitolium de Roma, aixecat per arquitectes i artistes etruscs, i en especial per Vulca de Ve\u00efs, testimonia la religiositat etrusca en la Roma primitiva.<\/p><p>La lliga etrusca comprenia dotze ciutats, que es reunien cada any al Fanum Voltumnae, prop de Volsinii, per a l&#8217;assemblea religiosa i pol\u00edtica. Voltumna era el d\u00e9u federal de la confederaci\u00f3 etrusca i gaudia d&#8217;una posici\u00f3 religiosa preeminent.<\/p><p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscs s&#8217;aixecaven sovint sobre fonaments de tosca, amb estructures superiors de fusta i ornaments de terracota. La c\u00e8lebre est\u00e0tua d&#8217;Apol\u00b7lo de Ve\u00efs, obra de Vulca, \u00e9s un testimoni arquitect\u00f2nic i religi\u00f3s fonamental d&#8217;aquesta tradici\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita era invocat en contextos de protecci\u00f3 principalment en el marc del dol i dels enterraments. A difer\u00e8ncia dels d\u00e9us ol\u00edmpics, no era un patr\u00f3 protector en sentit positiu i actiu, sin\u00f3 una pot\u00e8ncia respectada, al domini de la qual no calia entrar abans d&#8217;hora.<\/p><p>Les pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques tenien per objectiu evitar un &#8216;viatge a l&#8217;Hades&#8217; prematur: rituals de salut, f\u00f3rmules protectores i el fet de portar determinats amulets.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La pr\u00e0ctica protectora etrusca coneixia molts s\u00edmbols apotropaics, entre ells amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics, imatges de gorgones, s\u00edmbols oculars, bul\u00b7les i determinades f\u00f3rmules. Larissa Bonfante n&#8217;ha estudiat el llenguatge iconogr\u00e0fic a Etruscan Mirrors (1980 i seg\u00fcents).<\/span><\/p><p>En la cultura etrusca eren molt habituals s\u00edmbols apotropaics com l&#8217;ull de Tinia, els amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics i les gorgones. Decoraven <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, tombes, santuaris dom\u00e8stics i objectes personals, i aquesta pr\u00e0ctica va perviure en la religiositat popular romana i mediterr\u00e0nia.<\/p><p>La pr\u00e0ctica protectora i la Disciplina Etrusca estaven estretament vinculades en el context etrusc. Abans de qualsevol pas important, com la fundaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una ciutat, una expedici\u00f3 militar o la construcci\u00f3 d&#8217;una casa, es consultaven els auguris.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 protectora i la Disciplina Etrusca estaven estretament lligades en la religi\u00f3 etrusca. Qui duia a terme un ritual de protecci\u00f3 sovint consultava alhora un har\u00faspex o un auguri. Aquest vincle institucional es considera cient\u00edficament caracter\u00edstic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita correspon funcionalment a l&#8217;Hades grec, al Plut\u00f3 i Dis Pater romans, i al Nergal mesopot\u00e0mic. La idea d&#8217;un sobir\u00e0 mascul\u00ed de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n amb una esposa raptada \u00e9s molt estesa a la Mediterr\u00e0nia antiga.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva comparativa resulta interessant l&#8217;accentuaci\u00f3 &#8216;positiva&#8217; etrusca de l&#8217;ultratomba, poc freq\u00fcent en la tradici\u00f3 grega. Possiblement va contribuir, per via mediatitzada, a la idea cristiana posterior del &#8216;parad\u00eds&#8217;.<\/p><p>Amb la interpretatio Romana els d\u00e9us etruscs van rebre noms romans: Tinia es va convertir en Iupiter, Uni en Iuno, Menrva en Minerva. La identificaci\u00f3 era sovint selectiva i incompleta, i la investigaci\u00f3 dels darrers cinquanta anys mira de precisar qu\u00e8 es va conservar de l&#8217;especificitat etrusca.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 etrusca mostra nombroses connexions amb tradicions anat\u00f2liques, fen\u00edcies i del Pr\u00f2xim Orient. Les L\u00e0mines de Pyrgi testimonien la mediaci\u00f3 fen\u00edcia, i aquesta xarxa transmediterr\u00e0nia \u00e9s un dels camps importants de la investigaci\u00f3 de les darreres d\u00e8cades.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva comparativa, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc s&#8217;insereix en la fam\u00edlia religiosa mediterr\u00e0nia, amb vincles amb Gr\u00e8cia, Fen\u00edcia, Egipte, Anat\u00f2lia i el Laci. Aquesta xarxa \u00e9s un dels camps importants de la investigaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3 actual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La investigaci\u00f3 sobre Aita ha avan\u00e7at en les darreres d\u00e8cades gr\u00e0cies al descobriment de noves pintures funer\u00e0ries i sarc\u00f2fags. Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber, Larissa Bonfante i Cornelia Weber-Lehmann hi han fet aportacions importants.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 examina la relaci\u00f3 entre la tradici\u00f3 grega de l&#8217;Hades i l&#8217;especificitat etrusca d&#8217;Aita. Les difer\u00e8ncies iconogr\u00e0fiques i narratives constitueixen l&#8217;indici m\u00e9s important d&#8217;un tret propi etrusc.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 etrusca \u00e9s avui un tema de recerca internacional. Els centres importants inclouen les universitats de Flor\u00e8ncia, Roma Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen i Princeton, i cada any se celebren diversos congressos internacionals dedicats a aspectes concrets.<\/p><p>Els projectes de recerca internacionals sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca utilitzen avui m\u00e8todes digitals: escanejos 3D de temples i tombes, bases de dades d&#8217;inscripcions i fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques, aix\u00ed com an\u00e0lisis SIG de l&#8217;estructura d&#8217;assentament etrusca. Aquests m\u00e8todes obren noves vies de coneixement.<\/p><p>La recerca etrusca actual arriba al p\u00fablic a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;exposicions, entre altres al Museu Vatic\u00e0, al Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i al Boston Museum of Fine Arts, aix\u00ed com a trav\u00e9s de nombroses publicacions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i estat de la recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts m\u00e9s importants per a l&#8217;estudi d&#8217;Aita s\u00f3n la Tomba dell&#8217;Orco a Tarqu\u00ednia, altres pintures funer\u00e0ries, miralls etruscos amb inscripcions i altres textos epigr\u00e0fics. L&#8217;obra <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> de Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber \u00e9s el treball de refer\u00e8ncia sobre la pintura funer\u00e0ria.<\/p><p>Una an\u00e0lisi m\u00e9s aprofundida de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">hist\u00f2ria religiosa etrusca<\/a> en conjunt mostra com cal entendre Aita dins la xarxa de relacions amb els altres \u00e9ssers del inframon. Aquesta interconnexi\u00f3 \u00e9s essencial des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic.<\/p><p>Les fonts sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca s\u00f3n heterog\u00e8nies i es basen en testimonis epigr\u00e0fics com l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, troballes arqueol\u00f2giques, fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques i bibliografia secund\u00e0ria. Aquesta diversitat exigeix m\u00e8todes interdisciplinaris; la investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s recent combina de manera sistem\u00e0tica la filologia, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les cultures del passat a partir de les restes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense comprom\u00eds de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> i l&#8217;antropologia.<\/p><p>Un treball cr\u00edtic de fonts sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca requereix con\u00e8ixer per igual les fonts pr\u00f2pies etrusques i la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grecoromana. Aquesta doble perspectiva \u00e9s exigent, per\u00f2 imprescindible per a una reconstrucci\u00f3 historicoreligiosa adequada.<\/p><p>Una an\u00e0lisi m\u00e9s aprofundida de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa etrusca requereix el coneixement de les fonts epigr\u00e0fiques, arqueol\u00f2giques i liter\u00e0ries, aix\u00ed com de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense comprom\u00eds de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> moderna. Aquest treball en diverses capes es considera l&#8217;est\u00e0ndard de la investigaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21477b46 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21477b46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27adee74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27adee74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aita a les pintures funer\u00e0ries de Tarqu\u00ednia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2187afd2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2187afd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2203ee8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2203ee8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els testimonis m\u00e9s v\u00edvids sobre Aita, el sobir\u00e0 etrusc de l&#8217;inframon, provenen de les cambres funer\u00e0ries pintades de Tarqu\u00ednia, sobretot de la Tomba dell&#8217;Orco. Aquesta tomba, decorada en diverses fases durant el segle IV abans de la nostra era, mostra a la segona sala una escena de l&#8217;inframon en la qual Aita seu entronitzat juntament amb la seva esposa <em>Phersipnei<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aita porta un tocat cridaner fet amb la pell d&#8217;un llop, amb el crani de l&#8217;animal cobrint-li el cap com una caputxa; aquest atribut \u00e9s el seu tret iconogr\u00e0fic m\u00e9s reconeixible.<\/p><p>Les inscripcions en escriptura etrusca confirmen la identificaci\u00f3 de les figures.<\/p><p>Al costat de la parella divina apareixen altres figures de l&#8217;inframon, entre elles el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> <em>Charun<\/em>, amb un martell, i el <em>Vanth<\/em> alat. La Tomba dell&#8217;Orco combina aix\u00ed motius iconogr\u00e0fics d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia grega, el nom <em>Phersipnei<\/em> correspon a la Pers\u00e8fone grega, amb un m\u00f3n de dimonis propi i espec\u00edficament etrusc, que no t\u00e9 equivalent directe en la concepci\u00f3 grega de l&#8217;inframon.<\/p><p>Les pintures funer\u00e0ries s\u00f3n doblement valuoses com a font. Mostren com s&#8217;imaginaven els etruscos el sobir\u00e0 del regne dels morts. Alhora, fan visible el context en qu\u00e8 tenia lloc aquesta imatge: dins la mateixa tomba, davant els ulls dels difunts i dels seus familiars.<\/p><p>Les investigacions sobre l&#8217;art funerari etrusc, com els treballs de Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber sobre la pintura funer\u00e0ria, subratllen que aquestes imatges no s\u00f3n tant escenes mitol\u00f2giques il\u00b7lustratives sin\u00f3 declaracions sobre el dest\u00ed esperat dels morts. Aita hi apareix com a garant d&#8217;un inframon ordenat en el qual el difunt \u00e9s acollit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b549d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29b549d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27c9a64d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27c9a64d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Del Calu etrusc a l'Aita d'influ\u00e8ncia grega<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b6db354 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b6db354\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp221b3610 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp221b3610\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca assumeix que la figura d&#8217;Aita \u00e9s el resultat d&#8217;una evoluci\u00f3 en qu\u00e8 una concepci\u00f3 aut\u00f2ctona m\u00e9s antiga de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n es va enriquir amb motius iconogr\u00e0fics grecs.<\/p><p>Abans de l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 del nom Aita, que correspon a l&#8217;Hades grec, les fonts etrusques documenten un \u00e9sser anomenat <em>Calu<\/em>, vinculat a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit dels morts i que de vegades apareix associat al llop. Alguns investigadors hi veuen un precedent o un altre aspecte de la mateixa concepci\u00f3.<\/p><p>La forta hel\u00b7lenitzaci\u00f3 de la iconografia d&#8217;Aita se situa al segle IV abans de la nostra era, una fase en qu\u00e8 l&#8217;aristocr\u00e0cia etrusca va rebre intensament la cultura visual grega. El nom <em>Phersipnei<\/em> per a la seva esposa, l&#8217;adopci\u00f3 de parelles divines entronitzades i escenes com la trobada amb herois grecs a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, mostren clarament aquesta influ\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>Alhora, es va conservar l&#8217;aportaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2piament etrusca, sobretot en els dimonis acompanyants i en el caracter\u00edstic barret de pell de llop, que no t\u00e9 model en la representaci\u00f3 grega d&#8217;Hades.<\/p><p>Aquesta estratificaci\u00f3 converteix Aita en un cas instructiu per a la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 etrusca. En lloc d&#8217;adoptar passivament l&#8217;imaginari grec, els etruscos el van integrar en les seves pr\u00f2pies concepcions tot conservant elements espec\u00edfics.<\/p><p>L&#8217;estat de les fonts no permet, per\u00f2, reconstruir amb detall la capa m\u00e9s antiga; <em>Calu<\/em> continua sent una figura dif\u00edcil de precisar. El que s\u00ed es pot afirmar \u00e9s que Aita no \u00e9s un simple Hades etrusc, sin\u00f3 una formaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia en qu\u00e8 es van fusionar elements antics i elements adoptats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber: <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Cornelia Weber-Lehmann: Contribucions a l&#8217;art funerari etrusc<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-aita e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-aita\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-aita-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-aita-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre els d\u00e9us, els or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> etrusc, Aita apareix com un sobir\u00e0 sever de l&#8217;inframon, la iconografia del qual mostra caps coberts amb pell de llop i ceptres, i que m\u00e9s endavant estableix connexions amb el Dis Pater rom\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Conceptes clau relacionats: Aita, etruscos, d\u00e9u de l&#8217;inframon, Persipnei, Tomba dell&#8217;Orco, barret de llop, Hades, Plut\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-aita\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">Etrusc<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. 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