{"id":171706,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:39","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171706"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:55","slug":"charun-dimoni-etrusc-dels-morts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/charun-dimoni-etrusc-dels-morts\/","title":{"rendered":"Charun &#8211; Dimoni etrusc dels morts"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171706\" class=\"elementor elementor-171706 elementor-2609 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun - Dimoni etrusc de l'infram\u00f3n i acompanyant dels morts<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun \u00e9s, en la religi\u00f3 etrusca, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n que guia els morts cap a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n. Sovint es representa amb un martell, amb el qual anuncia l&#8217;hora de la mort o acompanya els moribunds.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia del grec Caront (el barquer), Charun (Charun) \u00e9s principalment un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> amb tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia. Aquesta descripci\u00f3 exposa la seva posici\u00f3 en la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3 dins l&#8217;escatologia etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser de la mort de la tradici\u00f3 Etrusca.\">\u00c9sser de la mort<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 Etrusca.\">Etrusca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dimoni dels morts.\">Dimoni dels morts<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-charun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-charun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-charun-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2812\" alt=\"Charun \u2013 Dimoni etrusc dels morts\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins el pante\u00f3 etrusc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun \u00e9s un dels dimonis m\u00e9s destacats de la religi\u00f3 etrusca. No \u00e9s cap &#8216;d\u00e9u&#8217; en el sentit d&#8217;un ol\u00edmpic, sin\u00f3 un \u00e9sser de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n que actua amb una funci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica. Dins l&#8217;escatologia etrusca ocupa un lloc fix, sovint juntament amb la dimonessa <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171707\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Massimo Pallottino, Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot i Larissa Bonfante han tractat Charun en les seves obres sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca. <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986, en alemany 1985) d&#8217;Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber \u00e9s una font important sobre la seva tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica en la pintura funer\u00e0ria.<\/span><\/p><p>Qui vulgui comprendre Charun ha d&#8217;entendre la religi\u00f3 etrusca com una entitat pr\u00f2pia que fa de pont entre l&#8217;\u00e0mbit mediterrani-grec i l&#8217;\u00e0mbit it\u00e0lic-rom\u00e0. Que aquest car\u00e0cter mediador es faci avui tan evident es deu a les recerques de Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani i Giovanni Colonna, que han precisat la imatge d&#8217;un m\u00f3n religi\u00f3s coherent i tancat en si mateix.<\/p><p>El lloc fix de Charun en l&#8217;escatologia etrusca remet a una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre d\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> que coneixia jerarquies i assignacions de funcions clarament estructurades. Les descripcions m\u00e9s antigues sovint han presentat el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> etrusc com &#8216;misteri\u00f3s&#8217; o &#8216;estrany&#8217;; en realitat es tracta d&#8217;una manifestaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia de la religi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia amb un ordre comprensible.<\/p><p>En el cas de Charun, la posici\u00f3 mediadora dels etruscos es fa especialment palpable: el seu nom prov\u00e9 de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit grec, per\u00f2 la seva figura continua vivint en l&#8217;imaginari rom\u00e0. Els etruscos van fer de pont, en la hist\u00f2ria religiosa it\u00e0lica, entre la influ\u00e8ncia grega i la religi\u00f3 romana en formaci\u00f3, un fet d&#8217;especial inter\u00e8s per a la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3.<\/p><p>Interpretacions m\u00e9s antigues sovint han llegit Charun nom\u00e9s com una variant etrusca del grec Caront. La recerca religioetnol\u00f2gica de les darreres d\u00e8cades, en canvi, ha valorat la religi\u00f3 etrusca en conjunt com un sistema coherent i fenomenol\u00f2gicament propi, i ha substitu\u00eft la tend\u00e8ncia a llegir-la com un simple derivat de la religi\u00f3 grega per una visi\u00f3 m\u00e9s matisada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom Charun est\u00e0 relacionat amb el grec Caront. Ling\u00fc\u00edsticament es suposa que la forma etrusca va ser manllevada del grec. Tanmateix, la tradici\u00f3 etrusca en va transformar considerablement el car\u00e0cter i la funci\u00f3: Charun no \u00e9s el barquer de l&#8217;Hades, sin\u00f3 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> propi amb martell i, de vegades, amb serp.<\/p><p>En inscripcions etrusques el seu nom apareix en pintures funer\u00e0ries (Tarqu\u00ednia, Vulci, Orvieto) i en urnes ciner\u00e0ries (Volterra, Chiusi, Perugia). L&#8217;<em>Editio Minor<\/em> de Helmut Rix documenta aquests testimonis.<\/p><p>El nom Charun s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en escriptura etrusca, per\u00f2 la llengua mateixa es considera a\u00efllada quant a fam\u00edlia ling\u00fc\u00edstica, o com a molt pertanyent a una hipot\u00e8tica fam\u00edlia &#8216;tirs\u00e8nica&#8217;, a la qual tamb\u00e9 podrien pert\u00e0nyer el lemni i el r\u00e8tic. Desxifrar els textos ocupa la recerca des del segle XIX i encara no s&#8217;ha completat.<\/p><p>Els testimonis epigr\u00e0fics de Charun en pintures funer\u00e0ries i urnes ciner\u00e0ries estan recollits a l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 fonamental del corpus ling\u00fc\u00edstic etrusc. Avui es complementa amb el Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae i la base de dades en l\u00ednia ETP (Etruscan Texts Project).<\/p><p>El nom de Charun, manllevat del grec, tamb\u00e9 toca l&#8217;antiga q\u00fcesti\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;origen dels etruscos. Her\u00f2dot els feia venir de L\u00eddia, mentre que Dion\u00eds d&#8217;Halicarn\u00e0s els considerava aut\u00f2ctons d&#8217;It\u00e0lia. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, aquest debat \u00e9s rellevant perqu\u00e8 planteja la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de possibles vincles amb cultes de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Menor.<\/p><p>Avui la ling\u00fc\u00edstica i l&#8217;epigrafia treballen en estreta col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3, i l&#8217;edici\u00f3 digital de textos etruscos a l&#8217;ETP (Etruscan Texts Project) facilita notablement els estudis comparatius, per exemple sobre les diverses inscripcions relatives a Charun. Marie-Laurence Haack i Vincent Jolivet han presentat treballs pioners en aquest camp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun apareix en l&#8217;art etrusc com un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte nociu o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> amena\u00e7ador: barbut, amb orelles grans, nas tort, de vegades amb ales i sempre amb un gran martell. La gamma de colors sol ser marr\u00f3-grisenca, representativa de la simbologia del m\u00f3n inferior.<\/p><p>En les pintures funer\u00e0ries etrusques (Tomba dei Carontes a Tarqu\u00ednia, segles IV-III aC), Charun apareix en escenes impressionants a la porta del m\u00f3n inferior. De vegades es representen diversos dimonis Charun: estan documentats ep\u00edtets com Charun Chunchulis, Charun Huths i d&#8217;altres. Aquesta multiplicitat de noms suggereix funcions diferenciades.<\/p><p>Com que amb prou feines existeixen textos narratius sobre Charun, l&#8217;art figuratiu etrusc \u00e9s la font m\u00e9s important: miralls, gerres, pintura funer\u00e0ria i bronzes proporcionen la major part del nostre coneixement. Larissa Bonfante, en els seus estudis, ha valorat aquest llenguatge iconogr\u00e0fic com una tradici\u00f3 aut\u00f2noma i no com una simple derivaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Charun apareix sobretot a la pintura funer\u00e0ria etrusca, que a Tarqu\u00ednia, Cerveteri i Vulci constitueix una font de primer ordre per a la religi\u00f3 i l&#8217;escatologia dels etruscs. Les seves escenes de banquets, danses i m\u00fasica, aix\u00ed com els episodis mitol\u00f2gics, representen l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n com una continuaci\u00f3 de la vida.<\/p><p>Charun sovint apareix en escenes amb diverses figures en lloc de sol, per exemple al costat de Vanth a la porta del m\u00f3n inferior. Aix\u00f2 mostra un tret fonamental de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi del contingut de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> etrusca, que prefereix composicions amb diverses figures, refer\u00e8ncies narratives i condensacions simb\u00f2liques, i que per aix\u00f2 \u00e9s objecte de la iconografia religiosa etrusca.<\/p><p>Els ep\u00edtets de Charun, com Charun Chunchulis o Charun Huths, mostren la densitat amb qu\u00e8 treballa l&#8217;art figuratiu etrusc: en un sol mirall o gerra poden estar presents alhora diverses refer\u00e8ncies mitol\u00f2giques. Aquesta densitat narrativa exigeix a la recerca una an\u00e0lisi contextual acurada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun en l'escatologia etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun forma part d&#8217;un sistema escatol\u00f2gic complex. En les pintures funer\u00e0ries i sarc\u00f2fags etruscos sovint es representa a la porta del m\u00f3n inferior, on rep els nouvinguts. El seu martell simbolitza la separaci\u00f3 entre la vida i la mort.<\/p><p>Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot descriu la concepci\u00f3 etrusca del m\u00f3n inferior com una tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia amb refer\u00e8ncies a la concepci\u00f3 grega de l&#8217;Hades, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 amb accents propis. En particular, la marcada iconografia de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n \u00e9s una especificitat etrusca. Els etruscs es representaven l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n com un espai complex i estructurat, en el qual actuen diversos dimonis.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> grega o romana, l&#8217;etrusca no s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en textos narratius elaborats. El que sabem sobre Charun el reconstru\u00efm a partir de fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques, inscripcions i la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grecoromana, cosa que exigeix una especial prud\u00e8ncia metodol\u00f2gica.<\/p><p>La relaci\u00f3 de Charun amb el Caront grec \u00e9s un exemple del complex joc entre ambdues mitologies: els etruscs van adoptar nombrosos materials grecs sobre Aquil\u00b7les, Ulisses o \u00c8dip, per\u00f2 els van donar interpretacions i accents propis. Aquesta adaptaci\u00f3 \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;una intensa investigaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Charun actua a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n sovint en companyia de Vanth i altres dimonis, gaireb\u00e9 mai sol. En aix\u00f2 es reflecteix un element t\u00edpic de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre d\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca, el consell div\u00ed (consensus deorum): fins i tot Tinia es consulta amb altres d\u00e9us en lloc d&#8217;actuar tot sol. Aquest concepte \u00e9s una especificitat des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica dels etruscs no s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en relats tancats; tamb\u00e9 el paper de Charun s&#8217;ha de reconstruir a partir d&#8217;escenes iconogr\u00e0fiques, inscripcions i fonts secund\u00e0ries. Un m\u00e8tode contrastat combina l&#8217;ep\u00edtet etrusc, el model iconogr\u00e0fic grec i la lectura contextual, cosa que, atesos els nombrosos ep\u00edtets de Charun, exigeix una interpretaci\u00f3 especialment acurada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia de les fonts gregues, disposem de poques narracions tancades sobre Charun. El que sabem prov\u00e9 de fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques. En els sarc\u00f2fags (Tarqu\u00ednia, Volterra), Charun apareix sovint representat en escenes de separaci\u00f3: el difunt s&#8217;acomiada dels vius, i Charun se l&#8217;emporta al m\u00f3n inferior.<\/p><p>Una escena important mostra Charun en la mort d&#8217;Aquil\u00b7les o d&#8217;altres herois mitol\u00f2gics: en l&#8217;adaptaci\u00f3 etrusca, Charun interv\u00e9 activament en els fets, a difer\u00e8ncia de la tradici\u00f3 grega, on Hades rarament actua directament.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 etrusca inclo\u00efa la Disciplina Etrusca, el sistema de vaticini basat en l&#8217;examen de les entranyes (haruspicina), la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps (fulguratio) i l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels ocells (auspicia). Els etruscs la van transmetre als romans, on va seguir sent una pr\u00e0ctica viva fins al segle IV dC; Cicer\u00f3 i S\u00e8neca la van descriure \u00e0mpliament.<\/p><p>La Disciplina Etrusca es transmetia en escoles sacerdotals especialitzades. Entre els seus textos fonamentals hi havia els Libri Rituales, els Libri Haruspicini i els Libri Fulgurales. Aquests escrits s&#8217;han perdut, per\u00f2 es poden reconstruir parcialment a partir de citacions en fonts romanes, com les de Cicer\u00f3, Fest i Macrobi.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc estava fortament lligat a cada ciutat. Tarqu\u00ednia, on Charun t\u00e9 una pres\u00e8ncia especialment destacada en la pintura funer\u00e0ria, tenia, com Caere, Vulci, Veio, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perusa, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle, els seus propis cultes principals i particularitats religioses.<\/p><p>Com a sistema religi\u00f3s-divinatori coherent, la Disciplina Etrusca pertany a les pr\u00e0ctiques endevinat\u00f2ries m\u00e9s desenvolupades del m\u00f3n antic. Els romans la van adoptar de manera sistem\u00e0tica, i va perdurar en la pr\u00e0ctica fins a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> tardana, una continu\u00eftat hist\u00f2rica notable en el marc de la qual tamb\u00e9 van perviure les concepcions sobre la mort i els seus acompanyants, com Charun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i rituals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun no va ser &#8216;venerat&#8217; en el sentit dels d\u00e9us ol\u00edmpics. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> era rellevant principalment en el context dels enterraments: en els funerals es pronunciaven f\u00f3rmules relacionades amb Charun per acceptar la mort i conduir amb seguretat el difunt cap al m\u00f3n dels morts.<\/p><p>Els sarc\u00f2fags i les urnes ciner\u00e0ries sovint es decoraven amb imatges de Charun, que s&#8217;han d&#8217;entendre com un &#8216;acompanyament&#8217; per al difunt. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica est\u00e0 documentada durant molts segles i mostra la import\u00e0ncia de Charun en la cultura sepulcral etrusca.<\/p><p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscos presenten peculiaritats arquitect\u00f2niques: l&#8217;estil tusc\u00e0nic constitueix un ordre de columnes propi, descrit per Vitruvi a De Architectura. Les seves plantes emfatitzen la cel\u00b7la i un ampli p\u00f2rtic frontal, i es diferencien clarament dels models grecs.<\/p><p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscos eren sovint construccions monumentals. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Iuppiter al Capitoli de Roma va ser erigit per arquitectes i artistes etruscos, especialment Vulca de Veii, i es considera un testimoni arquitect\u00f2nic de la religiositat etrusca en la Roma primitiva.<\/p><p>La lliga etrusca de les dotze ciutats es reunia anualment al Fanum Voltumnae, prop de Volsinii, per a deliberacions religioses i pol\u00edtiques. Voltumna era el d\u00e9u federal de la confederaci\u00f3 etrusca i tenia una import\u00e0ncia religiosa superior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradicions de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun no era invocat en contextos de protecci\u00f3, m\u00e9s aviat era all\u00f2 de qu\u00e8 calia protegir-se. Les pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques buscaven evitar la seva aparici\u00f3 prematura: rituals de salut, f\u00f3rmules de protecci\u00f3 contra malalties i la col\u00b7locaci\u00f3 d&#8217;objectes protectors a les cases.<\/p><p>Tot i aix\u00f2, en el context funerari Charun tamb\u00e9 podia ser invocat de manera positiva, com un acompanyant necessari que guiava el difunt amb seguretat, no com un \u00e9sser terror\u00edfic. Aquesta actitud ambivalent resulta interessant des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La pr\u00e0ctica protectora etrusca disposava de nombrosos recursos apotropaics: amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics, imatges de gorgoneion, s\u00edmbols oculars, bullae i determinades f\u00f3rmules. Larissa Bonfante, a Etruscan Mirrors (1980 i seg\u00fcents), ha analitzat el llenguatge visual d&#8217;aquests s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><p>S\u00edmbols apotropaics com l&#8217;ull de Tinia, els amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics i els gorgoneia estaven molt estesos en la cultura etrusca. Decoraven <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, tombes, santuaris dom\u00e8stics i objectes personals, i aquesta pr\u00e0ctica va continuar en la religiositat popular romana i mediterr\u00e0nia.<\/p><p>En el context etrusc, la pr\u00e0ctica protectora estava estretament vinculada a la Disciplina Etrusca. Abans de qualsevol empresa important, ja fos la fundaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una ciutat, una campanya militar o la construcci\u00f3 d&#8217;una casa, es demanava consell divinatori.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun correspon funcionalment al Charon grec (barquer cap al m\u00f3n dels morts), per\u00f2 amb matisos propis. Comparativament, tamb\u00e9 es pot relacionar amb Anubis (egipci, guia dels morts), amb els dimonis germ\u00e0nics de Hel o amb el dimoni galla mesopot\u00e0mic.<\/p><p>L&#8217;especificitat de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca de Charun \u00e9s el seu llenguatge visual marcat i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> del martell. Aquesta simbologia del martell est\u00e0 documentada m\u00e9s rarament en altres cultures funer\u00e0ries mediterr\u00e0nies i es considera un tret propi etrusc.<\/p><p>Mitjan\u00e7ant la interpretatio Romana, els d\u00e9us etruscos van rebre noms romans: Tinia va esdevenir Iupiter, Uni va esdevenir Iuno, Menrva va esdevenir Minerva. Aquesta equiparaci\u00f3 va ser sovint selectiva i incompleta; la investigaci\u00f3 dels \u00faltims cinquanta anys treballa per determinar qu\u00e8 es va conservar de l&#8217;especificitat etrusca.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 etrusca presenta nombrosos contactes amb tradicions anat\u00f2liques, fen\u00edcies i del pr\u00f2xim orient. Les l\u00e0mines de Pyrgi documenten la mediaci\u00f3 fen\u00edcia, i aquesta xarxa transmediterr\u00e0nia \u00e9s un dels camps d&#8217;investigaci\u00f3 importants de les \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva comparativa, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc pertany a la fam\u00edlia religiosa mediterr\u00e0nia, amb vincles amb Gr\u00e8cia, Fen\u00edcia, Egipte, Anat\u00f2lia i el Laci. Aquesta xarxa constitueix un important camp d&#8217;investigaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3 actual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La investigaci\u00f3 sobre Charun s&#8217;ha beneficiat en les \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades de noves excavacions i de l&#8217;an\u00e0lisi sistem\u00e0tica de sarc\u00f2fags i pintures funer\u00e0ries etrusques. Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber, Erika Simon i Cornelia Weber-Lehmann han fet contribucions importants.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 estudia intensament la relaci\u00f3 entre la tradici\u00f3 grega de Charon i l&#8217;especificitat etrusca de Charun. Les difer\u00e8ncies iconogr\u00e0fiques constitueixen l&#8217;indici m\u00e9s important d&#8217;aquesta particularitat.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 etrusca es investiga avui a nivell internacional. Centres importants s\u00f3n les universitats de Flor\u00e8ncia, Roma La Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen i Princeton, i diversos congressos internacionals a l&#8217;any es dediquen a aspectes concrets d&#8217;aquesta religi\u00f3.<\/p><p>Els projectes internacionals de recerca sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca aposten avui per m\u00e8todes digitals: escanejats 3D de temples i tombes, bases de dades d&#8217;inscripcions i fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques, aix\u00ed com an\u00e0lisis SIG de l&#8217;estructura d&#8217;assentaments etruscos. Aquests procediments obren noves vies de coneixement.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 etrusca actual es transmet al p\u00fablic mitjan\u00e7ant exposicions, com al Museu Vatic\u00e0, al Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i al Museum of Fine Arts de Boston, aix\u00ed com a trav\u00e9s de nombroses publicacions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i estat de la recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts principals per a l&#8217;estudi de Charun s\u00f3n les pintures funer\u00e0ries etrusques (Tarqu\u00ednia, Vulci, Orvieto), els sarc\u00f2fags (Volterra, Chiusi, Perugia), les urnes ciner\u00e0ries i les inscripcions. L&#8217;obra de refer\u00e8ncia sobre la pintura funer\u00e0ria \u00e9s <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em>, de Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber.<\/p><p>Una an\u00e0lisi m\u00e9s aprofundida en el context de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">hist\u00f2ria religiosa etrusca<\/a> en el seu conjunt mostra com cal entendre Charun dins la xarxa de relacions amb Vanth, Aita i altres \u00e9ssers de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. Aquesta interconnexi\u00f3 \u00e9s essencial des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic.<\/p><p>La situaci\u00f3 de les fonts sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca \u00e9s heterog\u00e8nia i inclou testimonis epigr\u00e0fics com l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, troballes arqueol\u00f2giques, fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques i bibliografia secund\u00e0ria. Aquesta diversitat exigeix m\u00e8todes interdisciplinaris, i la recerca m\u00e9s recent combina de manera sistem\u00e0tica la filologia, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les cultures passades a partir de restes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>, les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3<\/span> i l&#8217;antropologia.<\/p><p>Qui vulgui abordar cr\u00edticament les fonts de la religi\u00f3 etrusca ha de con\u00e8ixer tant les fonts pr\u00f2pies etrusques com la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grecoromana. Aquesta doble perspectiva \u00e9s exigent, per\u00f2 resulta imprescindible per a una reconstrucci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rico-religiosa adequada.<\/p><p>Una an\u00e0lisi aprofundida de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa etrusca requereix con\u00e8ixer les fonts epigr\u00e0fiques, arqueol\u00f2giques i liter\u00e0ries, aix\u00ed com les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3<\/span> modernes. Aquesta aproximaci\u00f3 multidimensional constitueix l&#8217;est\u00e0ndard de la recerca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f309a89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2f309a89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2de4f00c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2de4f00c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun en la pintura funer\u00e0ria de Tarqu\u00ednia i Vulci<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c2bd5bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c2bd5bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d29714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20d29714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els testimonis m\u00e9s eloq\u00fcents del dimoni etrusc de la mort, Charun, provenen de l&#8217;arquitectura funer\u00e0ria pintada, sobretot de Tarqu\u00ednia i Vulci.<\/p><p>A la Tomba dell&#8217;Orco de Tarqu\u00ednia, la decoraci\u00f3 de la qual pertany al segle IV abans de la nostra era, Charun apareix diverses vegades: com una figura de nas ganxut, pell grisenca o blavosa, orelles punxegudes i un pesat martell que constitueix el seu atribut caracter\u00edstic. Les inscripcions confirmen la identificaci\u00f3, ja que el nom apareix en escriptura etrusca al costat de les figures.<\/p><p>Especialment reveladora \u00e9s la Tomba Fran\u00e7ois de Vulci, del segle IV. All\u00e0 Charun apareix en una escena que mostra la mort dels presoners troians a mans d&#8217;Aquil\u00b7les.<\/p><p>Charun hi figura com a acompanyant de la mort, al costat dels fets sense intervenir-hi directament, com una pres\u00e8ncia que testimonia i acompleix el pas cap a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n. Aquesta posici\u00f3 \u00e9s caracter\u00edstica de la imatge etrusca de Charun: \u00e9s executor i guia de la mort, no pas el seu causant.<\/p><p>El martell que Charun quasi sempre porta ha rebut interpretacions diverses en la investigaci\u00f3. Una hip\u00f2tesi estesa el relaciona amb la idea que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> \u00absegella\u00bb o \u00abtanca\u00bb amb ell la tomba, o b\u00e9 la vida mateixa. D&#8217;altres hi veuen una arma o una eina per colpejar. La ambig\u00fcitat sembla ser intencionada.<\/p><p>En la pintura funer\u00e0ria, Charun apareix sovint junt amb Vanth, una figura femenina alada de l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n, representada generalment de manera m\u00e9s amable.<\/p><p>La parella formada per Charun i Vanth constitueix un esquema iconogr\u00e0fic recurrent que presenta la mort com un proc\u00e9s acompanyat per dues forces complement\u00e0ries. Concepcions similars sobre l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n es troben en <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">cultures it\u00e0liques<\/a> ve\u00efnes, tot i que la figura concreta de Charun \u00e9s espec\u00edficament etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ce4341f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ce4341f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp235880bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp235880bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun i el Caront grec: una comparaci\u00f3 prudent<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp280ff0fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp280ff0fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp218a251a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp218a251a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom Charun \u00e9s clarament emparentat amb el barquer grec Caront, i la recerca m\u00e9s antiga va donar per fet, sense m\u00e9s, una simple adopci\u00f3. Per\u00f2 un examen m\u00e9s detingut mostra que la relaci\u00f3 \u00e9s m\u00e9s complexa, i aquest cas \u00e9s \u00fatil precisament per preservar la religi\u00f3 etrusca d&#8217;una grecitzaci\u00f3 precipitada.<\/p><p>El grec Caront \u00e9s un barquer: la seva funci\u00f3 consisteix a traslladar les \u00e0nimes travessant l&#8217;Aqueront, a canvi de l&#8217;\u00f2bol que se li paga. \u00c9s malhumorat, per\u00f2 en el fons \u00e9s un prestador de serveis del regne dels morts. El Charun etrusc, en canvi, no \u00e9s un barquer.<\/p><p>En les fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques no rema ni cobra cap peatge. \u00c9s una figura terror\u00edfica que porta un martell, present en el moment de la mort, que guia o vigila els difunts. La seva aparen\u00e7a \u00e9s demon\u00edaca i f\u00edsicament amena\u00e7adora, mentre que Caront se sol representar com un home vell i deixat.<\/p><p>L&#8217;explicaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s probable \u00e9s que els etruscos van adoptar el nom de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit cultural grec, per\u00f2 el van associar amb una concepci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia de l&#8217;ultratomba, possiblement m\u00e9s antiga i aut\u00f2ctona. El fet que Charun pugui apar\u00e8ixer en plural, \u00e9s a dir, que es representin diversos Charus junts, \u00e9s un argument addicional en contra d&#8217;una simple c\u00f2pia de la figura individual grega.<\/p><p>Alguns investigadors suposen que darrere del Charun etrusc hi ha tota una classe de dimonis de la mort, dels quals un va destacar especialment a trav\u00e9s del nom manllevat. Aquesta comparaci\u00f3 il\u00b7lustra de manera exemplar que les divinitats etrusques amb noms de resson\u00e0ncia grega no es poden identificar sense m\u00e9s amb les seves hom\u00f2nimes gregues.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26a4771c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26a4771c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28059f35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28059f35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charu, Tuchulcha i el personal etrusc de l'infram\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23562a36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23562a36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26c9a3e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26c9a3e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun forma part d&#8217;un personal ultramund\u00e0 format per m\u00faltiples figures, la disposici\u00f3 interna del qual nom\u00e9s coneixem a grans trets, i no \u00e9s pas l&#8217;\u00fanic dimoni de l&#8217;ultratomba dels etruscos. Al seu costat hi ha Vanth, la guia alada, sovint representada amb una torxa o una serp.<\/p><p>Apareix tamb\u00e9 Tuchulcha, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser que reuneix trets de diversos animals o criatures.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e9sser h\u00edbrid<\/span> particularment esfere\u00efdor, amb orelles d&#8217;ase, bec de voltor i serps, conegut sobretot per la Tomba dell&#8217;Orco de Tarqu\u00ednia, on amena\u00e7a Teseu a l&#8217;inframon.<\/p><p>L&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia d&#8217;aquest personal demon\u00edac tan diferenciat planteja la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de l&#8217;estructura interna de la concepci\u00f3 etrusca de l&#8217;ultratomba. A difer\u00e8ncia de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> grega, que amb Hades, Pers\u00e8fone i tot un cicle m\u00edtic elaborat presenta un regne dels morts narrativament ric, les fonts etrusques transmeten poques narracions coherents.<\/p><p>El que tenim s\u00f3n, sobretot, imatges: escenes a parets de tombes, sarc\u00f2fags i urnes ciner\u00e0ries, acompanyades de breus inscripcions. Una \u00abteologia de l&#8217;ultratomba\u00bb etrusca nom\u00e9s se&#8217;n pot deduir amb molta cautela.<\/p><p>Resulta significatiu que el nombre de figures demon\u00edaques sembli augmentar al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria etrusca, i que la seva representaci\u00f3 es torni progressivament m\u00e9s ombr\u00edvola. En la fase tardana, aproximadament a partir del segle IV, s&#8217;intensifiquen les imatges amena\u00e7adores de l&#8217;ultratomba.<\/p><p>Alguns investigadors han relacionat aquest fet amb les crisis pol\u00edtiques de les ciutats etrusques sota la pressi\u00f3 de Roma, suggerint un ambient cada cop m\u00e9s pessimista.<\/p><p>Aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 continua essent una hip\u00f2tesi, ja que \u00e9s dif\u00edcil deduir estats d&#8217;\u00e0nim a partir de programes iconogr\u00e0fics. En canvi, s\u00ed que \u00e9s cert que Charun va mantenir un paper central i estable dins d&#8217;aquest personal: \u00e9s el dimoni de la mort etrusc anomenat amb m\u00e9s freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia i de manera m\u00e9s inequ\u00edvoca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber: <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Erika Simon: <em>Die G\u00f6tter der R\u00f6mer und Etrusker<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">llistat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-charun e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-charun\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-charun-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-charun-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre els d\u00e9us, els or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> etrusc, Charun, amb el seu martell i la seva pell blava, acompanya els morts fins al llindar de l&#8217;inframon; la seva iconografia caracteritza les cambres funer\u00e0ries de Tarqu\u00ednia, Chiusi i Orvieto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Charun etruscos dimoni de la mort martell Tarqu\u00ednia Tomba dei Carontes Vanth Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-charun\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">Etrusc<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2812,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Charun etruscs","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Charun - Dimoni etrusc dels morts, mite","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Charun \u00e9s el dimoni etrusc de l'infram\u00f3n, guia dels morts amb martell. An\u00e0lisi de ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3 amb mite, culte i fonts.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171706","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Charun - Dimoni etrusc dels morts, mite<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Charun \u00e9s el dimoni etrusc de l&#039;infram\u00f3n, guia dels morts amb martell. 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