{"id":171684,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171684"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:22","slug":"tunkasila-avi-cel-lakota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tunkasila-avi-cel-lakota\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunkasila \u2013 Avi Cel dels lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171684\" class=\"elementor elementor-171684 elementor-2587 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunkasila, avi, \u00e9sser celestial i f\u00f3rmula d'invocaci\u00f3 del sagrat en la tradici\u00f3 lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila (lakota <em>Thunkasila<\/em>, avi) \u00e9s la f\u00f3rmula reverencial d&#8217;invocaci\u00f3 del sagrat en la tradici\u00f3 lakota. S&#8217;utilitza per igual per a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171681\">Wakan Tanka<\/a>, per als Quatre Avantpassats del Cel i per a la figura de refer\u00e8ncia personificada en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament ling\u00fc\u00edstic de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">preg\u00e0ria<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador de la tradici\u00f3 Native American.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Invocaci\u00f3 de l'Avi.\">Invocaci\u00f3 de l'Avi<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2706\" alt=\"Tunkasila \u2013 Avi Cel dels lakota\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ubicaci\u00f3 en la religi\u00f3 lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila no \u00e9s, dins el sistema religi\u00f3s lakota, una figura amb entitat pr\u00f2pia, sin\u00f3 una forma d&#8217;invocaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gicament important. La paraula <em>tunkasila<\/em> significa simplement <em>avi<\/em> i s&#8217;utilitza en el llenguatge quotidi\u00e0 tant per a l&#8217;avi biol\u00f2gic com per a altres parents masculins m\u00e9s grans. En el discurs religi\u00f3s, aquesta invocaci\u00f3 s&#8217;est\u00e9n al sagrat, establint aix\u00ed una determinada relaci\u00f3 de parentiu amb el sagrat.<\/p><p>Des de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, el concepte de Tunkasila \u00e9s un element central de la <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> del parentiu<\/em> lakota. Les preg\u00e0ries lakota no configuren el sagrat com un \u00e9sser suprem lluny\u00e0 i distant, sin\u00f3 com una figura familiar propera, amb qui es mant\u00e9 una relaci\u00f3 de parentiu.<\/p><p>Aquest element ha estat destacat repetidament per Joseph Epes Brown, Vine Deloria Jr. i la te\u00f2loga lakota Doris Leader Charge com una difer\u00e8ncia central respecte a la tradici\u00f3 monoteista occidental.<\/p><p>La pr\u00e0ctica de la preg\u00e0ria lakota cont\u00e9 dues invocacions de parentiu centrals: <em>Tunkasila<\/em> (Avi) per als \u00e9ssers masculins, i especialment per als \u00e9ssers celestials superiors, i <em>Unci<\/em> (\u00c0via) per als \u00e9ssers femenins, i especialment per als \u00e9ssers terrestres (vegeu tamb\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171686\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>). Aquesta doble invocaci\u00f3 reflecteix l&#8217;estructura bipolar de g\u00e8nere del sagrat lakota i constitueix un element teol\u00f2gic propi.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 de Tunkasila es troba en una relaci\u00f3 complement\u00e0ria amb la tradici\u00f3 femenina d&#8217;<em>Unci<\/em>. La invocaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00c0via s&#8217;aplica especialment als \u00e9ssers terrestres, a la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00c0via Aranya dels lakota occidentals i, en general, a la numinositat femenina superior.<\/p><p>Aquesta doble <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> bipolar de g\u00e8nere \u00e9s un tret estructural central de la religi\u00f3 lakota, que la distingeix de les divinitats principals de g\u00e8nere monot\u00edpic de les religions abrah\u00e0miques. Joseph Epes Brown i Severt Young Bear han descrit aquesta bipolaritat de g\u00e8nere com una complementarietat en igualtat de condicions, i no com una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de g\u00e8nere ordenada jer\u00e0rquicament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme lakota <em>thunkasila<\/em> es compon de <em>thunka<\/em> (llinatge) i <em>sila<\/em> (marcador de parentiu per a avantpassats masculins). Aix\u00f2 dona literalment <em>parent mascul\u00ed de llinatge<\/em> o <em>avantpassat mascul\u00ed<\/em>. Aplicat al sagrat, aix\u00f2 estableix la idea d&#8217;una relaci\u00f3 familiar transgeneracional: el sagrat \u00e9s un parent de rang superior, no una inst\u00e0ncia llunyana.<\/p><p>La terminologia de parentiu lakota \u00e9s, en conjunt, molt complexa. A difer\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;angl\u00e8s americ\u00e0 modern, que nom\u00e9s t\u00e9 un terme per a l&#8217;avi biol\u00f2gic, el lakota coneix diversos termes per a diferents classes d&#8217;avis (per exemple, <em>tunkasila<\/em> per a l&#8217;avi patern i <em>kakaala<\/em> per a l&#8217;avi matern).<\/p><p>L&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 de la forma m\u00e9s general <em>tunkasila<\/em> al sagrat generalitza la relaci\u00f3 d&#8217;avi i la converteix en una figura de refer\u00e8ncia que transcendeix el biol\u00f2gic.<\/p><p>Una observaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica important \u00e9s que <em>tunkasila<\/em> s&#8217;utilitza sovint en la forma plural <em>tunkasilas<\/em> o <em>tunkasilapi<\/em>, que designa els <em>avis<\/em>. En aquesta forma plural, la invocaci\u00f3 es refereix especialment als <em>Quatre Avis<\/em>, els Quatre Punts Cardinals, que com a \u00e9ssers wakan personificats representen les estructuracions c\u00f2smiques del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els Quatre Avis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica m\u00e9s espec\u00edfica, <em>Tunkasila<\/em> o el plural <em>Tunkasilas<\/em> designa els <em>Quatre Avis de les Direccions Celestes<\/em>. Aquests s\u00f3n: <em>Wiyohpeyata<\/em> (Oest, Tro), <em>Waziyata<\/em> (Nord, Bis\u00f3, For\u00e7a), <em>Wiyohinyanpata<\/em> (Est, Cigne Blanc, Intel\u00b7lecte) i <em>Itokagata<\/em> (Sud, Grua, Creixement Vital).<\/p><p>A cadascun d&#8217;aquests Quatre se&#8217;ls atribueix un color (Negre, Vermell, Groc, Blanc), un animal wakan i una funci\u00f3 determinada dins l&#8217;ordre cosmol\u00f2gic.<\/p><p>Els Quatre Avis s\u00f3n invocats expl\u00edcitament a l&#8217;inici de cada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia reglada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> lakota.<\/p><p>Aix\u00f2 es fa mitjan\u00e7ant la presentaci\u00f3 de la pipa sagrada <em>chanunpa<\/em> a les Quatre Direccions, llan\u00e7ant petites mica de tabac cap a les Quatre Direccions, o mitjan\u00e7ant la invocaci\u00f3 verbal amb la f\u00f3rmula est\u00e0ndard <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em> (A tots els meus parents), que inclou en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia reglada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> tots els parents, visibles i invisibles.<\/p><p>Aquesta estructura de les Quatre Direccions \u00e9s l&#8217;estructura organitzadora fonamental de tota la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota. Determina tant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament verbal de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">preg\u00e0ria<\/span> com la topografia ritual de la Cabana de Suor (orientada segons les Quatre Direccions), l&#8217;estructuraci\u00f3 temporal dels grans rituals (quatre dies de Dansa del Sol, quatre nits de Cerca de Visi\u00f3) i l&#8217;estructuraci\u00f3 simb\u00f2lica de la pr\u00e0ctica curativa.<\/p><p>Joseph Epes Brown va descriure de manera extensa la import\u00e0ncia central de l&#8217;estructura de les Quatre Direccions a <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em>.<\/p><p>El simbolisme crom\u00e0tic dels Quatre Avis varia segons la tradici\u00f3 de cada reserva. En la variant m\u00e9s freq\u00fcent, tal com s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en els textos de Black Elk, l&#8217;Oest \u00e9s negre, el Nord vermell, l&#8217;Est groc i el Sud blanc. En altres tradicions lakota s&#8217;ordena l&#8217;Oest vermell, el Nord blanc, l&#8217;Est groc i el Sud negre.<\/p><p>Aquestes variants regionals s&#8217;han observat repetidament en la recerca etnol\u00f2gica i reflecteixen la diversitat geneal\u00f2gica de la tradici\u00f3 lakota. James Walker va documentar en els textos de Sword una estructuraci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia, divergent en molts detalls, que ha de considerar-se com una l\u00ednia principal alternativa de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3 en la preg\u00e0ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La funci\u00f3 de l&#8217;invocaci\u00f3 a Tunkasila en l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7a ling\u00fc\u00edstica de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 cap a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3<\/span> lakota \u00e9s profundament diferenciada. Una f\u00f3rmula est\u00e0ndard d&#8217;oraci\u00f3 lakota comen\u00e7a amb <em>Tunkasila Wakan Tanka, unsi unkila<\/em> (Avi Sagrat i Gran, tingueu pietat de nosaltres), amb la qual el sagrat s&#8217;invoca mitjan\u00e7ant una adre\u00e7a directa de parentiu.<\/p><p>Aquesta invocaci\u00f3 estableix una proximitat emocional amb el sagrat que, en la tradici\u00f3 occidental, correspondria m\u00e9s aviat a l&#8217;adre\u00e7a de Pare de l&#8217;oraci\u00f3 cristiana (<em>Pare nostre<\/em>).<\/p><p>Del model de pare progenitor, per\u00f2, l&#8217;adre\u00e7a d&#8217;avi es distingeix per un element addicional: la dist\u00e0ncia generacional. L&#8217;avi es troba una generaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l&#8217;educador immediat (que seria el pare); \u00e9s digne, savi, ensenyant, per\u00f2 no directament intervencionista. Aquesta dist\u00e0ncia generacional permet una proximitat respectuosa sense la directesa autorit\u00e0ria, cosa que caracteritza la tonalitat espec\u00edfica de l&#8217;oraci\u00f3 lakota.<\/p><p>Un element important de l&#8217;oraci\u00f3 lakota \u00e9s la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de dirigir-se a una divinitat o poder amb s\u00fapliques o invocacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> dels \u00e9ssers wakan m\u00e9s importants amb els seus ep\u00edtets espec\u00edfics de Tunkasila: <em>Wakinyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Avi Tro, vegeu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171690\">Thunderbird<\/a>), <em>Tatanka Tunkasila<\/em> (Avi Bis\u00f3), <em>Inyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Avi Pedra). Aquestes m\u00faltiples invocacions a Tunkasila mostren que l&#8217;adre\u00e7a d&#8217;avi es pot aplicar amb flexibilitat a tots els \u00e9ssers wakan de rang superior.<\/p><p>La f\u00f3rmula <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em>, amb qu\u00e8 es clou tota acci\u00f3 d&#8217;oraci\u00f3 lakota, \u00e9s una afirmaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica central. Significa literalment <em>Tots els meus parents<\/em> i inclou en l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7a ling\u00fc\u00edstica de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 cap a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3<\/span>, a m\u00e9s dels parents humans de la fam\u00edlia, tamb\u00e9 els parents wakan, els parents animals, els parents vegetals i els parents pedra.<\/p><p>Aquesta ampliaci\u00f3 radical del concepte de parentiu a tot l&#8217;inventari c\u00f2smic \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f2gica<\/span> genu\u00efnament lakota i \u00e9s un dels trets m\u00e9s destacats de la religi\u00f3 lakota en comparaci\u00f3 amb les tradicions monoteistes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aplicaci\u00f3 en els rituals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La invocaci\u00f3 a Tunkasila \u00e9s present al llarg de tot el proc\u00e9s ritual de la tradici\u00f3 lakota. A l&#8217;<em>Inipi<\/em> (cabana de suor) s&#8217;invoca diverses vegades a l&#8217;inici de cadascuna de les quatre fases de resist\u00e8ncia. A l&#8217;<em>Hanblechiyapi<\/em> (recerca de visi\u00f3) \u00e9s l&#8217;element pregari que es repeteix constantment durant la vig\u00edlia solit\u00e0ria. Al <em>Wiwanyag Wachipi<\/em> (dansa del sol) s&#8217;invoca cadascun dels quatre dies amb una accentuaci\u00f3 diferent.<\/p><p>Una aplicaci\u00f3 ritual important \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament verbal de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">preg\u00e0ria<\/span> <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em>, la preg\u00e0ria de l&#8217;Ocell Sagrat, en qu\u00e8 l&#8217;Ocell Sagrat (sovint l&#8217;\u00e0guila) \u00e9s invocat com a missatger entre l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 i Tunkasila.<\/p><p>Es diu que l&#8217;\u00e0guila porta la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament verbal de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">preg\u00e0ria<\/span> humana fins al Avi del Cel i en retorna la resposta. Aquesta idea de l&#8217;ocell missatger \u00e9s un element compartit per nombroses religions ind\u00edgenes americanes i constitueix un element important de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> mediadora entre l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 i el sagrat.<\/p><p>En els moviments ind\u00edgenes moderns, especialment en les trobades panind\u00edgenes (com el moviment American Indian Movement des dels anys 1970), la invocaci\u00f3 a Tunkasila s&#8217;ha convertit en una de les formes de preg\u00e0ria m\u00e9s conegudes de les religions amerindies nord-americanes. S&#8217;utilitza \u00e0mpliament en les cerim\u00f2nies p\u00fabliques del Sun Dance, en les trobades d&#8217;activistes de l&#8217;AIM i en l&#8217;espiritualitat amerindia contempor\u00e0nia.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 de la ploma d&#8217;\u00e0guila <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em> est\u00e0 prescrita amb detall. Nom\u00e9s certes esp\u00e8cies d&#8217;\u00e0guila, l&#8217;\u00e0guila reial (<em>wanblee<\/em>) i no el bussard com\u00fa, proporcionen les plomes sagrades. Aquestes plomes nom\u00e9s s&#8217;intercanvien en forma ritual; no es poden comprar ni vendre. S&#8217;han de lliurar de manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a un procediment religi\u00f3s establert.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> o obtenir-se mitjan\u00e7ant una visi\u00f3.<\/p><p>La llei federal <em>Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act<\/em> (1940, modificada diverses vegades) permet exclusivament als membres reconeguts de tribus ind\u00edgenes posseir plomes d&#8217;\u00e0guila amb finalitats rituals; totes les morts d&#8217;\u00e0guiles estan estrictament regulades. Aquest marc legal de protecci\u00f3 \u00e9s un exemple \u00fanic de reconeixement estatal de la religiositat ind\u00edgena en el dret nord-americ\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i acci\u00f3 apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La pr\u00e0ctica relacionada amb la protecci\u00f3 en refer\u00e8ncia a Tunkasila \u00e9s la pr\u00e0ctica general de la tradici\u00f3 de preg\u00e0ria lakota. Qui es troba en dificultats, malaltia, amena\u00e7a o esperits malignes, invoca el Gran Pare, sovint amb la f\u00f3rmula est\u00e0ndard <em>Tunkasila, unsi unkila<\/em>. Aix\u00f2 es fa fumant la pipa sagrada, cremant encens de s\u00e0lvia de bis\u00f3 o herba dol\u00e7a, o simplement invocant verbalment.<\/p><p>Una pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> de la Cerim\u00f2nia del Nom (<em>Naming Ceremony<\/em>), en la qual un infant o un adult rep un nom sagrat lakota. Aquest nom es determina mitjan\u00e7ant una visi\u00f3 o per un sanador experimentat i s&#8217;atorga amb una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament suplicant o conjurador a una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> extensa dels Quatre Tunkasilas i del Tunkasila-Wakan-Tanka.<\/p><p>El nom sagrat acompanya l&#8217;infant o l&#8217;adult durant tota la vida i es considera la protecci\u00f3 m\u00e9s important contra els esperits malignes i els accidents.<\/p><p>Una altra pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 important \u00e9s portar petites plomes d&#8217;\u00e0guila (<em>wanblee wapaha<\/em>) com a ornament de ploma d&#8217;\u00e0guila, que nom\u00e9s poden dur les persones iniciades merit\u00f2riament.<\/p><p>La ploma d&#8217;\u00e0guila simbolitza la connexi\u00f3 amb el Gran Pare del Cel i es considera una protecci\u00f3 apotropaica efica\u00e7. En la pr\u00e0ctica lakota tradicional, l&#8217;atorgament d&#8217;una ploma d&#8217;\u00e0guila estava vinculat a un esdeveniment ritual complex, que encara avui es practica en algunes comunitats de reserves.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;adre\u00e7ament parental al sagrat \u00e9s un fenomen religi\u00f3s-hist\u00f2ric est\u00e8s. Estructuralment comparables s\u00f3n l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament cristi\u00e0 del <em>Pare nostre<\/em> (encara que amb Pare en lloc d&#8217;Avi), l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament jueu <em>Avinu Malkenu<\/em> (El nostre Pare, el nostre Rei) i l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament isl\u00e0mic <em>Rabbana<\/em> (El nostre Senyor).<\/p><p>Ara b\u00e9, \u00e9s important la especificitat cultural i hist\u00f2rica de la tradici\u00f3 lakota: l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament va dirigit a l&#8217;avi i precisament no al pare; respecta una dist\u00e0ncia generacional que l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament occidental al pare no t\u00e9. Aquesta difer\u00e8ncia ha estat destacada repetidament per Vine Deloria Jr. com un element central de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota, que s&#8217;oposa a una identificaci\u00f3 precipitada amb el D\u00e9u-Pare cristi\u00e0.<\/p><p>Dins de les tradicions \u00edndies americanes, l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament de l&#8217;avi est\u00e0 \u00e0mpliament est\u00e8s. Entre les tribus de llengua algonquina es diu <em>Gitchi Manitou<\/em> (Gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esperit<\/span>) amb una connotaci\u00f3 similar de dist\u00e0ncia generacional.<\/p><p>Entre els cherokee, choctaw, cheyenne i crow hi ha respectivament adre\u00e7aments propis a l&#8217;avi, estructuralment comparables. Ara b\u00e9, la difusi\u00f3 pan-\u00edndia de <em>Tunkasila<\/em> en el moviment pan-\u00edndi modern ha generalitzat i, en part, ha fet menys prec\u00eds l&#8217;\u00fas espec\u00edficament lakota.<\/p><p>Dins de la tradici\u00f3 m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia de les Plains, l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament cheyenne a l&#8217;avi \u00e9s particularment similar. Els cheyenne s&#8217;adrecen al d\u00e9u suprem <em>Maheo<\/em> com <em>Old Man<\/em> i de vegades com a <em>Avi<\/em>. Entre els crow, l&#8217;adre\u00e7ament corresponent \u00e9s <em>Akbatatdia<\/em>, el Sant Transmissor, que tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 connotaci\u00f3 d&#8217;avi.<\/p><p>La converg\u00e8ncia estructural d&#8217;aquestes teologies de l&#8217;avi de les Plains suggereix una parentiu cultural i hist\u00f2ric que probablement es va desenvolupar en les estretes relacions inter\u00e8tniques de la regi\u00f3 de les Plains als segles XVII i XVIII.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La invocaci\u00f3 a Tunkasila \u00e9s plenament vigent en la pr\u00e0ctica lakota actual i s&#8217;utilitza regularment tant a les comunitats de les reserves com a la creixent di\u00e0spora lakota urbana. \u00c9s un dels pocs elements de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota que es tradueix directament a l&#8217;angl\u00e8s nord-americ\u00e0, com a <em>Grandfather<\/em>, i que per aix\u00f2 \u00e9s accessible tamb\u00e9 a qui no parla lakota.<\/p><p>En la recerca acad\u00e8mica, Vine Deloria Jr., Joseph Epes Brown, \u00c5ke Hultkrantz, Raymond DeMallie i la te\u00f2loga lakota Doris Leader Charge han descrit sistem\u00e0ticament la tradici\u00f3 de Tunkasila. El punt teol\u00f2gic central, la relaci\u00f3 de parentiu amb el sagrat, ha estat reconegut com una aportaci\u00f3 important de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> ind\u00edgena americana a la hist\u00f2ria de les religions a escala global.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, la invocaci\u00f3 a Tunkasila \u00e9s un exemple important de l&#8217;autonomia de la religiositat ind\u00edgena americana davant les categories religioses europees preestablertes.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia del simple concepte del <em>Great Spirit<\/em> de la literatura popular sobre els indis, que \u00e9s una lectura simplificada i cristianitzant de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota, la invocaci\u00f3 a Tunkasila transmet una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de parentiu espec\u00edficament lakota, que mereix una atenci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia dins la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparada i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> comparada. La refer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;iWell Guard a la tradici\u00f3 lakota descriu aquestes troballes des d&#8217;una perspectiva d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de les religions, sense promeses d&#8217;efecte ni recomanacions espirituals.<\/p><p>Una l\u00ednia de recerca important dels \u00faltims temps s&#8217;ocupa de la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de la llengua lakota. La invocaci\u00f3 a Tunkasila est\u00e0 encastada en una llengua lakota completa, amb estructures gramaticals (sistema verbal, terminologia de parentiu, conceptes de wakan) que sostenen els continguts religiosos.<\/p><p>Si la llengua lakota es perd, i est\u00e0 en perill considerable per la p\u00e8rdua ling\u00fc\u00edstica de les generacions m\u00e9s joves, tamb\u00e9 es perd la profunditat teol\u00f2gica genu\u00efna de la tradici\u00f3 de Tunkasila. Els programes de revifament de la llengua lakota a les escoles de les reserves, des dels anys 1990, s\u00f3n, doncs, tamb\u00e9 una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 religiosa i teol\u00f2gica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent recull obres centrals de la religi\u00f3 lakota i de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparada i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> comparada sobre la tradici\u00f3 de Tunkasila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp289d6f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp289d6f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d341ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d341ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila com a invocaci\u00f3 en la preg\u00e0ria lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293703eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293703eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225c40b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225c40b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La denominaci\u00f3 <em>T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila<\/em>, literalment \u00abavi\u00bb, no \u00e9s, en la comprensi\u00f3 lakota, tant el nom propi d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> delimitada com una invocaci\u00f3 respectuosa que s&#8217;utilitza en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament ling\u00fc\u00edstic de la persona a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">preg\u00e0ria<\/span>.<\/p><p>Pot referir-se a <em>Wak\u021f\u00e1\u014b T\u021f\u00e1\u014bka<\/em>, el gran misteri sagrat, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 a poders sagrats concrets i als esperits dels avantpassats. Aquesta flexibilitat del terme \u00e9s decisiva per a una comprensi\u00f3 adequada i distingeix fonamentalment la religi\u00f3 lakota dels sistemes de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> amb d\u00e9us individuals clarament delimitats.<\/p><p>En les preg\u00e0ries transmeses, per exemple en els textos associats a l&#8217;home sagrat Black Elk, la invocaci\u00f3 T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila apareix repetidament, sovint en relaci\u00f3 amb l&#8217;orientaci\u00f3 cap als quatre punts cardinals, cap amunt al cel i cap avall a la terra.<\/p><p>Qui prega s&#8217;adre\u00e7a a l&#8217;avi en cada direcci\u00f3 i se situa aix\u00ed al centre d&#8217;un m\u00f3n sagrat ordenat.<\/p><p>La traducci\u00f3 alemanya com a \u00abavi cel\u00bb restringeix aquesta troballa, perqu\u00e8 suggereix una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> celeste fixa. En la tradici\u00f3 lakota, la distinci\u00f3 entre un avi cel i una \u00e0via terra, <em>U\u014b\u010d\u00ed Mak\u021f\u00e1<\/em>, \u00e9s certament habitual, per\u00f2 tots dos formen part d&#8217;un entramat relacional en el qual el sagrat no es descompon en figures individuals, sin\u00f3 que es pensa com un tot unit per lla\u00e7os de parentiu. Cient\u00edficament, per tant, \u00e9s important llegir T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila principalment com una invocaci\u00f3 de preg\u00e0ria i com a expressi\u00f3 d&#8217;una cosmologia de parentiu, i no com un d\u00e9u celeste a\u00efllat segons el model europeu.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27df1f4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27df1f4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22486db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22486db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts: de James Walker a la cr\u00edtica als primers recol\u00b7lectors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8dc244 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b8dc244\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26823363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26823363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El coneixement transm\u00e8s per escrit sobre les concepcions religioses dels lakota, en el qual s&#8217;inclou tamb\u00e9 el discurs sobre l&#8217;Avi, prov\u00e9 en gran part d&#8217;uns pocs recopiladors de finals del segle XIX i principis del XX.<\/p><p>El m\u00e9s important \u00e9s James R. Walker, un metge que va treballar des de 1896 a la reserva de Pine Ridge i que va col\u00b7laborar durant anys amb homes sagrats com George Sword, Thomas Tyon i Little Wound.<\/p><p>Els seus apunts no van ser editats cr\u00edticament fins molt m\u00e9s tard, a partir de la d\u00e8cada de 1980, per Raymond DeMallie i Elaine Jahner, i publicats sota t\u00edtols com <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>El material de Walker \u00e9s ric, per\u00f2 no exempt de problemes. Va ordenar en part les afirmacions dels seus informants en un edifici doctrinal sistem\u00e0tic que formulava la jerarquia dels poders sagrats de manera m\u00e9s marcada del que probablement corresponia a la religi\u00f3 viscuda.<\/p><p>Investigacions posteriors han assenyalat que Walker hi va introduir les seves pr\u00f2pies concepcions d&#8217;ordre i que alguns dels seus informants potser no li ho van transmetre tot, o no ho van fer sense alteracions.<\/p><p>Una segona font central \u00e9s el material que prov\u00e9 de Black Elk, transm\u00e8s per John Neihardt a <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932) i per Joseph Epes Brown a <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953). Tamb\u00e9 aqu\u00ed cal tenir en compte el paper mediador dels autors no ind\u00edgenes. Cient\u00edficament, doncs, es considera que les afirmacions sobre T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila estan filtrades per una base documental estreta, marcada per la mediaci\u00f3 i la sistematitzaci\u00f3. La investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s recent, com la de DeMallie, posa m\u00e9s en relleu la perspectiva interna lakota i adverteix de la necessitat de prud\u00e8ncia davant els sistemes tancats dels primers recopiladors.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Raymond DeMallie: <em>The Sixth Grandfather<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Doris Leader Charge: <em>Lakota Way of Strength and Courage<\/em> (1995)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Tunkasila Thunkasila Avi Lakota Quatre Direccions Mitakuye Oyasin.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tunkasila-grossvater-himmel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes protectors port\u00e0tils, seguint la tradici\u00f3 dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\">Native American<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. 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