{"id":171701,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171701"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:48","slug":"tinia-deu-suprem-etruscos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tinia-deu-suprem-etruscos\/","title":{"rendered":"Tinia &#8211; D\u00e9u suprem dels etruscos"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171701\" class=\"elementor elementor-171701 elementor-2604 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tinia - D\u00e9u etrusc del cel i d\u00e9u suprem, llanc\u00edvol dels llamps<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia (escrit tamb\u00e9 Tin, Tina, Tinia) \u00e9s considerat en la religi\u00f3 etrusca el d\u00e9u suprem i sobir\u00e0 del cel. \u00c9s l&#8217;hom\u00f2leg etrusc del J\u00fapiter rom\u00e0 i del Zeus grec, tot i tenir caracter\u00edstiques pr\u00f2pies. Aquesta p\u00e0gina descriu la seva posici\u00f3 des de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3 dins del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> etrusc, els seus rastres iconogr\u00e0fics i el seu paper en la vida ritual d&#8217;Etr\u00faria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 etrusca.\">Etrusc<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitat celeste i suprema.\">Divinitat celeste i suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tinia-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" 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500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2820\" alt=\"Tinia \u2013 D\u00e9u suprem dels etruscos\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins el pante\u00f3 etrusc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia \u00e9s el d\u00e9u suprem de la religi\u00f3 etrusca i president del consell dels d\u00e9us. Es vincula amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171702\">Uni<\/a> (equivalent d&#8217;Iuno) i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171703\">Menrva<\/a> (equivalent de Minerva) en la tr\u00edada capitolina, que en la transici\u00f3 etrusco-romana va ser assumida com la tr\u00edada J\u00fapiter-Juno-Minerva al Capitoli rom\u00e0.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Fonts importants sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca s\u00f3n <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> de Massimo Pallottino (1942, traducci\u00f3 alemanya 1965), <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> de Larissa Bonfante (2006) i <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> de Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot (2005). Tinia \u00e9s central en qualsevol reconstrucci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre d\u00e9u i la creen\u00e7a d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca.<\/span><\/p><p>Per situar Tinia cal comprendre primer la posici\u00f3 especial de la religi\u00f3 etrusca: es troba al punt de contacte entre el m\u00f3n mediterrani de tradici\u00f3 grega i la cultura it\u00e0lico-romana emergent, i actua com a mitjancera entre totes dues.<\/p><p>Aquesta posici\u00f3 de pont la fa tan reveladora per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span>. Investigadors com Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani i Giovanni Colonna han demostrat en els seus treballs que es tracta d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> religiosa aut\u00f2noma i pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>Dins la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre d\u00e9u i la creen\u00e7a d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> estava clarament estructurat: hi havia jerarquies escalonades, encap\u00e7alades per Tinia, i cada d\u00e9u tenia assignades compet\u00e8ncies concretes. Estudis m\u00e9s antics han descrit sovint aquest sistema div\u00ed com a enigm\u00e0tic o estrany. En realitat, per\u00f2, es tracta d&#8217;una manifestaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia de la religi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia amb un ordre intern comprensible.<\/p><p>En la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 a It\u00e0lia, els etruscs van tenir una funci\u00f3 de frontissa: a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;ells les concepcions gregues van arribar a la regi\u00f3 on es va formar la religi\u00f3 romana. Precisament aquesta funci\u00f3 mediadora, de la qual la identificaci\u00f3 posterior de Tinia amb J\u00fapiter n&#8217;\u00e9s un exemple, \u00e9s un dels aspectes m\u00e9s reveladors de la cultura etrusca des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom de Tinia est\u00e0 documentat en nombroses inscripcions etrusques, la m\u00e9s coneguda de les quals \u00e9s el fetge de bronze de Piacenza (segle III a. C.), que en les 16 seccions del cel div\u00ed situa Tinia a la primera i a l&#8217;\u00faltima secci\u00f3, delimitant aix\u00ed tot el cel dels d\u00e9us. No s&#8217;ha reconstru\u00eft un significat etimol\u00f2gic segur del nom.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Les propostes etimol\u00f2giques van des de &#8216;dia&#8217; (de l&#8217;etrusc *tin) fins a &#8216;cim, cimal&#8217;. Helmut Rix va reunir tot el material epigr\u00e0fic en l&#8217;<em>Etruscan Texts: Editio Minor<\/em> (1991). A m\u00e9s de Tin, Tinia est\u00e0 documentat tamb\u00e9 amb els ep\u00edtets Tinia Calusna (&#8216;Tinia de l&#8217;inframon celeste&#8217;), Tinia Sosnial i Tinia Thufltha, cadascun amb funcions espec\u00edfiques.<\/span><\/p><p>L&#8217;etrusc constitueix una llengua a\u00efllada; no es pot classificar amb seguretat dins de cap fam\u00edlia ling\u00fc\u00edstica coneguda. Una hip\u00f2tesi el situa dins un anomenat grup tirs\u00e8nic, al qual tamb\u00e9 podrien pert\u00e0nyer el lemni i el r\u00e8tic.<\/p><p>Des del segle XIX es treballa en el desxiframent dels textos, per\u00f2 encara no s&#8217;ha arribat a una conclusi\u00f3 definitiva, cosa que afecta tamb\u00e9 la interpretaci\u00f3 de te\u00f2nims com Tinia.<\/p><p>Com a obra de refer\u00e8ncia epigr\u00e0fica serveix l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, on es recull el corpus ling\u00fc\u00edstic etrusc i on tamb\u00e9 queda documentat el nom de Tinia. Com a complement es disposa avui del Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae i de la base de dades en l\u00ednia ETP, l&#8217;Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>L&#8217;origen dels etruscos \u00e9s objecte de debat des de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span>: Herodot els feia derivar de L\u00eddia, mentre que Dion\u00eds d&#8217;Halicarn\u00e0s els considerava un poble aut\u00f2cton itali\u00e0.<\/p><p>Aquest debat \u00e9s rellevant per a la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 hi va lligada la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de si la religi\u00f3 etrusca, i amb ella figures com Tinia, presenten connexions amb cultes de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Menor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia \u00e9s representat en l&#8217;art etrusc com un home barbut, sovint amb un feix de llamps, un ceptre o un bast\u00f3 de lotus. S\u00f3n famosos els bronzes que el mostren com a div\u00ed assegut o dret. Una destacada estatueta prov\u00e9 de Piombino (segle V a. C.).<\/p><p>En els miralls etruscos (segles IV\/III a. C.) Tinia apareix sovint en escenes mitol\u00f2giques, moltes vegades amb inscripci\u00f3. Larissa Bonfante ha posat de manifest en els seus estudis sobre el llenguatge iconogr\u00e0fic etrusc la diversitat de la seva iconografia. Tinia porta de vegades el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del cel n\u00favol o va acompanyat d&#8217;\u00e0guiles.<\/p><p>Com que no existeixen textos mitol\u00f2gics escrits, l&#8217;art figuratiu dels etruscos \u00e9s la font m\u00e9s important, tamb\u00e9 per a la representaci\u00f3 de Tinia. Miralls, gerros, pintures funer\u00e0ries i figures de bronze proporcionen la major part del nostre coneixement i tenen un valor extraordinari des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia religiosa. Larissa Bonfante ha subratllat en les seves investigacions que aquest llenguatge visual constitueix una tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia i no \u00e9s una simple derivaci\u00f3 de models grecs.<\/p><p>Un valor documental especialment alt per a la religi\u00f3 i les concepcions de l&#8217;ultratomba dels etruscos el t\u00e9 la pintura funer\u00e0ria, conservada sobretot a Tarqu\u00ednia, Cerveteri i Vulci. A les parets apareixen escenes de banquets, escenes mitol\u00f2giques i imatges de dansa i m\u00fasica. Transmeten una idea de l&#8217;ultratomba concebuda com la continuaci\u00f3 de la vida terrenal.<\/p><p>Un tret caracter\u00edstic de la composici\u00f3 pict\u00f2rica etrusca \u00e9s que uneix diverses figures en escenes, suggereix relacions narratives i condensa significats de manera simb\u00f2lica. Tamb\u00e9 Tinia apareix regularment en aquestes composicions plurifigurades. Interpretar aquest tipus de representaci\u00f3 \u00e9s tasca de la iconografia religiosa etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitologia i relats m\u00edtics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia de la tradici\u00f3 grega i romana, nom\u00e9s disposem de fonts fragment\u00e0ries sobre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca. Els mateixos etruscos no van escriure obres mitol\u00f2giques extenses. El que sabem prov\u00e9 de fonts visuals etrusques (inscripcions de miralls, imatges de gerros, pintura funer\u00e0ria) i de fonts secund\u00e0ries grecoromanes.<\/p><p>Se sap que Tinia llan\u00e7a tres tipus de llamps: d&#8217;advert\u00e8ncia, de c\u00e0stig i de destrucci\u00f3. Aquesta diferenciaci\u00f3 forma part de la Disciplina Etrusca, la ci\u00e8ncia religiosa i divinat\u00f2ria que Cicer\u00f3 descriu a <em>De Divinatione<\/em>. Els etruscos s\u00f3n considerats a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> experts en la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps (fulguratio).<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> grega o romana, l&#8217;etrusca no ha arribat en textos narratius formulats. El que sabem sobre els mites al voltant de Tinia s&#8217;ha de reconstruir a partir de representacions visuals, inscripcions i els relats d&#8217;autors grecs i romans. Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> indirecta exigeix a la recerca un procediment especialment prudent.<\/p><p>La relaci\u00f3 entre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> etrusca i la grega no es pot reduir a una simple adopci\u00f3. Encara que els etruscos van recollir molts temes grecs, com els relatius a Aquil\u00b7les, Odisseu o \u00c8dip, sovint els van reinterpretar i hi van posar el seu propi accent. La manera exacta com es va desenvolupar aquest proc\u00e9s d&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 \u00e9s objecte d&#8217;estudi detallat en la recerca.<\/p><p>Un tret caracter\u00edstic de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> etrusca \u00e9s la idea d&#8217;un consell div\u00ed, el consensus deorum. Tinia no pren decisions en solitari, sin\u00f3 que es coordina amb altres divinitats. Des del punt de vista de la fenomenologia religiosa, aquest \u00f2rgan deliberatiu constitueix una peculiaritat de la religi\u00f3 etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tinia i l'art divinatori etrusc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els etruscos van desenvolupar un sistema molt sofisticat de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La interpretaci\u00f3 de signes per con\u00e8ixer all\u00f2 ocult o futur.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinaci\u00f3<\/span>, anomenat a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> &#8216;Disciplina Etrusca&#8217;. Constava de tres \u00e0mbits principals: l&#8217;examen de les v\u00edsceres (haruspicina), la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps (fulguratio) i l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels ocells. Tinia ocupa el centre de la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps, ja que \u00e9s el div\u00ed que els llan\u00e7a.<\/p><p>El fetge de bronze de Piacenza \u00e9s el testimoni material m\u00e9s important d&#8217;aquesta tradici\u00f3. Est\u00e0 dividit en 16 seccions celestials, cada una assignada a un d\u00e9u. Tinia hi apareix fins a tres vegades: a les seccions Tin\/Cilensl, Tin\/Thuf i Tin\/Thne, la qual cosa documenta la seva posici\u00f3 central. L&#8217;obra de Jannot <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> ofereix la discussi\u00f3 m\u00e9s detallada.<\/p><p>Per Disciplina Etrusca s&#8217;ent\u00e9n el sistema ordenat de divinaci\u00f3 dels etruscos. Es compon de tres \u00e0mbits: l&#8217;examen de les v\u00edsceres (haruspicina), la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps (fulguratio) i l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels ocells (auspicia).<\/p><p>Precisament la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps est\u00e0 estretament relacionada amb Tinia com a llan\u00e7ador de llamps. Els romans van adoptar aquest sistema, que es va practicar fins al segle IV d. C.; devem descripcions detallades a Cicer\u00f3 i S\u00e8neca.<\/p><p>La Disciplina Etrusca es transmetia en escoles sacerdotals establertes espec\u00edficament per a aquest fi. La seva doctrina estava recollida en llibres, entre els quals els Libri Rituales, els Libri Haruspicini i els Libri Fulgurales, en els quals es regulava, entre altres coses, la interpretaci\u00f3 dels llamps de Tinia.<\/p><p>Aquests escrits no s&#8217;han conservat, per\u00f2 es poden recuperar en part a partir de citacions d&#8217;autors romans com Cicer\u00f3, Fest i Macrobi.<\/p><p>La vida religiosa dels etruscos estava estretament lligada a les diferents ciutats. Cada un dels grans centres, \u00e9s a dir, Tarqu\u00ednia, Cerveteri, Vulci, Veios, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perusa, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle, mantenia els seus propis cultes principals i particularitats religioses, de manera que tamb\u00e9 la veneraci\u00f3 de Tinia presentava variacions locals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i rituals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia era venerat en nombrosos temples urbans etruscos. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Veji, el temple d&#8217;Apol\u00b7lo de Veji (dissenyat per Vulca) i els grans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Tarqu\u00ednia, Caere i Volsinii eren llocs de culte importants. La Tr\u00edade Capitolina Iupiter-Iuno-Minerva al Capitolium de Roma va ser erigida per etruscos i representa la tr\u00edade etrusca Tinia-Uni-Menrva.<\/p><p>Els rituals inclo\u00efen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> (especialment sacrificis de toros), preg\u00e0ries i pr\u00e0ctiques endevinat\u00f2ries. Els etruscos tenien una jerarquia sacerdotal ben definida. El summe sacerdot era sovint alhora el l\u00edder pol\u00edtic d&#8217;una ciutat, una uni\u00f3 de religi\u00f3 i pol\u00edtica caracter\u00edstica de la societat etrusca.<\/p><p>Arquitect\u00f2nicament, els temples etruscos, on tamb\u00e9 es venerava Tinia, es distingeixen per l&#8217;estil tosc\u00e0, un ordre de columnes propi que Vitruvi va descriure en la seva obra De Architectura. Les seves plantes emfatitzen la cel\u00b7la i un ampli p\u00f2rtic frontal, i es diferencien notablement dels edificis de temples grecs.<\/p><p>Molts <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> etruscos tenien un car\u00e0cter monumental. Un exemple conegut \u00e9s el temple d&#8217;Iupiter al Capitolium rom\u00e0, en la construcci\u00f3 del qual van participar arquitectes i artistes etruscos, sobretot Vulca de Veji. Com que Iupiter correspon al Tinia etrusc, aquesta construcci\u00f3 es considera un testimoni de la religiositat etrusca en la Roma primitiva.<\/p><p>La lliga de les dotze ciutats etrusques es reunia any rere any al Fanum Voltumnae, prop de Volsinii, on es tractaven alhora q\u00fcestions religioses i pol\u00edtiques. La divinitat protectora d&#8217;aquesta confederaci\u00f3 era Voltumna, que tenia una import\u00e0ncia religiosa que transcendia els cultes de cada ciutat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradicions de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia era invocat en contextos de protecci\u00f3 principalment a trav\u00e9s de la Disciplina Etrusca. Qui constru\u00efa una casa nova, fundava una ciutat o havia de prendre una decisi\u00f3 important consultava els haruspexs (endevins de les entranyes) o els augurs (endevins de les aus). Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica estava fortament institucionalitzada i formava part de l&#8217;estructura estatal etrusca.<\/p><p>Les pr\u00e0ctiques apotropaiques en sentit estricte estaven molt esteses entre els etruscs. El mal d&#8217;ull s&#8217;evitava amb amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics, amb determinats gestos i amb inscripcions. La relaci\u00f3 amb Tinia en aquestes pr\u00e0ctiques rau en el fet que cada pas important es duia a terme sota la protecci\u00f3 del d\u00e9u suprem. Larissa Bonfante ha documentat aquest llenguatge visual apotropaic en diversos treballs.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Al costum protector etrusc pertany tota una s\u00e8rie de signes apotropaics defensius: amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics, imatges de gorgoneion, s\u00edmbols d&#8217;ulls, bullae i determinades f\u00f3rmules. Larissa Bonfante ha sistematitzat el llenguatge visual d&#8217;aquests signes de protecci\u00f3 en la seva obra Etruscan Mirrors, publicada a partir de 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Els s\u00edmbols defensius eren omnipresents en el m\u00f3n etrusc, entre ells l&#8217;ull de Tinia, els amulets f\u00e0l\u00b7lics i els gorgoneia. Es col\u00b7locaven tant a temples, tombes i santuaris dom\u00e8stics com en objectes personals. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica va continuar en la creen\u00e7a popular romana i mediterr\u00e0nia en general.<\/p><p>La idea etrusca de protecci\u00f3 era gaireb\u00e9 inseparable de la Disciplina Etrusca. Abans d&#8217;emprendre una acci\u00f3 important, ja fos la fundaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una ciutat, una campanya militar o la construcci\u00f3 d&#8217;una casa, es consultava mitjan\u00e7ant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'art d'interpretar senyals per con\u00e8ixer all\u00f2 ocult o el futur.\" tabindex=\"0\">endevinaci\u00f3<\/span> la voluntat dels d\u00e9us, entre els quals Tinia ocupava el lloc suprem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia correspon funcionalment al Zeus grec i al J\u00fapiter rom\u00e0. La connexi\u00f3 no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s tipol\u00f2gica, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 hist\u00f2rica: els etruscs van fer de pont entre la religi\u00f3 grega i la romana. Molts mites grecs es van transmetre al m\u00f3n rom\u00e0 a trav\u00e9s de la mediaci\u00f3 etrusca. La Tr\u00edada Capitolina de Roma \u00e9s l&#8217;adopci\u00f3 directa del sistema etrusc Tinia-Uni-Menrva.<\/p><p>En perspectiva de religi\u00f3 comparada, Tinia es pot vincular amb altres d\u00e9us suprems celestes indoeuropeus: Dyaus Pita (v\u00e8dic), Dievas (b\u00e0ltic), Tyr (germ\u00e0nic, origin\u00e0riament d\u00e9u del cel). La idea d&#8217;un senyor suprem del cel est\u00e0 molt estesa en les religions indoeuropees, la qual cosa refor\u00e7a tant l&#8217;etimologia com la funci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Arran de la interpretatio Romana, les divinitats etrusques van rebre noms romans: Tinia es va convertir en J\u00fapiter, Uni en Juno, Menrva en Minerva. Aquestes equival\u00e8ncies, per\u00f2, rarament captaven la figura sencera, sin\u00f3 que nom\u00e9s en destacaven trets seleccionats.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 dels darrers cinquanta anys s&#8217;esfor\u00e7a a tornar a fer visible el que \u00e9s espec\u00edficament etrusc en Tinia i en les altres divinitats.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f3 etrusca presenta diversos punts de contacte amb tradicions anat\u00f2liques, fen\u00edcies i de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic. Una prova concreta de l&#8217;intercanvi fenici la proporcionen les l\u00e0mines de Pyrgi. Aquesta interconnexi\u00f3 mediterr\u00e0nia, en la qual tamb\u00e9 s&#8217;inscriu el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Tinia, \u00e9s un dels camps d&#8217;investigaci\u00f3 importants de les darreres d\u00e8cades.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva de religi\u00f3 comparada, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> etrusc pertany a la fam\u00edlia religiosa mediterr\u00e0nia m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia i es relaciona amb Gr\u00e8cia, Fen\u00edcia, Egipte, Anat\u00f2lia i el Laci. Aquesta integraci\u00f3, que tamb\u00e9 afecta la veneraci\u00f3 del d\u00e9u del cel Tinia, constitueix un camp d&#8217;investigaci\u00f3 rellevant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3 actual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La religi\u00f3 etrusca \u00e9s avui objecte d&#8217;una intensa recerca internacional. Institucions importants s\u00f3n l&#8217;Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici (Flor\u00e8ncia), l&#8217;Ala Etrusca dels Museus Vaticans i el Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Investigadors rellevants del present s\u00f3n Larissa Bonfante (1931-2019), Nancy Thomson de Grummond, Jean MacIntosh Turfa i Marie-Laurence Haack.<\/span><\/p><p>En els darrers 50 anys, la recerca ha evolucionat des d&#8217;una descripci\u00f3 purament filol\u00f2gico-arqueol\u00f2gica cap a una an\u00e0lisi hist\u00f2rico-religiosa interdisciplin\u00e0ria. La religi\u00f3 etrusca ja no \u00e9s &#8216;misteriosa&#8217;, sin\u00f3 que est\u00e0 ben documentada en molts aspectes.<\/p><p>Avui, una recerca connectada internacionalment s&#8217;ocupa de la religi\u00f3 etrusca i, per tant, tamb\u00e9 d&#8217;una figura central com Tinia. Entre els centres importants hi ha les universitats de Flor\u00e8ncia, Roma La Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen i Princeton. Cada any, diverses trobades internacionals es dediquen a q\u00fcestions concretes d&#8217;aquest tema.<\/p><p>En la recerca actual sobre la religi\u00f3 etrusca s&#8217;apliquen cada cop m\u00e9s m\u00e8todes digitals: escanejos tridimensionals de temples i tombes, bases de dades d&#8217;inscripcions i fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques, aix\u00ed com sistemes d&#8217;informaci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica per analitzar l&#8217;estructura dels assentaments. Aquestes eines obren noves perspectives, tamb\u00e9 sobre els llocs de culte de Tinia.<\/p><p>L&#8217;estat de la recerca etruscol\u00f2gica es fa accessible a un p\u00fablic m\u00e9s ampli mitjan\u00e7ant exposicions, com al Museu Vatic\u00e0, al Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i al Boston Museum of Fine Arts, complementades per una gran quantitat de publicacions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i estat de la recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts m\u00e9s importants per a la recerca sobre Tinia s\u00f3n les inscripcions etrusques (l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix), el fetge de bronze de Piacenza, els miralls etruscos amb inscripcions, les fonts romanes (Cicer\u00f3, Plini, S\u00e8neca), les fonts grigues (Diodor) i les troballes arqueol\u00f2giques de les grans ciutats etrusques.<\/p><p>Una an\u00e0lisi aprofundida dins la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">hist\u00f2ria religiosa etrusca<\/a> en conjunt mostra que Tinia no s&#8217;ha d&#8217;entendre de manera a\u00efllada, sin\u00f3 dins la xarxa de relacions amb Uni, Menrva i els altres Atua. Aquesta interconnexi\u00f3 \u00e9s essencial des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic.<\/p><p>Qui s&#8217;ocupa de Tinia i de la religi\u00f3 etrusca ha de treballar amb una base de fonts heterog\u00e8nia: testimonis epigr\u00e0fics, recollits a l&#8217;Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, troballes arqueol\u00f2giques, fonts iconogr\u00e0fiques i literatura secund\u00e0ria. Aquesta diversitat exigeix un enfocament interdisciplinari, i la recerca m\u00e9s recent combina de manera sistem\u00e0tica la filologia, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que investiga cultures passades a partir de troballes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> i l&#8217;antropologia.<\/p><p>Una cr\u00edtica de fonts adequada exigeix con\u00e8ixer tant els testimonis originals etruscos com la tradici\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria grecoromana. Mantenir aquesta doble mirada \u00e9s exigent, per\u00f2 sense ella no es pot reconstruir de manera adequada la hist\u00f2ria religiosa entorn de Tinia.<\/p><p>Una situaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica s\u00f2lida de Tinia nom\u00e9s \u00e9s possible si es tenen en compte tant les fonts epigr\u00e0fiques, arqueol\u00f2giques i liter\u00e0ries com els enfocaments de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> moderna. Aquest enfocament multifac\u00e8tic es considera avui l&#8217;est\u00e0ndard en la recerca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26a95d44 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26a95d44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f2cdc09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2f2cdc09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El fetge de bronze de Piacenza i la posici\u00f3 de Tinia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2601f2b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2601f2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e620b60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e620b60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una de les fonts m\u00e9s importants per con\u00e8ixer la posici\u00f3 de Tinia dins el pante\u00f3 etrusc no \u00e9s un text, sin\u00f3 un objecte: l&#8217;anomenat fetge de Piacenza, un model de bronze d&#8217;un fetge d&#8217;ovella trobat el 1877 prop d&#8217;aquesta ciutat del nord d&#8217;It\u00e0lia.<\/p><p>Probablement data del segle II o I abans de la nostra era i era un instrument did\u00e0ctic o de pr\u00e0ctica per a la disciplina etrusca de l&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3 per les entranyes, l&#8217;haruspicina.<\/p><p>La superf\u00edcie del model est\u00e0 dividida en nombrosos camps, quaranta dels quals porten noms de d\u00e9us gravats en escriptura etrusca. El marge exterior es divideix en setze seccions, corresponents a les setze regions celestes en qu\u00e8 els etruscos dividien el cel.<\/p><p>Tinia, el d\u00e9u suprem del cel i del llamp, apareix diverses vegades al model, la qual cosa indica la seva posici\u00f3 destacada, encara que no exclusiva. Les seves formes onom\u00e0stiques apareixen en diversos camps, la qual cosa podria indicar diferents aspectes o compet\u00e8ncies d&#8217;un mateix d\u00e9u.<\/p><p>La recerca, iniciada amb treballs del segle XIX i continuada per etrusc\u00f2legs com Massimo Pallottino i, m\u00e9s tard, Nancy de Grummond, ha tractat el fetge com una clau per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> etrusca.<\/p><p>Mostra que el cel etrusc es concebia com un sistema ordenat de zones habitades per determinades divinitats, i que la direcci\u00f3 d&#8217;on provenia un llamp es podia interpretar per aquest motiu.<\/p><p>La distribuci\u00f3 de Tinia en diversos camps subratlla que, com a senyor del llamp, ocupava el centre d&#8217;aquest sistema d&#8217;interpretaci\u00f3. El significat exacte de cada camp, per\u00f2, continua sent en part discutit, ja que falten textos complementaris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a7a8bb1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a7a8bb1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209a9973 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp209a9973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els tres tipus de llamps de Tinia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e91d0cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e91d0cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26c3f640 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26c3f640\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una doctrina etrusca, conservada nom\u00e9s a trav\u00e9s de la transmissi\u00f3 romana, tracta del poder graduat de Tinia sobre el llamp.<\/p><p>L&#8217;erudit rom\u00e0 S\u00e8neca explica a les seves <em>Naturales quaestiones<\/em>, basant-se en fonts etrusques, que el d\u00e9u suprem no podia disposar lliurement de tots els llamps. Alguns llamps els podia llan\u00e7ar tot sol, per\u00f2 eren de tipus suau, m\u00e9s b\u00e9 d&#8217;advert\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>Per als llamps m\u00e9s greus, segons la doctrina transmesa, Tinia havia de demanar el consell d&#8217;una assemblea de d\u00e9us anomenats <em>di consentes<\/em> o d\u00e9us vetllats. Nom\u00e9s amb el seu consentiment podia llan\u00e7ar un llamp que caus\u00e9s realment danys.<\/p><p>Un tercer tipus de llamp, encara m\u00e9s destructiu, nom\u00e9s el podia enviar amb el consentiment dels d\u00e9us superiors i ocults, i un llamp d&#8217;aquest tipus canviava de manera permanent l&#8217;estat de les coses.<\/p><p>Aquesta doctrina en tres graus \u00e9s notable des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, perqu\u00e8 situa el d\u00e9u suprem dins d&#8217;una xarxa de consulta i limitaci\u00f3, en lloc d&#8217;atribuir-li un poder il\u00b7limitat. Tinia \u00e9s poder\u00f3s, per\u00f2 no arbitrari; les seves intervencions m\u00e9s greus depenen d&#8217;un consentiment col\u00b7lectiu.<\/p><p>Els investigadors han assenyalat que aquest model s&#8217;ajusta a la concepci\u00f3 etrusca d&#8217;un m\u00f3n coherentment ordenat i interpretable, tal com tamb\u00e9 s&#8217;expressa en la disciplina de l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 dels llamps.<\/p><p>Tot i aix\u00f2, la doctrina nom\u00e9s ens ha arribat a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;autors romans com S\u00e8neca i d&#8217;al\u00b7lusions en altres escriptors. No es pot determinar amb certesa fins a quin punt S\u00e8neca reprodueix exactament la concepci\u00f3 etrusca o si ja la tradueix a categories romanes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942, alemany 1965)<\/span><\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Cicero: <em>De Divinatione<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">\u00edndex bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tinia e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tinia\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tinia-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tinia-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span><\/em> etrusc mostra Tinia com el senyor suprem del cel, que amb tres tipus de llamps garantia l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n; fonts llatines posteriors com S\u00e8neca transmeten aquesta doctrina dels <em>fulgura<\/em> a partir dels llibres disciplinaris etruscs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Tinia Etruscs D\u00e9u suprem Llamp Disciplina Etrusca Piacenza J\u00fapiter Tinia Calusna.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tinia\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables, seguint la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171664\">Etrusc<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2820,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tinia Etruscos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tinia - D\u00e9u suprem etrusc, mite i culte","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tinia \u00e9s el d\u00e9u suprem de la religi\u00f3 etrusca, llanc\u00edvol dels llamps i hom\u00f2leg del J\u00fapiter rom\u00e0. 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