{"id":171704,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171704"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:52","slug":"voltumna-deu-federal-lliga-etrusca","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/voltumna-deu-federal-lliga-etrusca\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna &#8211; D\u00e9u federal de la lliga etrusca"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171704\" class=\"elementor elementor-171704 elementor-2607 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna - D\u00e9u federal de la lliga etrusca i divinitat de les dotze ciutats<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (en llat\u00ed tamb\u00e9 Vertumnus o Veltha, en etrusc Veltha o Velthune) \u00e9s el d\u00e9u federal suprem de la lliga etrusca formada per dotze ciutats. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span>, el Fanum Voltumnae, es trobava prop de Volsinii i era el lloc de la reuni\u00f3 anual de la lliga etrusca. Aquesta presentaci\u00f3 descriu la seva posici\u00f3 religiosa i pol\u00edtica dins l&#8217;organitzaci\u00f3 estatal etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">Etrusca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u federal i estatal.\">D\u00e9u federal i estatal<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2824\" alt=\"Voltumna \u2013 D\u00e9u federal de la lliga etrusca\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins el pante\u00f3 etrusc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna ocupa un lloc especial dins del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> etrusc: no \u00e9s principalment un d\u00e9u suprem &#8216;c\u00f2smic&#8217; com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171701\">Tinia<\/a>, sin\u00f3 un d\u00e9u de la lliga definit en termes politicoreligiosos. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> estava vinculat a la instituci\u00f3 de la Dodec\u00e0polis, la lliga de les dotze ciutats. La ciutat de Volsinii era la guardiana del seu santuari federal.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani i Simonetta Stopponi han marcat la recerca sobre Voltumna en diversos treballs. Les excavacions de Stopponi al Campo della Fiera, prop d&#8217;Orvieto, han fet possible la probable localitzaci\u00f3 del Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>El d\u00e9u federal Voltumna pertany a una religi\u00f3 que resulta especialment reveladora per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense confessionalitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> perqu\u00e8 fa de pont entre el m\u00f3n de tradici\u00f3 grecomediterrani i l&#8217;it\u00e0lic-rom\u00e0. Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani i Giovanni Colonna hi han fet contribucions essencials, amb treballs que han afinat la imatge d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 religiosa pr\u00f2pia i independent.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca coneixia un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> clarament estructurat, amb rangs esglaonats i compet\u00e8ncies repartides, dins del qual Voltumna ocupava un lloc propi, determinat politicoreligiosament. On els estudis m\u00e9s antics presentaven aquest sistema com a enigm\u00e0tic o estrany, avui es veu com una variant pr\u00f2pia de la religi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia.<\/p><p>En la hist\u00f2ria religiosa d&#8217;It\u00e0lia, els etruscos van fer de mediadors entre les influ\u00e8ncies gregues i la religi\u00f3 romana en formaci\u00f3. Que una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> etrusca com Voltumna pervisqu\u00e9s en el Vertumnus rom\u00e0 n&#8217;\u00e9s un exemple, i aquest paper de mediaci\u00f3 desperta un inter\u00e8s particular des de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions.<\/p><p>La recerca etnoreligiosa de les darreres d\u00e8cades considera la religi\u00f3 etrusca com un sistema tancat en si mateix, fenomenol\u00f2gicament aut\u00f2nom des del punt de vista religi\u00f3s. L&#8217;antiga tend\u00e8ncia a llegir-la com una simple derivaci\u00f3 de la religi\u00f3 grega ha donat pas a una visi\u00f3 molt m\u00e9s matisada, de la qual tamb\u00e9 es beneficia la comprensi\u00f3 de Voltumna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom etrusc Veltha o Velthune es transmet en llat\u00ed com a Voltumna o Vertumnus. L&#8217;etimologia \u00e9s incerta; les propostes van des de &#8216;el que creix&#8217; (relacionat amb vertere, &#8216;girar&#8217;) fins a &#8216;el que canvia&#8217;. En la recerca es discuteix una possible relaci\u00f3 amb el canvi estacional de la vegetaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>El Vertumnus llat\u00ed est\u00e0 documentat a Roma com a d\u00e9u del canvi i de la vegetaci\u00f3; si \u00e9s id\u00e8ntic a Voltumna o si es tracta d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> romana independent \u00e9s objecte de debat. En aquest punt les fonts etrusques s\u00f3n m\u00e9s riques que les romanes.<\/p><p>La llengua etrusca constitueix un cas a part; es considera a\u00efllada o s&#8217;adscriu hipot\u00e8ticament a una fam\u00edlia tirs\u00e8nica, a la qual potser tamb\u00e9 pertanyen el lemni i el r\u00e8tic. El desxiframent dels textos es treballa des del segle XIX i encara no s&#8217;ha concl\u00f2s, cosa que tamb\u00e9 afecta la interpretaci\u00f3 de noms com Veltha o Velthune.<\/p><p>La col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 epigr\u00e0fica de refer\u00e8ncia del corpus ling\u00fc\u00edstic etrusc \u00e9s l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix. Avui es complementa amb el Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae i la base de dades en l\u00ednia ETP, l&#8217;Etruscan Texts Project, on tamb\u00e9 es pot consultar el material relatiu a Voltumna.<\/p><p>Ja a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> es debatia sobre l&#8217;origen dels etruscos: Her\u00f2dot els feia procedir de L\u00eddia, mentre que Dion\u00eds d&#8217;Halicarn\u00e0s els considerava un poble it\u00e0lic aut\u00f2cton. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 \u00e9s rellevant perqu\u00e8 en dep\u00e8n si la religi\u00f3 etrusca presenta vincles amb els cultes de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Menor.<\/p><p>Avui la ling\u00fc\u00edstica i l&#8217;epigrafia treballen estretament plegades. L&#8217;edici\u00f3 digital de textos etruscos, l&#8217;Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), facilita enormement els estudis comparatius, per exemple sobre te\u00f2nims com Veltha. Marie-Laurence Haack i Vincent Jolivet n&#8217;han fet aportacions pioneres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> iconogr\u00e0fica de Voltumna \u00e9s relativament escassa. En algunes monedes etrusques apareix representada una figura masculina identificada amb Voltumna. De vegades porta s\u00edmbols vegetals (espigues, flors, ceps de vinya), el que refor\u00e7aria la seva funci\u00f3 vegetativa.<\/p><p>A Roma, Vertumnus est\u00e0 documentat mitjan\u00e7ant una famosa est\u00e0tua al Vicus Tuscus, que el mostra com a divinitat vegetal canviant. Aquesta est\u00e0tua \u00e9s esmentada per Properci i altres autors romans.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia religiosa, l&#8217;art figuratiu etrusc \u00e9s d&#8217;una gran riquesa i, al mateix temps, la principal font del nostre coneixement. Miralls, vasos, pintures funer\u00e0ries i bronzes aporten la major part del material, mentre que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> sobre Voltumna en si \u00e9s comparativament escassa. Larissa Bonfante ha subratllat en els seus estudis que aquest llenguatge visual constitueix una tradici\u00f3 aut\u00f2noma i no simplement derivada.<\/p><p>Una font de primer ordre per a la religi\u00f3 i l&#8217;escatologia dels etruscs \u00e9s la pintura funer\u00e0ria, conservada sobretot a Tarqu\u00ednia, Cerveteri i Vulci. Les seves imatges mostren banquets, episodis mitol\u00f2gics, aix\u00ed com dansa i m\u00fasica, i dibuixen un m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 concebut com a continuaci\u00f3 de la vida terrenal.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina que estudia els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> etrusca prefereix composicions amb m\u00faltiples figures, al\u00b7lusions narratives i missatges visuals de gran densitat simb\u00f2lica. Desxifrar aquest llenguatge visual \u00e9s tasca de la iconografia religiosa etrusca.<\/p><p>Una caracter\u00edstica de l&#8217;art figuratiu etrusc \u00e9s una densa superposici\u00f3 narrativa: un \u00fanic mirall o vas ja pot contenir diverses refer\u00e8ncies mitol\u00f2giques alhora. Aquesta densitat exigeix a la investigaci\u00f3 una an\u00e0lisi acurada del context visual de cada pe\u00e7a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna i la confederaci\u00f3 estrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les dotze ciutats principals etrusques (Tarqu\u00ednia, Caere, Vulci, Ve\u00efi, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perusa, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle) formaven una confederaci\u00f3 religiosa i pol\u00edtica (dodec\u00e0polis) que es reunia anualment al Fanum Voltumnae. Aquesta assemblea tenia finalitats tant religioses com pol\u00edtiques: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificis<\/span>, decisions de la confederaci\u00f3, festivals conjunts.<\/p><p>Livi (4.23, 5.17) informa detalladament sobre aquestes trobades de la confederaci\u00f3. Van servir de model per al posterior concilium rom\u00e0 i van influir de manera decisiva en el desenvolupament de les institucions pol\u00edtiques a It\u00e0lia. Des del punt de vista acad\u00e8mic, Voltumna \u00e9s, per tant, un exemple de &#8216;d\u00e9u pol\u00edtic&#8217;, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> del qual sost\u00e9 una organitzaci\u00f3 estatal.<\/p><p>No existeix per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca una literatura narrativa desenvolupada com la que coneixen les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradicions<\/span> grega i romana. El que sabem, tamb\u00e9 sobre Voltumna, s&#8217;ha de deduir a partir de representacions visuals, inscripcions i els relats d&#8217;autors grecs i romans. Aquesta situaci\u00f3 de fonts indirectes exigeix una prud\u00e8ncia metodol\u00f2gica especial.<\/p><p>La relaci\u00f3 entre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca i la grega \u00e9s complexa. Els etruscs van adoptar nombrosos materials grecs, per exemple sobre Aquil\u00b7les, Odisseu i \u00c8dip, per\u00f2 sovint els van reinterpretar i hi van posar el seu propi accent. La investigaci\u00f3 examina detingudament com va transc\u00f3rrer aquest proc\u00e9s d&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>A la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina acad\u00e8mica que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca pertany, com a tret caracter\u00edstic, el consell dels d\u00e9us, el consensus deorum. Fins i tot el d\u00e9u suprem Tinia no actua sol, sin\u00f3 que es consulta amb la resta dels d\u00e9us, entre els quals es troba Voltumna com a d\u00e9u de la confederaci\u00f3 estatal. Des de la fenomenologia religiosa, aquest col\u00b7legi constitueix una particularitat.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca no ha deixat una tradici\u00f3 narrativa unit\u00e0ria; s&#8217;ha de reconstruir a partir d&#8217;escenes visuals, inscripcions i fonts secund\u00e0ries, el que exigeix una interpretaci\u00f3 acurada. Precisament en el cas d&#8217;una figura tan escassament documentada com Voltumna, combinar la inscripci\u00f3 etrusca, el model visual grec i una lectura contextual \u00e9s un m\u00e8tode important.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Fanum Voltumnae \u00e9s el santuari federal etrusc m\u00e9s important. Durant molt de temps, la seva localitzaci\u00f3 exacta va ser objecte de controv\u00e8rsia. Des de l&#8217;any 2000, Simonetta Stopponi ha excavat al Campo della Fiera, prop d&#8217;Orvieto, un important complex de temples que avui s&#8217;identifica amb alta probabilitat com el Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>El complex compr\u00e8n diversos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, altars, pous i espais de reuni\u00f3. Les troballes abasten des del segle VII a. C. fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca romana. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> va funcionar de manera continuada durant uns 1000 anys com a centre religi\u00f3s i pol\u00edtic.<\/p><p>La Disciplina Etrusca, el sistema ordenat d&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3 dels etruscs, es divideix en l&#8217;examen de les v\u00edsceres (haruspicina), la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps (fulguratio) i l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels ocells (auspicia). Transmesa pels etruscs als romans, va romandre una pr\u00e0ctica viva fins al segle IV d. C. Devem descripcions detallades a Cicer\u00f3 i S\u00e8neca.<\/p><p>La Disciplina Etrusca es transmetia en escoles sacerdotals creades expressament per a aquesta finalitat. Entre els seus textos importants hi havia els Libri Rituales, els Libri Haruspicini i els Libri Fulgurales. Aquests textos no s&#8217;han conservat, per\u00f2 es poden reconstruir parcialment a partir de citacions d&#8217;autors romans com Cicer\u00f3, Fest i Macrobi.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc estava fortament vinculat a cada ciutat en particular. Cadascun dels centres importants, \u00e9s a dir, Tarqu\u00ednia, Caere, Vulci, Ve\u00efs, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perusa, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle, mantenia els seus propis cultes principals i particularitats religioses. Volsinii tenia un paper especial, ja que custodiava el santuari federal de Voltumna.<\/p><p>Com a sistema religi\u00f3s-divinatori tancat, la Disciplina Etrusca es compta entre les pr\u00e0ctiques d&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s desenvolupades del m\u00f3n antic. Els romans la van adoptar de manera sistem\u00e0tica, i es va mantenir fins a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> tardana. Aquesta continu\u00eftat \u00e9s notable des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i rituals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La pr\u00e0ctica cultual al Fanum Voltumnae inclo\u00efa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificis<\/span> (bous, ovelles, porcs), preg\u00e0ries, processons i festivals. Les reunions anuals eren esdeveniments religiosos i pol\u00edtics importants per a tot el m\u00f3n etrusc.<\/p><p>Despr\u00e9s de la conquesta romana de Volsinii (264 a. C.), el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat al culte d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> de Voltumna no va ser abandonat; va continuar existint en forma modificada i es va integrar parcialment en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> rom\u00e0. Aquesta continu\u00eftat documenta la import\u00e0ncia religiosa de Voltumna m\u00e9s enll\u00e0, fins i tot, de la caiguda pol\u00edtica d&#8217;Etr\u00faria.<\/p><p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscs presenten particularitats arquitect\u00f2niques. Caracter\u00edstic \u00e9s l&#8217;estil tuscanus, un ordre de columnes propi que Vitruvi descriu a De Architectura. Les plantes emfasitzen la cel\u00b7la i un ampli vest\u00edbul frontal, distingint-se clarament dels models grecs.<\/p><p>Molts <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscs eren de dimensions monumentals. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de J\u00fapiter al Capitoli rom\u00e0, per exemple, va ser constru\u00eft per arquitectes i artistes etruscs, sobretot per Vulca de Ve\u00efs, i es considera un testimoni arquitect\u00f2nic de la religiositat etrusca a la Roma primerenca.<\/p><p>Cada any, la lliga de les dotze ciutats etrusques es reunia al Fanum Voltumnae, prop de Volsinii, on es tractaven simult\u00e0niament assumptes religiosos i pol\u00edtics. Voltumna era la divinitat federal d&#8217;aquesta confederaci\u00f3 d&#8217;estats i tenia una import\u00e0ncia que anava m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 dels cultes individuals de cada ciutat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradicions de protecci\u00f3 i pol\u00edtica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna era el d\u00e9u protector de tota la lliga etrusca. Qui s&#8217;adre\u00e7ava a la confederaci\u00f3, s&#8217;adre\u00e7ava a Voltumna. Aquesta fusi\u00f3 politicoreligiosa resulta cient\u00edficament interessant: mostra una religi\u00f3 que no nom\u00e9s organitza la pietat individual, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 les relacions interestatals.<\/p><p>Voltumna era invocat de manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya el mal: propi de signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span> en fundacions de ciutats, formaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aliances i tractats pol\u00edtics. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica es va continuar, en part, en els rituals romans de fundaci\u00f3 de ciutats.<\/p><p>Al costum protector etrusc pertany una s\u00e8rie de signes de protecci\u00f3: amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics, imatges de gorg\u00f2neion, s\u00edmbols d&#8217;ull, bulles i determinades f\u00f3rmules. Larissa Bonfante ha analitzat el llenguatge visual d&#8217;aquests s\u00edmbols apotropaics a la seva obra Etruscan Mirrors, publicada a partir de 1980.<\/p><p>Els s\u00edmbols protectors estaven molt estesos en la cultura etrusca, entre ells l&#8217;ull de Tinia, els amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics i els gorg\u00f2neia. Decoraven <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> i tombes, aix\u00ed com altars dom\u00e8stics i objectes personals. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica va perviure tant en la creen\u00e7a popular romana com en la mediterr\u00e0nia.<\/p><p>En el context etrusc, la pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 estava estretament vinculada a la Disciplina Etrusca. Abans de qualsevol empresa important, ja fos la fundaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una ciutat, una expedici\u00f3 militar o la construcci\u00f3 d&#8217;una casa, es consultava la voluntat dels d\u00e9us mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'art d'interpretar signes per con\u00e8ixer el que \u00e9s ocult o futur.\" tabindex=\"0\">endevinaci\u00f3<\/span>, cosa que era v\u00e0lida especialment per a les decisions pol\u00edtiques de la confederaci\u00f3 entorn de Voltumna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna es pot comparar amb altres d\u00e9us federals: Zeus Hel\u00b7lani (Zeus panhel\u00b7l\u00e8nic), Diespiter Latiaris (l&#8217;I\u00fapiter llat\u00ed) o Yahv\u00e8 en la seva funci\u00f3 de d\u00e9u federal israelita. La vinculaci\u00f3 entre confederaci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> religi\u00f3s \u00e9s un fenomen freq\u00fcent en la hist\u00f2ria de les religions antigues.<\/p><p>Especialment il\u00b7lustrativa \u00e9s la paral\u00b7lel\u00b7lisme amb el posterior Iuppiter Latiaris de la Lliga Llatina. Ambd\u00f3s cultes federals se celebraven anualment en un lloc central, tots dos tenien funcions pol\u00edtiques i tots dos van sobreviure a canvis pol\u00edtics.<\/p><p>Mitjan\u00e7ant la interpretatio Romana, les divinitats etrusques van rebre noms romans: Tinia es va convertir en Iupiter, Uni en Iuno, Menrva en Minerva, i Voltumna va perviure en el rom\u00e0 Vertumnus. Aquestes equiparacions solien no ser completes, sin\u00f3 que nom\u00e9s destacaven aspectes parcials. La recerca dels \u00faltims cinquanta anys ha anat determinant quines particularitats etrusques es van conservar en aquest proc\u00e9s.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 etrusca presenta nombrosos punts de contacte amb tradicions anat\u00f2liques, fen\u00edcies i de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic. L&#8217;intercanvi fenici queda especialment documentat en les tauletes de Pyrgi. Aquesta interconnexi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia \u00e9s des de fa algunes d\u00e8cades un important camp de recerca.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva de religi\u00f3 comparada, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc pertany a la fam\u00edlia religiosa mediterr\u00e0nia m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia i es relaciona amb Gr\u00e8cia, Fen\u00edcia, Egipte, Anat\u00f2lia i el Laci. Aquesta integraci\u00f3 constitueix un important camp de recerca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3 actual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca sobre Voltumna ha experimentat des dels anys 2000 un impuls considerable gr\u00e0cies a les excavacions al Campo della Fiera (Simonetta Stopponi, Universitat de Perugia). Informes d&#8217;excavaci\u00f3 anuals i diverses monografies documenten les troballes.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 els estudis interdisciplinaris sobre l&#8217;organitzaci\u00f3 estatal etrusca (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) integren Voltumna de manera sistem\u00e0tica. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> \u00e9s clau per comprendre el federalisme etrusc.<\/p><p>Avui dia, la religi\u00f3 etrusca \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;una recerca internacionalment connectada. Entre els centres m\u00e9s destacats hi ha les universitats de Flor\u00e8ncia, Roma La Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen i Princeton. Cada any diversos congressos internacionals es dediquen a aspectes concrets del tema.<\/p><p>Els projectes internacionals sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca recorren avui a m\u00e8todes digitals: escanejats tridimensionals de temples i tombes, bases de dades d&#8217;inscripcions i fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques, aix\u00ed com an\u00e0lisis GIS de l&#8217;estructura d&#8217;assentaments. Aquests m\u00e8todes obren noves vies de coneixement, per exemple en la localitzaci\u00f3 de llocs de culte com el Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>La recerca actual sobre els etruscs es transmet a un p\u00fablic m\u00e9s ampli mitjan\u00e7ant exposicions, entre altres al Museu Vatic\u00e0, al Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i al Boston Museum of Fine Arts, aix\u00ed com a trav\u00e9s de nombroses publicacions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i estat de la recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts m\u00e9s importants per a la recerca sobre Voltumna s\u00f3n les troballes arqueol\u00f2giques al Campo della Fiera, les inscripcions etrusques, les mencions en Livi, les fonts romanes sobre Vertumnus i les troballes epigr\u00e0fiques de les ciutats etrusques.<\/p><p>Una an\u00e0lisi m\u00e9s aprofundida en el conjunt de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 etrusca<\/a> mostra com cal entendre Voltumna dins el sistema de relacions amb Tinia, Uni, Menrva i els altres Atua, amb l&#8217;especificitat que es defineix principalment en termes pol\u00edtico-religiosos.<\/p><p>Les fonts sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca s\u00f3n heterog\u00e8nies: testimonis epigr\u00e0fics, recollits en l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, troballes arqueol\u00f2giques, fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques i bibliografia secund\u00e0ria. Aquesta diversitat exigeix un enfocament interdisciplinari, i la recerca recent combina de manera sistem\u00e0tica la filologia, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les cultures del passat a partir de restes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparada i sense vincle confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> i l&#8217;antropologia.<\/p><p>Una cr\u00edtica de fonts rigorosa requereix con\u00e8ixer tant els testimonis originals etruscs com la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grega i romana. Precisament en el cas de Voltumna, la seva correspond\u00e8ncia romana Vertumnus ha deixat traces m\u00e9s abundants que algunes fonts etrusques, aquesta doble mirada resulta imprescindible.<\/p><p>Qui vulgui situar Voltumna de manera rigorosa dins la hist\u00f2ria de les religions ha de tenir una visi\u00f3 de conjunt de les fonts epigr\u00e0fiques, arqueol\u00f2giques i liter\u00e0ries, aix\u00ed com dels m\u00e8todes de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparada i sense vincle confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> moderna. Aquesta aproximaci\u00f3 multidisciplin\u00e0ria es considera l&#8217;est\u00e0ndard en la recerca actual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Fanum Voltumnae: santuari federal de les ciutats etrusques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, tamb\u00e9 anomenat pels autors romans <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, est\u00e0 estretament vinculat a un lloc de culte concret, el <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>. L&#8217;historiador rom\u00e0 Titus Livi relata en diverses ocasions que els representants de les ciutats etrusques es reunien en aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> per deliberar sobre assumptes comuns, decidir sobre la guerra i la pau, i celebrar festes religioses amb jocs.<\/p><p>El <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> era, doncs, alhora centre religi\u00f3s i lloc de reuni\u00f3 pol\u00edtica de la lliga de ciutats etrusques.<\/p><p>La ubicaci\u00f3 exacta del santuari va ser desconeguda durant molt temps i objecte de diverses hip\u00f2tesis. Des de principis dels anys 2000, la investigaci\u00f3 s&#8217;ha centrat en el jaciment de Campo della Fiera, prop d&#8217;Orvieto, l&#8217;antiga <em>Velzna<\/em> o Volsinii.<\/p><p>All\u00e0, excavacions dirigides per Simonetta Stopponi han desvelat un extens recinte sagrat amb fonaments de temples, altars, ofrenes votives i una llarga hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;\u00fas. Molts investigadors consideren probable la identificaci\u00f3 amb el <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>, per\u00f2, com passa amb molts jaciments etruscos, no est\u00e0 confirmada per una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport permanent.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> inequ\u00edvoca.<\/p><p>Les troballes de Campo della Fiera mostren que el lloc va continuar en \u00fas m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l&#8217;\u00e8poca etrusca, durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca romana i fins i tot en l&#8217;antiguitat tardana.<\/p><p>Aix\u00f2 concorda amb l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 que el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> de Voltumna va perdurar fins i tot despr\u00e9s de la conquesta romana de Volsinii, i el d\u00e9u va continuar sent venerat en forma romana com a <em>Vertumnus<\/em>. El santuari federal deixa clar que la religi\u00f3 etrusca no era nom\u00e9s un afer de ciutats individuals, sin\u00f3 que tenia tamb\u00e9 una funci\u00f3 supraregional i identit\u00e0ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus i la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la naturalesa del d\u00e9u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sobre la naturalesa de Voltumna no hi ha consens en la investigaci\u00f3, i aix\u00f2 t\u00e9 a veure amb el car\u00e0cter de les fonts.<\/p><p>L&#8217;erudit rom\u00e0 Varr\u00f3 qualifica Voltumna com el d\u00e9u suprem d&#8217;Etr\u00faria, <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. Altres testimonis suggereixen un d\u00e9u de la vegetaci\u00f3 o de la transformaci\u00f3, idea sostinguda sobretot per la figura romana de <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, vinculada al canvi de les estacions i a la maduraci\u00f3 dels fruits.<\/p><p>El poeta Properci fa parlar el mateix <em>Vertumnus<\/em> en una coneguda elegia, on aquest exal\u00e7a la seva capacitat de metamorfosi.<\/p><p>El problema \u00e9s que aquests testimonis procedeixen d&#8217;una perspectiva romana i van ser formulats segles despr\u00e9s de l&#8217;apogeu del culte etrusc. Si Voltumna va ser origin\u00e0riament un d\u00e9u de la vegetaci\u00f3, un d\u00e9u federal pol\u00edtic o una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> integral amb diversos aspectes, no es pot determinar a partir dels pocs testimonis etruscos originals.<\/p><p>Alguns investigadors relacionen el mateix nom amb una arrel que significa girar o transformar-se, la qual cosa concordaria amb el tema de la metamorfosi, tot i que aquesta etimologia tampoc est\u00e0 confirmada.<\/p><p>Voltumna \u00e9s, doncs, un exemple d&#8217;una dificultat fonamental de l&#8217;etruscologia: una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> pot estar ben documentada per autors <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antics<\/span> i, tot i aix\u00ed, mantenir-se difusa en la seva naturalesa original, perqu\u00e8 els testimonis s\u00f3n tardans, aliens i motivats per interessos particulars.<\/p><p>Per aix\u00f2, les obres rigoroses solen presentar diverses interpretacions en paral\u00b7lel, en lloc de decantar-se per una sola. Nom\u00e9s \u00e9s segur el paper destacat del d\u00e9u com a punt de refer\u00e8ncia de la lliga de ciutats etrusques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (diversos volums)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: Contribucions sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca<\/li><li>Livi: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, tamb\u00e9 anomenat Veltha o Vertumnus, era el patr\u00f3 <strong>div\u00ed<\/strong> de les dotze ciutats de la lliga etrusca. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span>, el <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> a prop de Volsinii, servia, segons Livi, com a lloc de reuni\u00f3 anual dels representants de la lliga, on es tractaven conjuntament q\u00fcestions religioses, pol\u00edtiques i jur\u00eddiques.<\/p><p>Com a punt de refer\u00e8ncia div\u00ed de la lliga, Voltumna no s&#8217;inscrivia tant en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> dom\u00e8stic com en la representaci\u00f3 estatal, i garantia el vincle ritual entre ciutats-estat que, per la resta, eren independents entre elles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span><\/em> etrusc anomena Voltumna com el d\u00e9u federal suprem de les dotze ciutats; en el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span>, el Fanum Voltumnae prop de Volsinii, els representants de la lliga etrusca es reunien anualment per deliberar i celebrar cultes festius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Voltumna Etruscos Fanum Voltumnae Lliga Dodec\u00e0polis Volsinii Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">Etrusc<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. 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