{"id":171687,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171687"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:26","slug":"kachina-ajudants-espirituals-hopi-pueblo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/kachina-ajudants-espirituals-hopi-pueblo\/","title":{"rendered":"Kachina \u2013 Ajudants espirituals dels hopi i dels pobles pueblo"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171687\" class=\"elementor elementor-171687 elementor-2590 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kachina, ajudants espirituals, esperits ancestrals i portadors de pluja de la religi\u00f3 pueblo<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kachina (hopi <em>katsina<\/em>, zuni <em>koko<\/em>, i en altres lleng\u00fces pueblo amb noms propis) designa una classe d&#8217;ajudants espirituals dels pobles pueblo del sud-oest d&#8217;Am\u00e8rica del Nord. La tradici\u00f3 kachina compr\u00e8n unes 400 entitats diferents, cadascuna amb funcions, iconografies i papers rituals propis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ajudant espiritual de la tradici\u00f3 Native American.\">Ajudant espiritual<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Classe d'\u00e9sser espiritual.\">Classe d'\u00e9sser espiritual<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kachina-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kachina-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kachina-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2700\" alt=\"Kachina \u2013 Ajudants espirituals dels hopi i dels pobles pueblo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-kachina elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-kachina elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els kachina s\u00f3n centrals a la religi\u00f3 pueblo com <strong>esperits ancestrals<\/strong> i <strong>portadors de pluja<\/strong>, i actuen com ajudants espirituals dels vius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-kachina elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-kachina\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-kachina\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-kachina\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-kachina elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-kachina\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dins la religi\u00f3 pueblo, els kachina s\u00f3n considerats un <strong>\u00e9sser espiritual hopi<\/strong> central, que encarna la connexi\u00f3 entre els humans, els avantpassats i les forces c\u00f2smiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins la religi\u00f3 pueblo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els kachina s\u00f3n una classe central de la religi\u00f3 pueblo. Es veneren especialment entre els hopi (Arizona) i els zuni (Nou M\u00e8xic) dins d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 ritualista molt desenvolupada; els altres pobles pueblo (acoma, laguna, els pueblos tewa) tenen les seves pr\u00f2pies classes d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 al m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, en part diferents.<\/p><p>Des de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, els kachina pertanyen a l&#8217;\u00e0mplia classe dels <em>esperits ajudants<\/em>, \u00e9ssers que fan de mitjancers entre els principis creadors superiors (vegeu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171686\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>) i els humans. Estructuralment comparables s\u00f3n els <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el shinto japon\u00e8s, els \u00e9ssers espirituals i les forces divines venerades.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span><\/em> japonesos, els <em>yidam<\/em> del budisme tibet\u00e0, els sants cat\u00f2lics i els orix\u00e1s afrobrasilers.<\/p><p>Els kachina no s\u00f3n divinitats en sentit estrictament monoteista, sin\u00f3 m\u00e9s b\u00e9 \u00e9ssers mediadors numinosos que es fan realment presents en la pr\u00e0ctica ritual quan tenen lloc les danses amb m\u00e0scara.<\/p><p>El punt teol\u00f2gic essencial de la tradici\u00f3 kachina \u00e9s la doctrina de la <em>manifestaci\u00f3<\/em>: quan un home hopi es posa la m\u00e0scara del kachina i balla en el context ritual, no \u00e9s un <em>actor que representa un kachina<\/em>, sin\u00f3 que el <em>kachina mateix<\/em> es fa present en ell.<\/p><p>Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de la pres\u00e8ncia ha estat descrita sistem\u00e0ticament pel te\u00f2leg hopi Emory Sekaquaptewa i per la investigadora hopi Barbara Tedlock en les seves obres.<\/p><p>Una diferenciaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica important \u00e9s l&#8217;estricta separaci\u00f3 de g\u00e8nere en la tradici\u00f3 kachina: la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transici\u00f3 ritual per la qual alg\u00fa \u00e9s adm\u00e8s en un nou estatus o en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span> masculina hopi inclou el coneixement dels secrets dels kachina (que les m\u00e0scares les porten homes); la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transici\u00f3 ritual per la qual alg\u00fa \u00e9s adm\u00e8s en un nou estatus o en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span> femenina hopi inclou altres complexos, igualment secrets (especialment la connexi\u00f3 amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171686\">Spider Grandmother<\/a> i amb les societats secretes femenines).<\/p><p>Aquesta religi\u00f3 diferenciada per g\u00e8nere va resultar particularment dif\u00edcil de comprendre per a la missi\u00f3 espanyola, ja que no tenia cap estructura comparable en la tradici\u00f3 cat\u00f2lica. Els missioners espanyols del segle XVII van interpretar en part la religi\u00f3 pueblo com a veneraci\u00f3 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimonis<\/span>, i van precipitar-se cap a la gran revolta pueblo de 1680, provocada en part per la persecuci\u00f3 espanyola de la religi\u00f3 kachina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme hopi <em>katsina<\/em> significa literalment <em>pres\u00e8ncia espiritual respectuosa<\/em> o <em>trobada sagrada<\/em>. La seva etimologia no est\u00e0 del tot aclarida des del punt de vista ling\u00fc\u00edstic; una hip\u00f2tesi probable el relaciona amb l&#8217;arrel <em>ka-<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent al div\u00ed i, per tant, excl\u00f2s de l'\u00fas quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrat<\/span>) i <em>tsina<\/em> (lloc, pres\u00e8ncia).<\/p><p>La grafia anglesa popular <em>Kachina<\/em>, que es va generalitzar durant el segle XIX gr\u00e0cies a la difusi\u00f3 de les nines kachina (petites figures de fusta que representen els kachina) entre els cercles de col\u00b7leccionistes angloamericans, \u00e9s una forma simplificada de la grafia hopi correcta <em>katsina<\/em>.<\/p><p>El Consell Tribal Hopi ha demanat repetidament, des dels anys 1980, un retorn a la grafia correcta; en el discurs acad\u00e8mic actual, <em>katsina<\/em> \u00e9s avui l&#8217;escriptura est\u00e0ndard.<\/p><p>Entre els zuni, la classe d&#8217;\u00e9ssers corresponent es diu <em>koko<\/em> o <em>kokko<\/em>; la tradici\u00f3 de mascarada zuni est\u00e0 emparentada estructuralment amb la tradici\u00f3 hopi, per\u00f2 \u00e9s pr\u00f2pia en els seus detalls. Als pueblos keresans, els \u00e9ssers de la mascarada es diuen <em>shiwanna<\/em>, que literalment significa <em>\u00e9ssers de n\u00favol<\/em>, i posa en relleu la funci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica de portadors de pluja d&#8217;aquesta classe d&#8217;\u00e9ssers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les classes de kachina i figures principals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 hopi coneix entre 250 i 400 kachina diferents, segons el recompte. Es classifiquen en diverses categories principals. Els <em>Chief Kachina<\/em> s\u00f3n les figures principals m\u00e9s importants, entre elles <em>Eototo<\/em> (cap dels kachines, una mena de kachina suprema), <em>Aholi<\/em> (el seu acompanyant), <em>Sotuknang<\/em> (kachina creador) i <em>Massaw<\/em> (kachina de la terra i dels morts, que va rebre els hopi en entrar al Quart M\u00f3n).<\/p><p>Una segona categoria s\u00f3n els <em>Mong Kachina<\/em>, dignes \u00e9ssers acompanyants i venerables que apareixen a les cerim\u00f2nies principals com a guies i mestres. Una tercera categoria s\u00f3n els <em>Wuya Kachina<\/em>, kachines espec\u00edfics d&#8217;un clan, venerats nom\u00e9s per un determinat clan hopi.<\/p><p>Una quarta categoria s\u00f3n els <em>Whipper Kachina<\/em>, \u00e9ssers <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> punitius (Hu, Wuwuyom, Tungwup), que corregeixen amb fuets de iuca els infants hopi desatents o irrespectuosos.<\/p><p>Una cinquena categoria s\u00f3n els <em>Clown Kachina<\/em>, \u00e9ssers <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> c\u00f2mics i sat\u00edrics (especialment els <em>Koshare<\/em> i els <em>Koyemshi<\/em>), que actuen en els intervals de les cerim\u00f2nies principals i corregeixen el comportament social de la comunitat mitjan\u00e7ant actes sat\u00edrics. Aquests pallassos tenen una funci\u00f3 pedag\u00f2gica i social important i han rebut una atenci\u00f3 intensa en la literatura etnol\u00f2gica.<\/p><p>Una categoria important de kachines, que no encaixa en la classificaci\u00f3 principal, s\u00f3n els kachines <em>Mudhead<\/em> (Koyemshi). S\u00f3n els \u00e9ssers pallasso amb caracter\u00edstiques m\u00e0scares de fang de cap rod\u00f3 i vestimenta marcadament asim\u00e8trica. Els Mudheads representen en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre d\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> hopi el Primer M\u00f3n cosmol\u00f2gic de la creaci\u00f3 hopi i porten la responsabilitat cosmol\u00f2gica per la superviv\u00e8ncia del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>S\u00f3n alhora c\u00f2mics i seriosos, una paradoxa que constitueix la seva significaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica. Frank Cushing va descriure \u00e0mpliament la tradici\u00f3 dels Mudhead en els seus treballs sobre els zuni i va destacar la seva paradoxal dignitat c\u00f2mica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la seva pres\u00e8ncia ritual pr\u00e0ctica, els kachina es reconeixen per les seves m\u00e0scares i vestimenta caracter\u00edstiques. Cada kachina t\u00e9 una m\u00e0scara pr\u00f2pia, altament espec\u00edfica, feta de fusta, cuir o tela, amb plomes, cabell, ornaments de closca i pintures de colors incorporats. La m\u00e0scara serveix per manifestar la pres\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, i precisament no per amagar-la: qui es posa la m\u00e0scara del kachina esdev\u00e9 el kachina.<\/p><p>Com a complement de la m\u00e0scara hi ha un vestuari complet fet de roba, elements de cuir, ornaments i eines rituals. La tradici\u00f3 de vestuari hopi est\u00e0 altament estandarditzada: cada kachina t\u00e9 la seva vestimenta espec\u00edfica, transmesa al llarg de generacions. La m\u00e0scara i el vestuari no s\u00f3n, en el sentit hopi, simple vestimenta, sin\u00f3 manifestacions materials de la identitat de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>.<\/p><p>Els <em>Tihu<\/em>, les nines kachina, petites figures de fusta esculpida que reprodueixen fidelment l&#8217;aspecte de cada kachina, es donaven tradicionalment a les nenes hopi com a material d&#8217;aprenentatge religi\u00f3s i pedag\u00f2gic. Servien per recon\u00e8ixer i identificar els diferents kachina amb les seves caracter\u00edstiques espec\u00edfiques.<\/p><p>Des del segle XIX, les nines Tihu s&#8217;han convertit en un article de col\u00b7leccionista molt apreciat en el mercat art\u00edstic nord-americ\u00e0, cosa que ha donat lloc a una producci\u00f3 comercial que en part t\u00e9 lloc fora dels contextos religiosos tradicionals. Des de la d\u00e8cada de 1990, el Hopi Tribal Council ha establert normes estrictes sobre quines nines Tihu es poden vendre i quines, en tant que objectes religiosos i rituals, no es poden comercialitzar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica i cosmol\u00f2gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els kachina tenen en la teologia hopi una funci\u00f3 cosmol\u00f2gica espec\u00edfica. Nom\u00e9s viuen de febrer a juliol al Quart M\u00f3n, \u00e9s a dir, el m\u00f3n en qu\u00e8 els hopi existeixen actualment. La resta de l&#8217;any romanen a les muntanyes sagrades, especialment a la serra de San Francisco Peaks, prop de Flagstaff, Arizona. All\u00e0 es troba el cim sagrat de Nuvatukyaovi (Lloc m\u00e9s alt cobert de neu).<\/p><p>Al febrer els kachinas tornen als pobles hopi, en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span> <em>Soyalangwuul<\/em> del solstici d&#8217;hivern, que marca l&#8217;inici del seu retorn.<\/p><p>Durant els sis mesos seg\u00fcents es duen a terme diverses danses rituals als pobles hopi de les mesas (Walpi, Sichomovi, Hano, Shongopovi, Bacavi, Hotevilla, Oraibi, Mishongnovi), cadascuna dedicada a una funci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica: portar pluja, assegurar les collites, expulsar malalties, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transici\u00f3 ritual per la qual alg\u00fa \u00e9s adm\u00e8s a un nou estatus o comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span> dels infants.<\/p><p>El punt culminant de l&#8217;any kachina \u00e9s el <em>Niman Kachina<\/em>, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span> de la dansa de retorn a casa, al juliol, en qu\u00e8 els kachinas abandonen els pobles hopi i tornen a les muntanyes. Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span> va acompanyada d&#8217;un elaborat repartiment de regals: els kachinas que arriben distribueixen nines tihu, panotxes de blat de moro fresques, s\u00edndries i petits obsequis als nens i les dones hopi, abans de marxar definitivament.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span> Niman \u00e9s accessible a persones no hopi nom\u00e9s en casos molt excepcionals; el Consell Tribal Hopi n&#8217;ha restringit fortament l&#8217;acc\u00e9s des dels anys 1990 per protegir l&#8217;autenticitat cultural.<\/p><p>Un altre esdeveniment kachina important \u00e9s la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span> <em>Powamuya<\/em>, al febrer, tamb\u00e9 anomenada <em>Bean Dance<\/em> (dansa de les mongetes). Marca la gran festa de mig hivern i compr\u00e8n una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia ritual de setze dies amb nombroses aparicions de kachinas.<\/p><p>A les kivas (cambres cerimonials subterr\u00e0nies), els homes hopi fan germinar durant aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span> llavors simb\u00f2liques de mongetes en condicions que simulen la calor de l&#8217;estiu; les plantes de mongeta que creixen es treuen despr\u00e9s de les kivas l&#8217;\u00faltim dia en una process\u00f3 ritual i es reparteixen als infants hopi com a anunci anticipat del veritable estiu.<\/p><p>Aquesta simulaci\u00f3 simb\u00f2lica de l&#8217;estiu ha estat descrita de manera sistem\u00e0tica per Jesse Walter Fewkes en els seus estudis cl\u00e0ssics sobre els hopi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i acci\u00f3 apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els kachinas tenen en la tradici\u00f3 hopi una \u00e0mplia funci\u00f3 protectora. Protegeixen els pobles dels esperits nocius, assseguren la producci\u00f3 agr\u00edcola (especialment mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;aportaci\u00f3 de pluja) i fan de mitjancers entre els avantpassats hopi i els vius.<\/p><p>Entre les pr\u00e0ctiques protectores concretes hi ha col\u00b7locar nines tihu sobre el llindar de la porta o al bressol dels infants, penjar petites r\u00e8pliques de fusta de determinades m\u00e0scares de kachina a les sales d&#8217;estar, i invocar ritualment certs kachina en situacions de necessitat espec\u00edfiques (per exemple, Eototo en cas de sequera, Massaw en cas de mort a la fam\u00edlia, Hu en cas de mal comportament dels infants).<\/p><p>Una pr\u00e0ctica protectora especialment important \u00e9s la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transici\u00f3 ritual per la qual alg\u00fa \u00e9s adm\u00e8s a un nou estatus o comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span> p\u00faber dels infants hopi. Cap als vuit anys, els infants s\u00f3n introdu\u00efts per primera vegada en el coneixement m\u00e9s profund de la tradici\u00f3 kachina.<\/p><p>En aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transici\u00f3 ritual per la qual alg\u00fa \u00e9s adm\u00e8s a un nou estatus o comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span>, associada a una jerarquia ritual de fuets de iuca en qu\u00e8 els kachinas fuetejadors guien simb\u00f2licament els infants a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;aprenentatge social, els infants aprenen que la mascarada dels kachina la porten homes, per\u00f2 que alhora la pres\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> \u00e9s real.<\/p><p>Aquesta mediaci\u00f3 paradoxal, masculinitat i pres\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> alhora, \u00e9s el secret nuclear de la religi\u00f3 hopi i \u00e9s destacada en la discussi\u00f3 etnol\u00f2gica com a exemple d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> religiosofilos\u00f2fica altament sofisticada.<\/p><p>Una pr\u00e0ctica protectora espec\u00edfica \u00e9s la <em>sepultura de tihu<\/em>. Quan una nina tihu ha estat utilitzada com a objecte ritual religi\u00f3s i ja no s&#8217;usa activament, no es llen\u00e7a ni es ven. En comptes d&#8217;aix\u00f2, se la deposa en una petita <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span> pr\u00f2pia de sepultura sota una roca o en una esquerda de la muntanya.<\/p><p>Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica reflecteix la concepci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica segons la qual la nina tihu mateixa cont\u00e9 una petita pres\u00e8ncia numinosa que cal tractar amb respecte. Pr\u00e0ctiques de sepultura comparables per a objectes rituals estan esteses en moltes tradicions pueblo i es diferencien fonamentalment del tractament prof\u00e0 que els objectes de c\u00e0rrega religiosa reben en la cultura occidental secular.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 de m\u00e0scares kachina ha rebut molta atenci\u00f3 en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> comparada. Estructuralment comparables s\u00f3n els teatres de m\u00e0scares japonesos <em>Noh<\/em> i <em>Kagura<\/em>, les tradicions africanes de m\u00e0scares d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transici\u00f3 ritual per la qual alg\u00fa \u00e9s adm\u00e8s en un nou estatus o comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span> (especialment a l&#8217;\u00c0frica Occidental i Central), la tradici\u00f3 de m\u00e0scares maia i asteca, i la tradici\u00f3 de dansa <em>Cham<\/em> del budisme tibet\u00e0.<\/p><p>En tots aquests casos hi ha una construcci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica espec\u00edfica: la m\u00e0scara \u00e9s manifestaci\u00f3, no ocultaci\u00f3; qui porta la m\u00e0scara \u00e9s ell mateix la figura manifestada, no un actor. Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de la manifestaci\u00f3 \u00e9s filos\u00f2ficament complexa i es descriu en l&#8217;estudi comparat com un fenomen d&#8217;<em>incarnational <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>Dins de les tradicions amerindis nord-americanes, la tradici\u00f3 kachina presenta paral\u00b7lelismes estrets amb la tradici\u00f3 de dansa de m\u00e0scares de la costa nord-occidental (kwakwaka&#8217;wakw, tlingit, tsimshian) i amb la tradici\u00f3 pueblo-emparentada dels yei-bi-chai dels navahos. Les kachina pueblo i els yei navahos no s\u00f3n religionsetnol\u00f2gicament id\u00e8ntics, per\u00f2 s\u00ed estructuralment emparentats; els navahos probablement van adoptar i desenvolupar la seva tradici\u00f3 dels yei a partir dels contactes amb els pueblo dels segles XVI i XVII.<\/p><p>Un altre paral\u00b7lelisme rellevant es troba en la tradici\u00f3 dels misteris eleusinis de l&#8217;antiga Gr\u00e8cia, on les aparicions amb m\u00e0scares i l&#8217;encarnaci\u00f3 de la deessa Dem\u00e8ter\/Pers\u00e8fone per part dels iniciats mistos tamb\u00e9 eren un element teol\u00f2gic central.<\/p><p>Les converg\u00e8ncies estructurals entre els ritus kachina dels hopi i els misteris eleusinis han estat observades repetidament en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> comparada des de Walter Burkert, encara que sense suggerir una connexi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica; es tracta de desenvolupaments convergents en condicions socioculturals similars d&#8217;una religiositat de base agr\u00edcola i calend\u00e0rica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 kachina \u00e9s avui una de les tradicions religioses m\u00e9s vives i ininterrompudes dels indis americans. La religi\u00f3 hopi a les meses hopi i la religi\u00f3 zuni al pueblo zuni es practiquen en una forma que la missi\u00f3 espanyola (segles XVI i XVII) i la posterior colonitzaci\u00f3 nord-americana nom\u00e9s han influ\u00eft marginalment.<\/p><p>En la recerca acad\u00e8mica, Jesse Walter Fewkes, Frank Cushing, Elsie Clews Parsons, Alfonso Ortiz, el te\u00f2leg hopi Emory Sekaquaptewa i la investigadora hopi contempor\u00e0nia Wendy Rose han descrit sistem\u00e0ticament la tradici\u00f3 kachina. La llista cl\u00e0ssica de kachines de Harold Colton (<em>Hopi Kachina Dolls<\/em>, 1959) continua sent una refer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;identificaci\u00f3 important, per\u00f2 ha estat criticada des de la part hopi per no ser del tot precisa.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, la tradici\u00f3 kachina \u00e9s un exemple paradigm\u00e0tic d&#8217;una religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena molt complexa, amb un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> diferenciat, una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> sofisticada i una pres\u00e8ncia ritual continuada.<\/p><p>El fet que una tradici\u00f3 amb al voltant de 400 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperits<\/span> diferents s&#8217;hagi pogut transmetre durant segles sense cultura escrita, \u00fanicament mitjan\u00e7ant la tradici\u00f3 oral i la pres\u00e8ncia ritual pr\u00e0ctica, \u00e9s un dels testimonis religionsetnol\u00f2gics m\u00e9s impressionants. La refer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;iWell Guard a la tradici\u00f3 pueblo descriu aquests fets des d&#8217;una perspectiva d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de les religions, sense promeses d&#8217;efecte ni recomanacions espirituals.<\/p><p>Un camp de recerca recent i important \u00e9s la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de l&#8217;autenticitat de les nines tihu. Com que les nines tihu s&#8217;han convertit, des de finals del segle XIX, en un objecte de col\u00b7leccionisme valu\u00f3s, existeix una ind\u00fastria creixent d&#8217;imitacions no fabricades per hopis, venudes en botigues tur\u00edstiques d&#8217;Arizona i Nou M\u00e8xic.<\/p><p>El Consell Tribal Hopi va crear el 1992 la <em>Hopi Cultural Preservation Office<\/em>, que t\u00e9 entre altres funcions la tasca de combatre la reproducci\u00f3 inadequada de nines tihu i protegir l&#8217;autenticitat cultural de l&#8217;art hopi. Aquests esfor\u00e7os s&#8217;emmarquen en el debat m\u00e9s ampli sobre els drets culturals ind\u00edgenes i la propietat intel\u00b7lectual de les comunitats ind\u00edgenes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent recull obres centrals de la religi\u00f3 pueblo i de la recerca sobre les kachina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e01066a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2e01066a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d32287a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d32287a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El cicle de les kachina en el calendari anual dels hopi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22046723 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22046723\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a86932a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2a86932a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Entre els hopi i els zuni del sud-oest d&#8217;Am\u00e8rica del Nord, els \u00e9ssers anomenats <em>katsina<\/em>, escrits normalment Kachina en la literatura angl\u00f2fona, estan lligats a un cicle anual fix.<\/p><p>Segons la tradici\u00f3, els <em>katsina<\/em> es troben una part de l&#8217;any entre els humans i passen la resta del temps en un lloc lluny\u00e0, que entre els hopi s&#8217;associa amb els San Francisco Peaks. La seva arribada i la seva partida marquen el ritme de l&#8217;any cerimonial.<\/p><p>Durant el per\u00edode de la seva pres\u00e8ncia, els <em>katsina<\/em> apareixen en cerim\u00f2nies p\u00fabliques, encarnats per homes de la comunitat que es presenten amb la indument\u00e0ria i la m\u00e0scara corresponents.<\/p><p>Aquestes aparicions no es conceben com una simple representaci\u00f3; segons la concepci\u00f3 hopi, la persona que porta la m\u00e0scara est\u00e0, durant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span>, unida d&#8217;una manera especial a l&#8217;\u00e9sser. Els <em>katsina<\/em> s&#8217;associen amb la pluja, la fertilitat i el benestar de la comunitat, aspectes de rellev\u00e0ncia existencial en l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 sec del sud-oest.<\/p><p>La documentaci\u00f3 etnogr\u00e0fica \u00e9s extensa, per\u00f2 la comunitat hopi la considera amb esperit cr\u00edtic. Jesse Walter Fewkes va elaborar cap al 1900 nombroses descripcions i il\u00b7lustracions, i investigadors posteriors tamb\u00e9 van documentar aquest complex.<\/p><p>El govern tribal hopi s&#8217;ha oposat repetidament a la publicaci\u00f3 d&#8217;imatges i detalls de les cerim\u00f2nies, i considera que una gran part d&#8217;aquest coneixement no est\u00e0 destinat al p\u00fablic. Una presentaci\u00f3 rigorosa respecta aquesta posici\u00f3 i es limita al marc generalment conegut, sense exposar detalls rituals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e72b70c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2e72b70c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22328f2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22328f2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tihu, les figures kachina, entre eina pedag\u00f2gica i mercat de l'art<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b7d8f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b7d8f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ed1cf92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ed1cf92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estretament lligades als <em>katsina<\/em> hi ha les figures tallades que en hopi es coneixen com <em>tihu<\/em>. Representen <em>katsina<\/em> individuals i tradicionalment es lliuraven sobretot a nens, especialment a nenes.<\/p><p>La seva funci\u00f3 era familiaritzar amb el gran nombre d&#8217;\u00e9ssers diferents; per tant, s\u00f3n menys una joguina que una eina pedag\u00f2gica dins de l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 religiosa.<\/p><p>Al llarg del segle XX, aquestes figures van donar lloc a un mercat de l&#8217;art important. Ja col\u00b7leccionistes de principis del segle XX adquirien <em>tihu<\/em>, i des de les d\u00e8cades centrals van sorgir cada cop m\u00e9s figures tallades expressament per a la venda.<\/p><p>Aquestes peces de mercat sovint difereixen en el material, el grau de detall i la postura de les figures m\u00e9s antigues, destinades a l&#8217;\u00fas dins la comunitat. La recerca constata una tensi\u00f3 entre l&#8217;origen religi\u00f3s de les figures i la seva condici\u00f3 d&#8217;objecte de col\u00b7lecci\u00f3.<\/p><p>La mateixa comunitat hopi distingeix entre les figures vinculades a les cerim\u00f2nies i les que es fabriquen per a la venda. Les primeres es consideren no comerciables. En el passat hi ha hagut controv\u00e8rsies al voltant de subhastes en les quals es van oferir objectes que els hopi consideren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a l'\u00e0mbit div\u00ed i, per tant, excl\u00f2s de l'\u00fas quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrats<\/span> i no venals, entre ells altres objectes rituals.<\/p><p>Aquests conflictes toquen q\u00fcestions fonamentals sobre la protecci\u00f3 del patrimoni cultural i el tracte amb la propietat religiosa ind\u00edgena. Per a la comprensi\u00f3 dels <em>katsina<\/em>, aquest punt \u00e9s important perqu\u00e8 mostra que els \u00e9ssers, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del relat i de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte solemne que segueix regles fixes.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f2nia<\/span>, tamb\u00e9 s\u00f3n tangibles en un patrimoni material l&#8217;estatus del qual encara avui \u00e9s objecte de debat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jesse Walter Fewkes: <em>Hopi Katcinas<\/em> (1903)<\/li><li>Harold Colton: <em>Hopi Kachina Dolls<\/em> (1959)<\/li><li>Elsie Clews Parsons: <em>Pueblo Indian Religion<\/em> (1939)<\/li><li>Frank Cushing: <em>Zuni Folk Tales<\/em> (1901)<\/li><li>Emory Sekaquaptewa: <em>Hopi Voices<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Barbara Tedlock: <em>The Beautiful and the Dangerous<\/em> (1992)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-kachina e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-kachina\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-kachina-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-kachina-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els kachina de la religi\u00f3 pueblo uneixen d&#8217;una manera especial les esferes dels vius i dels <em>avantpassats<\/em>: es consideren figures espirituals dels difunts, que tornen als pobles com a n\u00favols, portadors de pluja i ajudants. En les cerim\u00f2nies dels hopi i dels zuni es manifesten a trav\u00e9s de ballarins emmascarats, mentre que les figures tallades tihu fan visible la seva naturalesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Kachina Katsina Koko Hopi Zuni Pueblo Soyalangwuul Niman Tihu Eototo.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-kachina\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes protectors port\u00e0tils, seguint la tradici\u00f3 dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\">Native American<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2700,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kachina Hopi Pueblo","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kachina \u2013 \u00c9ssers espirituals hopi i religi\u00f3 pueblo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Els kachina, ajudants espirituals dels hopi i dels pobles pueblo, formen un pante\u00f3 propi d'unes 400 entitats diferents. Classificaci\u00f3 des de l'estudi de les religions.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"native-american","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171687","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kachina \u2013 \u00c9ssers espirituals hopi i religi\u00f3 pueblo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Els kachina, ajudants espirituals dels hopi i dels pobles pueblo, formen un pante\u00f3 propi d&#039;unes 400 entitats diferents. 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