{"id":171683,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171683"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:20","slug":"iktomi-trickster-esperit-arana-lakota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/iktomi-trickster-esperit-arana-lakota\/","title":{"rendered":"Iktomi \u2013 Trickster i esperit-aranya dels lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171683\" class=\"elementor elementor-171683 elementor-2586 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iktomi, trickster, esperit-aranya i mestre c\u00f2smic de la tradici\u00f3 lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iktomi (lakota <em>Ikto<\/em> o <em>Iktomi<\/em>) \u00e9s el trickster aranya de la tradici\u00f3 lakota, una figura moralment ambivalent que \u00e9s alhora creador, pertorbador, mestre i beneit. Amb el vast conjunt de relats d&#8217;Iktomi, els lakota compten entre les mitologies de trickster m\u00e9s fascinants d&#8217;Am\u00e8rica del Nord. Com a trickster i esperit-aranya, Iktomi combina en una sola figura la creaci\u00f3, la pertorbaci\u00f3 i l&#8217;ensenyament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Trickster de la tradici\u00f3 nadiua americana.\">Trickster<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 nadiua americana.\">Nadiu americ\u00e0<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Trickster aranya.\">Trickster aranya<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-iktomi-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-iktomi-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-iktomi-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_iktomi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2699\" alt=\"Iktomi \u2013 Trickster i esperit-aranya dels lakota\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_iktomi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_iktomi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_iktomi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_iktomi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-iktomi elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-iktomi\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-iktomi\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-iktomi\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-iktomi elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-iktomi\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iktomi, el <strong>trickster lakota<\/strong>, \u00e9s una figura central de la tradici\u00f3 \u00edndia nord-americana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ubicaci\u00f3 en la religi\u00f3 lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iktomi pertany a l&#8217;ampli grup dels \u00e9ssers trickster nord-americans. Dins de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensenyament cient\u00edfic sobre d\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota, \u00e9s un dels aspectes wakan m\u00e9s elevats, encara que no de la manera ing\u00e8nuament sublim dels quatre superiors (el Sol, l&#8217;Energia en Moviment, la Terra, la Pedra), sin\u00f3 com una figura ct\u00f2nica-ambivalent, vinculada als aspectes wakan inferiors.<\/p><p>Sword (en els textos de James Walker) el situa dins el grup dels <em>Wakan kuya<\/em>, els \u00e9ssers sagrats subordinats.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, Iktomi \u00e9s el trickster paradigm\u00e0tic: un \u00e9sser que alhora t\u00e9 funcions creadores (en alguns relats se&#8217;l presenta com el creador de l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 o com el mestre de les primeres pr\u00e0ctiques culturals) i funcions pertorbadores (menteix, enganya, roba, viola, indueix a error, amb conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de vegades devastadores).<\/p><p>Aquesta doble naturalesa va ser descrita per Paul Radin en el seu estudi cl\u00e0ssic <em>The Trickster<\/em> (1956) com l&#8217;estructura b\u00e0sica de tots els \u00e9ssers trickster ind\u00edgenes d&#8217;Am\u00e8rica.<\/p><p>Figures estructuralment comparables en altres tradicions ind\u00edgenes s\u00f3n el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171688\">Coiot<\/a> nord-americ\u00e0, el trickster amb forma de corb dels pobles de la costa nord-oest, el trickster llebre de les tribus del sud-est, l&#8217;Anansi de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental (tamb\u00e9 una aranya!), i el n\u00f2rdic Loki.<\/p><p>La forta converg\u00e8ncia estructural entre Iktomi i la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;Anansi afric\u00e0 occidental (ambd\u00f3s tricksters aranya) ha portat alguns estudiosos de la religi\u00f3 a especular sobre possibles connexions gen\u00e8tiques, per a les quals, tanmateix, no hi ha proves hist\u00f2riques; probablement es tracta de desenvolupaments convergents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom lakota <em>Iktomi<\/em> significa literalment <em>aranya<\/em>. La forma diminutiva <em>Iktomi<\/em> correspon aproximadament al catal\u00e0 <em>aranyeta<\/em> o <em>arany\u00f3<\/em>. Aquesta reducci\u00f3 ling\u00fc\u00edstica de la figura del trickster \u00e9s sem\u00e0nticament important: Iktomi no \u00e9s una figura grandiosa i imposant, sin\u00f3 una petita figura astuta, sovint c\u00f2mica.<\/p><p>En els altres dialectes sioux hi ha variants: <em>Unktomi<\/em> entre els dakota de Minnesota, <em>Ikto<\/em> en forma contreta, i l&#8217;equivalent estructural <em>Wisaka<\/em> entre els cree, de parla algonquina. Aquest \u00faltim, tot i ser estructuralment similar, \u00e9s ling\u00fc\u00edsticament independent.<\/p><p>El verb lakota <em>iktomi-ya<\/em> significa <em>actuar com Iktomi<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, actuar amb ast\u00facia, engany, cautela o joc. Aquesta verbalitzaci\u00f3 del nom mostra que Iktomi no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s una figura mitol\u00f2gica, sin\u00f3 una categoria d&#8217;acci\u00f3 present en la vida quotidiana, utilitzada en l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 lakota com a exemple negatiu.<\/p><p>L&#8217;etimologia del trickster resulta interessant des del punt de vista filos\u00f2fic-religi\u00f3s. A difer\u00e8ncia dels \u00e9ssers wakan majors, els noms dels quals solen tenir significats sublims, <em>Iktomi<\/em> \u00e9s una paraula usada en la vida quotidiana, ling\u00fc\u00edsticament familiar.<\/p><p>Aquesta familiaritat ling\u00fc\u00edstica reflecteix la seva posici\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica: Iktomi \u00e9s la numinositat de la vida quotidiana, de les temptacions profanes, de les petites faltes, no el poder wakan suprem del ritual de la Dansa del Sol. Aquesta diferenciaci\u00f3 entre la veneraci\u00f3 sublim del wakan i la reflexi\u00f3 quotidiana del trickster ha estat descrita detalladament per l&#8217;etn\u00f2loga de la religi\u00f3 Karl Schlesier a <em>The Wolves of Heaven<\/em> (1987).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iktomi apareix en els relats sota diverses formes. La seva forma b\u00e0sica \u00e9s la d&#8217;una petita aranya, sovint de colors vistosos, que viu en una teranyina irregular.<\/p><p>Tanmateix, pot transformar-se en qualsevol altre \u00e9sser, m\u00e9s sovint en un jove guerrer de cabells llargs i vestits bells, en un anci\u00e0 savi, en una dona o en diversos animals.<\/p><p>En els relats tradicionals lakota, Iktomi se sol descriure com un guerrer errant que viatja tot sol per la prada, s&#8217;introdueix furtivament en campaments estrangers i hi juga les seves malifetes. El seu truc t\u00edpic \u00e9s disfressar-se de parent \u00fatil per obtenir acc\u00e9s a dones, menjar o cavalls, que despr\u00e9s roba, o per enganyar la fam\u00edlia d&#8217;alguna altra manera.<\/p><p>En pintures conservades de tambors i escuts lakota, Iktomi apareix de vegades com una figura semblant a una aranya amb rostre hum\u00e0, d&#8217;ulls molt oberts i un somriure astut. Els artistes lakota contemporanis, especialment Oscar Howe i Arthur Amiotte, han representat Iktomi diverses vegades en les seves obres, sovint com a encarnaci\u00f3 simb\u00f2lica del comportament moralment ambivalent.<\/p><p>En els c\u00f2mics i llibres infantils lakota moderns, especialment en les obres de l&#8217;autor lakota Paul Goble, Iktomi s&#8217;ha convertit en una figura destacada per als infants.<\/p><p>Els llibres il\u00b7lustrats de Goble <em>Iktomi and the Boulder<\/em> (1988), <em>Iktomi and the Berries<\/em> (1989) i els seg\u00fcents estan estesos en moltes escoles lakota, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 en escoles nord-americanes no ind\u00edgenes, i es troben entre les vies de transmissi\u00f3 m\u00e9s conegudes de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats transmesos sobre d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> ind\u00edgena americana al gran p\u00fablic.<\/p><p>Aquesta recepci\u00f3 popular comporta els seus propis problemes de simplificaci\u00f3 i exageraci\u00f3, per\u00f2 ha contribu\u00eft innegablement a la visibilitat de la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Iktomi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El cicle narratiu d&#8217;Iktomi \u00e9s un dels conjunts de relats m\u00e9s extensos de la tradici\u00f3 lakota. James LaPointe va reunir a <em>Legends of the Lakota<\/em> (1976) m\u00e9s de vint hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi, totes amb una forma inicial for\u00e7a est\u00e0ndard: <em>Iktomi va sortir a caminar&#8230;<\/em>, i que despr\u00e9s descriuen com planeja una trapelleria, la duu a terme i, al final, gaireb\u00e9 sempre acaba sent ell mateix l&#8217;enganyat.<\/p><p>Una narraci\u00f3 especialment coneguda descriu com Iktomi enganya els b\u00fafals: conven\u00e7 un grup de b\u00fafals perqu\u00e8 entrin en un cercle de salvia i s&#8217;hi adormin, dient-los que els oferir\u00e0 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia ordenada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> curatiu.<\/p><p>Quan els b\u00fafals s&#8217;han adormit, se&#8217;ls menja un rere l&#8217;altre, per\u00f2 l&#8217;\u00faltim b\u00fafal \u00e9s en realitat un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> wakan amagat sota forma de b\u00fafal, que l&#8217;enganya al seu torn i finalment l&#8217;obliga a ser tallat i fugir de dins el ventre del b\u00fafal.<\/p><p>Una segona narraci\u00f3 central descriu com Iktomi porta als lakota les pr\u00e0ctiques culturals m\u00e9s importants: segons algunes versions, hauria introdu\u00eft els primers usos de l&#8217;arc i la fletxa, les primeres arts d&#8217;equitaci\u00f3 i fins i tot el llenguatge mateix.<\/p><p>Aquesta estratificaci\u00f3 d&#8217;heroi cultural dins la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Iktomi mostra que el trickster no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un pertorbador, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 un creador civilitzador, una doble funci\u00f3 que apareix regularment en el conjunt m\u00e9s ampli dels tricksters amerindis.<\/p><p>Una tercera classe important de narracions tracta dels intents d&#8217;Iktomi d&#8217;enfrontar-se a \u00e9ssers wakan de rang superior. En una hist\u00f2ria c\u00e8lebre, intenta ofendre els Quatre Vents afirmant que pot c\u00f3rrer m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid que tots ells junts.<\/p><p>Els vents no responen d&#8217;entrada; quan Iktomi comen\u00e7a la seva cursa, li envien un tornado que el fa esclatar en trossos.<\/p><p>Els Quatre Vents escampen els trossos en les quatre direccions del m\u00f3n, i de cada tros neix un nou Iktomi, motiu pel qual, des d&#8217;aleshores, el m\u00f3n \u00e9s ple d&#8217;Iktomis. Aquesta narraci\u00f3 etiol\u00f2gica explica tant l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 de les aranyes per tota la terra com l&#8217;omnipres\u00e8ncia de comportaments enganyosos entre els humans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3 \u00e8tica i pedag\u00f2gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi compleixen una important funci\u00f3 pedag\u00f2gica dins la tradici\u00f3 lakota. Es narren especialment al voltant del foc del campament, en cercle amb els infants, i serveixen per a l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 \u00e8tica de la generaci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent. El comportament d&#8217;Iktomi \u00e9s sempre incorrecte: menteix, roba, enganya, sedueix, i al final del relat gaireb\u00e9 sempre acaba pagant les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies dels seus propis actes.<\/p><p>La lli\u00e7\u00f3 pedag\u00f2gica \u00e9s la de l&#8217;exemple negatiu: qui es comporta com Iktomi patir\u00e0 les mateixes conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies. Els infants aprenen, a trav\u00e9s de les hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi, qu\u00e8 \u00e9s correcte i qu\u00e8 no ho \u00e9s, sense que calgui imposar-los directament un manament moral.<\/p><p>Severt Young Bear va descriure amb detall aquesta funci\u00f3 pedag\u00f2gica de les hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi a <em>Standing in the Light<\/em> (1994), i va destacar-ne el valor per a l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 lakota.<\/p><p>\u00c9s important el valor pedag\u00f2gic paradoxal que es transmet: Iktomi \u00e9s una figura dolenta, per\u00f2 els seus actes dolents poden alhora ser creadors de cultura. L&#8217;\u00e8tica lakota transmet aix\u00ed una visi\u00f3 ambivalent de l&#8217;acci\u00f3 moral, aliena a la simple moral en blanc i negre. El concepte lakota de maduresa \u00e8tica inclou la capacitat de recon\u00e8ixer aquesta ambival\u00e8ncia i integrar-la en la conducta pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>A les escoles modernes de les reserves i als programes de llengua lakota, les hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi s&#8217;utilitzen deliberadament com a instrument d&#8217;educaci\u00f3 \u00e8tica i ling\u00fc\u00edstica. El fet que Iktomi aparegui com a figura pluriling\u00fce, parla lakota, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 les lleng\u00fces d&#8217;altres tribus i fins i tot angl\u00e8s, segons el context de la narraci\u00f3, el converteix en una figura pedag\u00f2gicament productiva per a la transmissi\u00f3 de compet\u00e8ncies ling\u00fc\u00edstiques.<\/p><p>Els programes de llengua lakota de Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River i Rosebud utilitzen les hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi com a text educatiu central per a la revitalitzaci\u00f3 de la llengua lakota, amena\u00e7ada de p\u00e8rdua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i acci\u00f3 apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La pr\u00e0ctica relacionada amb la protecci\u00f3 respecte a Iktomi \u00e9s subtil. A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;\u00e9ssers clarament negatius (com el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171685\">Wendigo<\/a>), Iktomi no s&#8217;evita, sin\u00f3 que es <em>tracta amb respecte i dist\u00e0ncia<\/em>. No se&#8217;n parla massa, s&#8217;evita invocar-lo directament i, sobretot, un es protegeix de ser estimat o enganyat per ell.<\/p><p>Una pr\u00e0ctica apotropaica important \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00fas de l&#8217;<em>Dreamcatcher<\/em>, l&#8217;atrapasomnis lakota, que est\u00e0 molt est\u00e8s en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> ind\u00edgena modern. Ir\u00f2nicament, en la concepci\u00f3 tradicional lakota, l&#8217;atrapasomnis est\u00e0 vinculat a la tradici\u00f3 m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia de l&#8217;<em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix una influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> aranya<\/em>, no principalment a Iktomi (els lakota distingeixen entre <em>Iktomi<\/em> com a trickster individual i <em>Iktomi-net<\/em> com a protecci\u00f3 en forma de teranyina).<\/p><p>La construcci\u00f3 en forma de teranyina de l&#8217;atrapasomnis captura els mals somnis als seus fils i nom\u00e9s deixa passar els bons somnis a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;obertura central fins a la persona que dorm.<\/p><p>Una pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica t\u00e9 a veure amb el fet de parlar de manera <em>wakan<\/em> sobre Iktomi: cal explicar hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi durant els dies freds d&#8217;hivern, perqu\u00e8 aleshores est\u00e0 especialment entretingut i \u00e9s menys propens a complicar la vida del narrador. Aquesta estacionalitat de la narraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Iktomi, les hist\u00f2ries pertanyen a l&#8217;hivern, no a l&#8217;estiu, \u00e9s un detall notable de la tradici\u00f3 lakota.<\/p><p>Un aspecte interessant de la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Iktomi \u00e9s la seva escassa pres\u00e8ncia ritual en comparaci\u00f3 amb altres \u00e9ssers wakan. No existeix un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> institucionalitzat a Iktomi, ni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> espec\u00edfics dedicats a Iktomi, ni sacerdots d&#8217;Iktomi.<\/p><p>En canvi, Iktomi \u00e9s sobretot una figura de la tradici\u00f3 narrativa, de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> oral al voltant del foc de campament. Aquesta retic\u00e8ncia ritual envers una figura clarament ambivalent moralment \u00e9s interessant des del punt de vista de la sociologia de la religi\u00f3 i distingeix la tradici\u00f3 lakota d&#8217;Iktomi de la veneraci\u00f3, m\u00e9s estesa en la pr\u00e0ctica, del trickster en altres cultures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iktomi forma part de la tradici\u00f3 pan-nord-americana del trickster, que compta amb una figura central pr\u00f2pia gaireb\u00e9 en cada fam\u00edlia ling\u00fc\u00edstica ind\u00edgena. Estructuralment comparables s\u00f3n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171688\">Coyote<\/a> entre els pobles de les Planes i de la Gran Conca, el corb (<em>Yel<\/em> o <em>Raven<\/em>) entre els pobles de la costa nord-oest, la llebre (<em>Manabozho<\/em>) entre els anishinabe i la guineu polar entre els inuit.<\/p><p>Paul Radin (<em>The Trickster<\/em>, 1956), Karl Ker\u00e9nyi i Carl Jung, en el seu estudi conjunt revisat, van interpretar el fenomen del trickster com un arquetip universal. Aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 arquet\u00edpica \u00e9s problem\u00e0tica des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, perqu\u00e8 difumina l&#8217;especificitat historicocultural de cada tradici\u00f3 del trickster. Tot i aix\u00f2, la converg\u00e8ncia estructural \u00e9s tan clara que reclama una explicaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Dins de la tradici\u00f3 nord-americana del trickster, Iktomi destaca especialment pel seu car\u00e0cter d&#8217;aranya. La tradici\u00f3 paral\u00b7lela africana de l&#8217;aranya Anansi, escampada amb les migracions d&#8217;esclaus cap al Carib i Am\u00e8rica del Sud, constitueix una tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia i plenament desenvolupada del trickster-aranya que no va tenir cap contacte hist\u00f2ric amb la tradici\u00f3 lakota d&#8217;Iktomi, per\u00f2 que hi resulta estructuralment sorprenentment semblant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En l&#8217;autocomprensi\u00f3 lakota moderna, Iktomi \u00e9s una figura ambivalent. D&#8217;una banda, forma part de la tradici\u00f3 narrativa i continua present a les escoles de les reserves, en els programes de llengua lakota i en la tradici\u00f3 oral. D&#8217;altra banda, l&#8217;\u00fas popular del s\u00edmbol de l&#8217;atrapasomnis en la cultura New Age no ind\u00edgena l&#8217;ha situat en una apropiaci\u00f3 comercial que \u00e9s objecte de reflexi\u00f3 cr\u00edtica en el debat ind\u00edgena.<\/p><p>En la recerca acad\u00e8mica, Vine Deloria Jr., l&#8217;escriptora lakota Ella Cara Deloria (en els seus registres de 1922 i 1940), l&#8217;antrop\u00f2leg lakota Severt Young Bear, l&#8217;autor lakota contemporani Joseph Marshall III i la historiadora de les religions \u00c5ke Hultkrantz han descrit sistem\u00e0ticament la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Iktomi. La col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 de relats d&#8217;Iktomi de James LaPointe (1976) continua sent una font prim\u00e0ria important.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, Iktomi \u00e9s un exemple paradigm\u00e0tic de la tradici\u00f3 lakota del trickster i, per extensi\u00f3, de la cultura m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia del trickster nord-americ\u00e0.<\/p><p>La seva doble funci\u00f3 com a creador i pertorbador, el seu car\u00e0cter moralment ambivalent i la seva funci\u00f3 pedag\u00f2gica en l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 \u00e8tica el converteixen en una de les figures m\u00e9s riques i complexes de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa ind\u00edgena americana. La refer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;iWell Guard a la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Iktomi descriu aquesta figura des d&#8217;una perspectiva etnoreligiosa, sense promeses d&#8217;efectes ni recomanacions espirituals.<\/p><p>Una altra observaci\u00f3 del debat cient\u00edfic fa refer\u00e8ncia al g\u00e8nere d&#8217;Iktomi. En tots els relats transmesos apareix principalment com un \u00e9sser mascul\u00ed, per\u00f2 pot transformar-se sense problemes en dona. Aquesta flu\u00efdesa de g\u00e8nere del trickster \u00e9s un tret com\u00fa de la tradici\u00f3 pan-americana del trickster i distingeix aquestes figures de les principals divinitats, que solen estar definides amb un g\u00e8nere clar.<\/p><p>La soci\u00f2loga de la religi\u00f3 Sabine Lang ha descrit sistem\u00e0ticament a <em>Men as Women, Women as Men<\/em> (1998) el fenomen de la mobilitat de g\u00e8nere de car\u00e0cter <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia reglada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>-teol\u00f2gic en la tradici\u00f3 ind\u00edgena americana, i esmenta Iktomi com un exemple d&#8217;aix\u00f2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent presenta obres centrals de la recerca sobre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> lakota i la tradici\u00f3 nord-americana del trickster.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f39feb4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2f39feb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23102ebf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp23102ebf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iktomi com a figura narrativa en els relats d'hivern dels lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2104a3fa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2104a3fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp242b4bbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp242b4bbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iktomi, la figura de l&#8217;aranya de la tradici\u00f3 lakota, dakota i nakota, \u00e9s conegut sobretot com a protagonista d&#8217;un g\u00e8nere narratiu propi que la investigaci\u00f3 sol anomenar <em>ohunkakan<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aquestes hist\u00f2ries es consideraven pr\u00f2pies dels mesos d&#8217;hivern i es distingien dels relats considerats com a veritable <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i narracions al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3 oral<\/span>. Les hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;Iktomi eren expl\u00edcitament narracions en les quals es podien mostrar la transgressi\u00f3, l&#8217;ast\u00facia i el frac\u00e0s.<\/p><p>Aquests relats van ser recollits, entre altres, per James R. Walker, per Ella Deloria, ling\u00fcista dakota que durant la primera meitat del segle XX va recopilar un ampli material en la seva pr\u00f2pia llengua, i per recol\u00b7lectors anteriors del segle XIX.<\/p><p>El treball d&#8217;Ella Deloria \u00e9s especialment valu\u00f3s perqu\u00e8 treballava com a parlant nativa i alhora com a investigadora amb formaci\u00f3 acad\u00e8mica, i va parar atenci\u00f3 a una reproducci\u00f3 precisa de la llengua.<\/p><p>En els relats, Iktomi apareix com un \u00e9sser astut, vanit\u00f3s i gormand. Ideja plans per enganyar els altres i sovint fracassa per la seva pr\u00f2pia desmesura. La investigaci\u00f3 subratlla que aquestes hist\u00f2ries tenien una funci\u00f3 educativa. En mostrar com no s&#8217;ha d&#8217;actuar, els relats transmeten indirectament les normes de la comunitat.<\/p><p>Al mateix temps, en algunes tradicions Iktomi est\u00e0 vinculat a l&#8217;origen del llenguatge o a l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n, de manera que no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un buf\u00f3. Aquest doble paper com a \u00e9sser fundador de la cultura i alhora transgressor de les normes correspon al patr\u00f3 conegut tamb\u00e9 de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171688\">Coyote<\/a> en altres regions, sense que aix\u00f2 impliqui que les figures siguin equiparables.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Paul Radin: <em>The Trickster<\/em> (1956)<\/li><li>James LaPointe: <em>Legends of the Lakota<\/em> (1976)<\/li><li>Ella Cara Deloria: <em>Dakota Texts<\/em> (1932)<\/li><li>Severt Young Bear: <em>Standing in the Light<\/em> (1994)<\/li><li>Joseph Marshall III: <em>The Lakota Way<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-iktomi e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-iktomi\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-iktomi-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-iktomi-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Iktomi<\/em> \u00e9s considerat en la tradici\u00f3 lakota no nom\u00e9s com un astut trickster, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 com un mestre c\u00f2smic: en els relats participa en l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n i transmet, sovint mitjan\u00e7ant el seu propi frac\u00e0s, ensenyaments fonamentals sobre el llenguatge, la mesura i la responsabilitat. El seu estatus c\u00f2smic explica per qu\u00e8 les seves hist\u00f2ries es consideren alhora entreteniment i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i narracions al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3 oral<\/span> instructiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-iktomi e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-iktomi\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-iktomi-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-iktomi-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a <strong>esperit aranya<\/strong>, Iktomi apareix en els relats dels lakota amb m\u00faltiples formes i uneix el m\u00f3n dels humans amb l&#8217;esfera de les forces creadores primig\u00e8nies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Iktomi Ikto aranya trickster lakota Anansi ca\u00e7assomnis Wisaka Sword.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-iktomi\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-iktomi-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-iktomi-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes protectors port\u00e0tils, seguint la tradici\u00f3 dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\">Native American<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. 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