{"id":171705,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:39","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171705"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:54","slug":"turms-missatger-dels-deus-etrusc","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/turms-missatger-dels-deus-etrusc\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Missatger etrusc dels d\u00e9us i de\u00eftat dels morts"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171705\" class=\"elementor elementor-171705 elementor-2608 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Missatger etrusc dels d\u00e9us, equivalent al grec Hermes<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms \u00e9s, en la religi\u00f3 etrusca, el missatger dels d\u00e9us i l&#8217;acompanyant dels morts cap al m\u00f3n subterrani. Correspon funcionalment al grec Hermes i al rom\u00e0 Mercurius. Aquesta presentaci\u00f3 descriu la seva posici\u00f3 des del punt de vista de les ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3, els seus trets iconogr\u00e0fics i el seu paper dins el sistema escatol\u00f2gic etrusc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Missatger de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">Missatger<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">Etrusc<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Missatger dels d\u00e9us i guia dels morts.\">Missatger dels d\u00e9us i guia dels morts<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173578\" alt=\"Turms - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 historicista\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins el pante\u00f3 etrusc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms pertany als d\u00e9us m\u00e9s destacats del pante\u00f3 etrusc. \u00c9s missatger entre els d\u00e9us i entre els mons, el dels vius i el dels morts. En aquesta funci\u00f3 correspon en gran mesura al grec Hermes Psicopomp.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante i Nancy Thomson de Grummond han tractat Turms en les seves obres sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca. \u00c9s una figura freq\u00fcent en l&#8217;art etrusc, sovint representada en miralls amb inscripci\u00f3.<\/p><p>El missatger dels d\u00e9us Turms pertany a una religi\u00f3 que resulta tan reveladora per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> perqu\u00e8 fa de pont entre el m\u00f3n grec-mediterrani i el m\u00f3n de tradici\u00f3 it\u00e0lico-romana. Aportacions essencials a la recerca provenen de Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani i Giovanni Colonna, els treballs dels quals han afinat la imatge d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 religiosa pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca coneixia un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> clarament estructurat, amb rangs graduats i funcions distribu\u00efdes amb precisi\u00f3; Turms hi tenia un lloc ben definit com a missatger entre els d\u00e9us i entre els mons. On els estudis m\u00e9s antics presentaven aquest sistema com a enigm\u00e0tic o estrany, avui es reconeix una variant pr\u00f2pia de la religi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia.<\/p><p>En la hist\u00f2ria religiosa d&#8217;It\u00e0lia, els etruscs van ocupar una posici\u00f3 mediadora entre les influ\u00e8ncies gregues i la naixent religi\u00f3 romana. Aquest paper de mitjancer, que es reflecteix en certa manera en la funci\u00f3 missatgera de Turms, resulta especialment interessant des del punt de vista de les ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3.<\/p><p>La recerca etnoreligiosa de les darreres d\u00e8cades considera la religi\u00f3 etrusca com un sistema tancat en si mateix, propi des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia religiosa. En lloc de la lectura m\u00e9s antiga, que la considerava una simple derivaci\u00f3 de la religi\u00f3 grega, s&#8217;ha imposat una visi\u00f3 molt m\u00e9s matisada, de la qual tamb\u00e9 es beneficia la comprensi\u00f3 de Turms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom Turms est\u00e0 documentat en nombrosos miralls i inscripcions etrusques. No s&#8217;ha reconstru\u00eft un significat etimol\u00f2gic segur. L&#8217;<em>Editio Minor<\/em> d&#8217;Helmut Rix documenta els testimonis epigr\u00e0fics.<\/p><p>Turms apareix tamb\u00e9 amb l&#8217;ep\u00edtet Turms Aitas (&#8216;Turms d&#8217;Aita&#8217;), que el caracteritza expl\u00edcitament com a acompanyant del d\u00e9u de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171708\">Aita<\/a>. Aquesta relaci\u00f3 \u00e9s cient\u00edficament important: mostra la seva doble funci\u00f3 com a missatger dels d\u00e9us i guia dels morts.<\/p><p>L&#8217;etrusc \u00e9s ling\u00fc\u00edsticament una llengua a\u00efllada; es considera a\u00efllada o s&#8217;agrupa hipot\u00e8ticament dins una fam\u00edlia tirs\u00e8nica, a la qual potser tamb\u00e9 pertanyen el lemni i el r\u00e8tic. La recerca treballa des del segle XIX en el desxiframent dels textos, sense haver-lo concl\u00f2s, cosa que tamb\u00e9 afecta la interpretaci\u00f3 del nom Turms.<\/p><p>La col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 epigr\u00e0fica de refer\u00e8ncia del corpus ling\u00fc\u00edstic etrusc \u00e9s l&#8217;Editio Minor d&#8217;Helmut Rix; tamb\u00e9 hi s\u00f3n documentats els testimonis del nom Turms. Avui es complementa amb el Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae i la base de dades en l\u00ednia ETP, l&#8217;Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>Ja a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span> les opinions sobre l&#8217;origen dels etruscs divergien: Her\u00f2dot els feia venir de L\u00eddia, mentre que Dion\u00eds d&#8217;Halicarn\u00e0s els considerava un poble it\u00e0lic ind\u00edgena. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3, la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 \u00e9s rellevant perqu\u00e8 d&#8217;ella dep\u00e8n si la religi\u00f3 etrusca presenta vincles amb els cultes de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Menor.<\/p><p>La ling\u00fc\u00edstica i l&#8217;epigrafia treballen avui estretament unides. L&#8217;edici\u00f3 digital de textos etruscos, l&#8217;Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), facilita considerablement els estudis comparatius, per exemple sobre te\u00f2nims com Turms. Marie-Laurence Haack i Vincent Jolivet han fet contribucions destacades en aquest sentit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms \u00e9s representat en l&#8217;art etrusc com un home jove, sovint amb barret de viatger (petasos), sand\u00e0lies alades i caduceu (bast\u00f3 d&#8217;heraldia). Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estudia els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> est\u00e0 presa de la tradici\u00f3 grega d&#8217;Hermes. S\u00f3n famoses les figuretes de bronze etrusques de Turms, conservades en diverses col\u00b7leccions arreu del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>En miralls etruscs (segles IV\/III aC) Turms apareix en nombroses escenes mitol\u00f2giques, sovint com a acompanyant d&#8217;herois moribunds o transferits, de vegades tamb\u00e9 com a missatger entre d\u00e9us.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia de la religi\u00f3, l&#8217;art figuratiu dels etruscs \u00e9s extraordin\u00e0riament ric i alhora la principal font del nostre coneixement, tamb\u00e9 pel que fa a les nombroses representacions de Turms. Miralls, gerres, pintures funer\u00e0ries i bronzes en constitueixen la major part del material. Larissa Bonfante ha subratllat en els seus estudis que aquest llenguatge visual \u00e9s una tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia i no una mera derivaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Una font de primer ordre per a la religi\u00f3 i l&#8217;escatologia dels etruscs s\u00f3n les pintures funer\u00e0ries, conservades sobretot a Tarqu\u00ednia, Cerveteri i Vulci. Les seves imatges mostren banquets, episodis mitol\u00f2gics, dansa i m\u00fasica; el m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 cap al qual Turms guia les \u00e0nimes hi apareix com una continuaci\u00f3 de la vida terrenal.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estudia els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> etrusca prefereix composicions amb m\u00faltiples figures, al\u00b7lusions narratives i missatges visuals simb\u00f2licament condensats; tamb\u00e9 Turms apareix sovint en aquestes escenes. Desxifrar aquest llenguatge visual \u00e9s tasca de la iconografia religiosa etrusca.<\/p><p>Un tret caracter\u00edstic de l&#8217;art figuratiu etrusc \u00e9s una densa estratificaci\u00f3 narrativa. Un sol mirall o una sola gerra pot contenir diverses refer\u00e8ncies mitol\u00f2giques alhora, per exemple quan Turms apareix al costat d&#8217;altres figures. Aquesta densitat exigeix a la recerca una an\u00e0lisi acurada del context visual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms com a missatger dels d\u00e9us<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la seva funci\u00f3 de missatger dels d\u00e9us, Turms transmet missatges entre els ol\u00edmpics, entre d\u00e9us i humans, i entre vius i morts. Als miralls etruscos apareix sovint en escenes on els d\u00e9us es comuniquen entre si: Turms hi actua com a intermediari.<\/p><p>Aquesta funci\u00f3 \u00e9s ben coneguda en la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Hermes i probablement va ser adaptada pels etruscs a partir del cercle mitol\u00f2gic grec. Tanmateix, els etruscs hi van posar accents propis, especialment mitjan\u00e7ant la connexi\u00f3 amb el m\u00f3n inferior.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> dels etruscs, a difer\u00e8ncia de la grega o la romana, no ha estat transmesa en textos narratius elaborats. Els mites al voltant de Turms s&#8217;han de reconstruir a partir de representacions iconogr\u00e0fiques, inscripcions i la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grecoromana. Aquesta situaci\u00f3 de fonts indirectes exigeix una especial prud\u00e8ncia metodol\u00f2gica.<\/p><p>La relaci\u00f3 entre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca i la grega \u00e9s complexa. Els etruscs van adoptar, d&#8217;una banda, nombrosos temes grecs, com els d&#8217;Aquil\u00b7les, Odisseu i \u00c8dip, per\u00f2, de l&#8217;altra, els van donar interpretacions i \u00e8mfasis propis. La recerca estudia intensament com va transc\u00f3rrer aquesta apropiaci\u00f3 en detall, per exemple en l&#8217;adopci\u00f3 dels trets d&#8217;Hermes en Turms.<\/p><p>Un tret t\u00edpic de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre d\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca \u00e9s el consell div\u00ed, el consensus deorum. El d\u00e9u suprem Tinia no actua sol, sin\u00f3 que es consulta amb la resta de d\u00e9us, i Turms hi actua com a missatger entre ells. Des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia religiosa, aquest organisme constitueix una particularitat.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca no ha deixat una tradici\u00f3 narrativa unit\u00e0ria; cal reconstruir-la a partir d&#8217;escenes iconogr\u00e0fiques, inscripcions i fonts secund\u00e0ries, cosa que exigeix una interpretaci\u00f3 acurada. Com que Turms apareix sobretot en miralls, resulta especialment \u00fatil combinar la llegenda etrusca, el model iconogr\u00e0fic grec i la lectura contextual de cada escena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms com a guia dels morts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La funci\u00f3 escatol\u00f2gica m\u00e9s important de Turms \u00e9s acompanyar els morts cap al m\u00f3n subterrani. En sarc\u00f2fags i pintures funer\u00e0ries etrusques (Tarqu\u00ednia, Vulci) se&#8217;l representa sovint junt amb altres guies dels morts com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171706\">Charun<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171707\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>L&#8217;escatologia etrusca \u00e9s especialment interessant des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic perqu\u00e8 presenta una concepci\u00f3 ben definida del m\u00f3n subterrani (en etrusc, en part, calusna). Turms forma part d&#8217;aquesta concepci\u00f3. Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot ha tractat sistem\u00e0ticament l&#8217;escatologia a <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em>.<\/p><p>El rerefons religi\u00f3s de Turms el conforma la Disciplina Etrusca, aquell sistema d&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3 dels etruscs que coneix tres branques: l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 de les entranyes (haruspicina), la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps (fulguratio) i l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels ocells (auspicia). Els etruscs el van transmetre als romans, on va seguir sent una pr\u00e0ctica viva fins al segle IV dC. Cicer\u00f3 i S\u00e8neca el van descriure detalladament.<\/p><p>El coneixement transm\u00e8s, en el qual tamb\u00e9 s&#8217;arrela una figura com Turms, era conservat per escoles sacerdotals especialitzades, on la Disciplina Etrusca es transmetia de generaci\u00f3 en generaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Es consideren els seus escrits principals els Libri Rituales, els Libri Haruspicini i els Libri Fulgurales. Aquests textos no s&#8217;han conservat; tanmateix, es poden reconstruir parcialment a partir de citacions de Cicer\u00f3, Fest i Macrobi.<\/p><p>El culte etrusc estava fortament lligat a cada ciutat. Cadascun dels grans centres, \u00e9s a dir, Tarqu\u00ednia, Caere, Vulci, Veios, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perusa, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle, tenia els seus propis cultes principals i particularitats religioses.<\/p><p>El rang de religiositat en el qual Turms t\u00e9 el seu lloc es reflecteix en la Disciplina Etrusca: com a sistema religi\u00f3s-divinatori coherent, es compta entre les pr\u00e0ctiques endevinat\u00f2ries m\u00e9s desenvolupades del m\u00f3n antic. Els romans la van adoptar sistem\u00e0ticament, i la seva pr\u00e0ctica va perdurar fins a finals de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span>. Hist\u00f2ricament, aquesta continu\u00eftat mereix atenci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i rituals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms era venerat en temples propis, tot i que no amb la mateixa promin\u00e8ncia que Tinia, Uni o Menrva. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de les pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> tenia una orientaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s aviat pr\u00e0ctica i pragm\u00e0tica: viatgers, comerciants i enviats s&#8217;hi encomanaven, i en els enterraments era invocat perqu\u00e8 gui\u00e9s els morts amb seguretat cap al m\u00f3n inferior.<\/p><p>Una pr\u00e0ctica ben documentada \u00e9s la col\u00b7locaci\u00f3 de petites figuretes de Turms a les tombes. Havien de mostrar al mort el cam\u00ed. S&#8217;han trobat figuretes d&#8217;aquest tipus en nombroses tombes etrusques.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 les construccions on es venerava d\u00e9us com Turms tenen un segell propi. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> etrusc es caracteritza per l&#8217;estil tusc\u00e0nic, amb un ordre de columnes propi que Vitruvi descriu a De Architectura. En la planta destaquen la cel\u00b7la i un ampli p\u00f2rtic frontal, elements que distingeixen clarament aquestes construccions dels models grecs.<\/p><p>Sovint els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> del m\u00f3n cultual al qual pertany tamb\u00e9 Turms tenien un car\u00e0cter monumental. Un exemple \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de J\u00fapiter al Capitoli de Roma, erigit per arquitectes i artistes etruscos, entre els quals destaca Vulca de Ve\u00efi. Es considera un testimoni arquitect\u00f2nic de la religiositat etrusca en la Roma primitiva.<\/p><p>Per a Turms com a missatger dels d\u00e9us resulta reveladora la marc cultual supraregional en qu\u00e8 era venerat: al Fanum Voltumnae, prop de Volsinii, la lliga etrusca de les dotze ciutats es reunia cada any en una assemblea alhora religiosa i pol\u00edtica. Voltumna hi actuava com a d\u00e9u de la confederaci\u00f3 d&#8217;estats i tenia una significaci\u00f3 religiosa que ultrapassava els cultes particulars de cada ciutat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En contextos de protecci\u00f3, Turms era invocat principalment per viatgers, mercaders, missatgers i endevins. Qui emprenia un viatge adre\u00e7ava karakia (preg\u00e0ries) a Turms; els mercaders l&#8217;inclo\u00efen com a patr\u00f3 protector en les seves pr\u00e0ctiques comercials. Tamb\u00e9 en contextos d&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3, especialment en l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels ocells i la interpretaci\u00f3 dels somnis, Turms hi tenia un paper.<\/p><p>Les pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques relacionades amb Turms inclo\u00efen portar figuretes de Turms, col\u00b7locar hermes de Turms als accessos de cases i ciutats, i invocar-lo abans de negociacions importants. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica prov\u00e9 de la tradici\u00f3 grega d&#8217;Hermes.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El costumari protector etrusc disposa de nombrosos signes apotropaics: amulets f\u00e0lics, imatges de gorgoneion, s\u00edmbols d&#8217;ull, bullae i certes f\u00f3rmules. El llenguatge visual d&#8217;aquests s\u00edmbols apotropaics ha estat analitzat per Larissa Bonfante en la seva obra Etruscan Mirrors, publicada a partir de 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Com altres figures del pante\u00f3 etrusc, tamb\u00e9 Turms es troba en un entorn travessat per signes protectors. L&#8217;ull de Tinia, els amulets f\u00e0lics i els gorgoneia apareixien tant en temples i tombes com en llars dom\u00e8stiques i objectes personals. M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la cultura etrusca, aquesta pr\u00e0ctica va perdurar en el folklore rom\u00e0 i en el m\u00e9s ampli imaginari mediterrani.<\/p><p>Qui s&#8217;apropa a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit d&#8217;actuaci\u00f3 de Turms troba una religiositat el comportament protector de la qual estava estretament lligat a la Disciplina Etrusca. Una fundaci\u00f3 de ciutat, una campanya militar o la construcci\u00f3 d&#8217;una casa no s&#8217;iniciaven mai sense una consulta divinat\u00f2ria pr\u00e8via de la voluntat dels d\u00e9us.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms correspon funcionalment al grec Hermes i al rom\u00e0 Mercurius. La connexi\u00f3 \u00e9s estreta tant tipol\u00f2gicament com hist\u00f2ricament: la tradici\u00f3 etrusca de Turms deriva directament de la tradici\u00f3 grega d&#8217;Hermes. Tot i aix\u00f2, els etruscos hi van imprimir accents propis, especialment en l&#8217;escatologia.<\/p><p>En una perspectiva comparada, Turms es pot relacionar amb altres missatgers divins: Anubis (egipci, guia dels morts), Hermes (grec), Mercurius (rom\u00e0), Wotan\/Odin en la seva funci\u00f3 de conductor dels morts (germ\u00e0nic). La idea del missatger div\u00ed com a mediador entre mons \u00e9s universal des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia religiosa.<\/p><p>A trav\u00e9s de la interpretatio Romana, les divinitats etrusques van rebre noms romans: Tinia va esdevenir Iupiter, Uni va esdevenir Iuno, Menrva va esdevenir Minerva. Aquestes equival\u00e8ncies solien captar nom\u00e9s trets seleccionats, no la figura completa. La recerca dels darrers cinquanta anys posa en relleu quines particularitats etrusques es van conservar, per exemple en el cas del d\u00e9u missatger Turms respecte a Hermes i Mercurius.<\/p><p>El fet que Turms, com a missatger div\u00ed, s&#8217;apropi al grec Hermes i al rom\u00e0 Mercurius apunta a una vinculaci\u00f3 de gran abast: la religi\u00f3 etrusca mostra nombrosos contactes amb tradicions anat\u00f2liques, fen\u00edcies i del Pr\u00f2xim Orient. La mediaci\u00f3 fen\u00edcia est\u00e0 documentada per les l\u00e0mines de Pyrgi. Aquesta connexi\u00f3 transmediterr\u00e0nia constitueix des de fa unes d\u00e8cades un camp important de recerca.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva comparada de les religions, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions rituals de veneraci\u00f3 dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc s&#8217;integra en la fam\u00edlia religiosa mediterr\u00e0nia m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia i es relaciona amb Gr\u00e8cia, Fen\u00edcia, Egipte, Anat\u00f2lia i el Laci. Aquesta integraci\u00f3, a la qual pertany tamb\u00e9 la figura missatgera de Turms, constitueix un camp de recerca important.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3 actual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La investigaci\u00f3 sobre Turms ha avan\u00e7at considerablement en els \u00faltims 30 anys gr\u00e0cies a l&#8217;an\u00e0lisi sistem\u00e0tica dels miralls etruscs (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE). Larissa Bonfante ha estudiat les imatges de Turms en diverses edicions de miralls.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 examina intensament la relaci\u00f3 entre la tradici\u00f3 grega d&#8217;Hermes i l&#8217;autonomia pr\u00f2piament etrusca de Turms. On hi ha adaptacions directes i on hi ha trets propis etruscs? Aquesta q\u00fcesti\u00f3 \u00e9s objecte de debat actual.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 figures com Turms s&#8217;estudien avui dins d&#8217;una recerca internacional sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca. Es consideren centres importants les universitats de Flor\u00e8ncia, Roma La Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen i Princeton. Cada any diversos congressos internacionals tracten aspectes concrets d&#8217;aquest \u00e0mbit.<\/p><p>Els projectes internacionals sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca recorren avui a m\u00e8todes digitals: escanejos tridimensionals de temples i tombes, bases de dades d&#8217;inscripcions i fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques, i an\u00e0lisis GIS de l&#8217;estructura dels assentaments. Aquests m\u00e8todes obren noves perspectives, tamb\u00e9 sobre els miralls on apareix representat Turms.<\/p><p>Els resultats de la investigaci\u00f3 sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca i les seves divinitats, entre elles Turms, arriben al p\u00fablic a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;exposicions, per exemple als Museus Vaticans, al Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i al Boston Museum of Fine Arts, aix\u00ed com mitjan\u00e7ant nombroses publicacions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i estat de la recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts m\u00e9s importants per a la investigaci\u00f3 sobre Turms s\u00f3n els miralls etruscs (especialment els que porten inscripci\u00f3), les pintures funer\u00e0ries, els sarc\u00f2fags i les inscripcions. El Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (diversos volums) \u00e9s la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 m\u00e9s important d&#8217;imatges de miralls.<\/p><p>Una aprofundida ubicaci\u00f3 dins la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">hist\u00f2ria religiosa etrusca<\/a> en conjunt mostra com cal entendre Turms dins l&#8217;entramat de relacions amb els d\u00e9us ol\u00edmpics i amb els d\u00e9us del m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 Aita, Charun i Vanth. Aquesta interconnexi\u00f3 \u00e9s essencial des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic.<\/p><p>La base documental sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca \u00e9s desigual: testimonis epigr\u00e0fics, recollits a l&#8217;Editio Minor d&#8217;Helmut Rix, troballes arqueol\u00f2giques, fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques i bibliografia secund\u00e0ria. Qui vulgui comprendre adequadament Turms ha d&#8217;analitzar aquesta diversitat de manera interdisciplin\u00e0ria; la investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s recent combina per a aix\u00f2 la filologia, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les cultures del passat a partir de troballes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> i l&#8217;antropologia de manera sistem\u00e0tica.<\/p><p>Una cr\u00edtica de fonts adequada exigeix con\u00e8ixer tant els testimonis originals etruscs com la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grecoromana. Aquest doble acc\u00e9s \u00e9s exigent, per\u00f2 imprescindible per a una reconstrucci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rico-religiosa s\u00f2lida de Turms.<\/p><p>Una an\u00e0lisi hist\u00f2rica rigorosa de Turms requereix tenir una visi\u00f3 de conjunt tant de les fonts epigr\u00e0fiques, arqueol\u00f2giques i liter\u00e0ries com dels enfocaments de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> moderna. Aquesta aproximaci\u00f3 complexa es considera l&#8217;est\u00e0ndard en la investigaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms al Fetge de bronze de Piacenza i a la disciplina etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un document central per a l&#8217;ordre div\u00ed etrusc \u00e9s el que s&#8217;anomena Fetge de bronze de Piacenza, un model de bronze d&#8217;un fetge d&#8217;ovella trobat el 1877 al nord d&#8217;It\u00e0lia, dividit en camps i inscrit amb noms de d\u00e9us en escriptura etrusca.<\/p><p>Probablement va servir com a instrument did\u00e0ctic o de demostraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3 etrusca per les entranyes, l&#8217;<em>haruspicina<\/em>. A la vora del model hi ha setze camps disposats, i n&#8217;hi ha m\u00e9s a l&#8217;interior.<\/p><p>En aquest objecte tamb\u00e9 hi apareix <em>Turms<\/em>. La seva posici\u00f3 permet deduir en quina zona del cel etrusc el situaven els sacerdots i amb quines altres divinitats se&#8217;l considerava ve\u00ed.<\/p><p>El Fetge de bronze constitueix, doncs, una font rara que no prov\u00e9 de la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria romana o grega, sin\u00f3 directament de la pr\u00e0ctica cultual etrusca, l&#8217;anomenada <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>.<\/p><p>La lectura i interpretaci\u00f3 del fetge \u00e9s, no obstant aix\u00f2, dif\u00edcil. L&#8217;etrusc \u00e9s llegible, per\u00f2 nom\u00e9s parcialment comprensible, ja que no existeix cap llengua estretament relacionada. Investigadors com Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig i, m\u00e9s tard, Nancy de Grummond han contribu\u00eft a la seva interpretaci\u00f3, sense que s&#8217;hagin aclarit tots els camps ni la seva l\u00f2gica teol\u00f2gica. Turms \u00e9s, aix\u00ed, un exemple paradigm\u00e0tic d&#8217;un problema fonamental de l&#8217;etruscologia: coneixem el seu nom i la seva posici\u00f3 dins el sistema ritual, per\u00f2 la doctrina que l&#8217;envolta continua sent fragment\u00e0ria.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El guia d'\u00e0nimes: Turms a la pintura funer\u00e0ria etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;Hermes grec, la rica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> liter\u00e0ria del qual el presenta com a missatger dels d\u00e9us, entremaliat i inventor, <em>Turms<\/em> ens ha arribat gaireb\u00e9 exclusivament a trav\u00e9s de la imatge.<\/p><p>Un dels seus papers m\u00e9s clars \u00e9s el de guia d&#8217;\u00e0nimes, el <em>psychopompos<\/em>, que condueix els difunts al m\u00e9s enll\u00e0. Aquesta funci\u00f3 destaca sobretot en la pintura funer\u00e0ria etrusca i en les urnes ciner\u00e0ries de l&#8217;\u00e8poca etrusca tardana.<\/p><p>En les pintures murals de les tombes de cambra etrusques, per exemple a l&#8217;entorn de Tarqu\u00ednia i en les grans necr\u00f2polis, apareix una figura amb barret de viatge i bast\u00f3 que agafa un difunt de la m\u00e0 o el precedeix.<\/p><p>Sovint aquesta figura s&#8217;identifica amb Turms, a vegades amb una inscripci\u00f3, a vegades nom\u00e9s per la iconografia. En alguns casos porta un ep\u00edtet que el caracteritza expressament com a guia del m\u00e9s enll\u00e0, llegit sovint en la investigaci\u00f3 com <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, Turms en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit del d\u00e9u del m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 Aita.<\/p><p>Aquest fort \u00e8mfasi en la funci\u00f3 de guia dels morts \u00e9s un bon exemple de com la <em>interpretatio<\/em> pot portar a l&#8217;error. Si es descart\u00e9s simplement Turms com un \u00abHermes etrusc\u00bb, es passaria per alt que l&#8217;art etrusc posa en primer pla precisament l&#8217;aspecte relacionat amb l&#8217;ultratomba, mentre que el vessant lladregot i astut de l&#8217;Hermes grec \u00e9s dif\u00edcilment perceptible. Si aix\u00f2 es deu a la naturalesa de les fonts, fortament determinades a Etr\u00faria pels enterraments, o a un pes realment diferent atorgat a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>, \u00e9s una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 oberta en la investigaci\u00f3. Sobre la metodologia de la religi\u00f3 etrusca, vegeu tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;entrada sobre la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">mitologia etrusca<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (diversos volums)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (diversos volums)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">apartat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms \u00e9s el missatger div\u00ed etrusc i, tant en les fonts antigues com en la investigaci\u00f3 moderna, se&#8217;l tracta habitualment com una figura d&#8217;<em>interpretatio<\/em>: apareix com a <strong>equivalent<\/strong> directe del grec Hermes i del rom\u00e0 Mercurius.<\/p><p>En miralls de bronze dels segles quart i tercer abans de la nostra era, porta sand\u00e0lies alades i el bast\u00f3 d&#8217;heraldia, i assumeix funcions similars, com l&#8217;acompanyament dels difunts. Aquesta equival\u00e8ncia mostra fins a quin punt el pante\u00f3 etrusc estava estretament entrella\u00e7at amb les concepcions grecoromanes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span><\/em> etrusc presenta Turms com a missatger div\u00ed i guia d&#8217;\u00e0nimes, la funci\u00f3 del qual coincideix estretament amb la del grec Hermes; es fa visible en miralls de bronze dels segles cinqu\u00e8 i quart abans de la nostra era.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Turms, etruscos, missatger div\u00ed, caduceu, Hermes, Mercurius, guia dels morts, Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">Etrusc<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2821,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Turms Etrusc","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Turms - Missatger etrusc dels d\u00e9us, mite","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Turms \u00e9s el missatger etrusc dels d\u00e9us i acompanyant dels morts, equivalent al grec Hermes. An\u00e0lisi hist\u00f2rico-religiosa amb fonts.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171705","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Turms - Missatger etrusc dels d\u00e9us, mite<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Turms \u00e9s el missatger etrusc dels d\u00e9us i acompanyant dels morts, equivalent al grec Hermes. 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