{"id":171681,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:25","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171681"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:17","slug":"wakan-tanka-gran-poder-sagrat-lakota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/wakan-tanka-gran-poder-sagrat-lakota\/","title":{"rendered":"Wakan Tanka \u2013 El Gran Poder Sagrat dels Lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171681\" class=\"elementor elementor-171681 elementor-2584 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka, Gran Poder Sagrat i \u00c9sser Suprem de la tradici\u00f3 lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka (lakota: <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em>, Gran poder sagrat) \u00e9s, en la comprensi\u00f3 religiosa dels lakota i de la fam\u00edlia ling\u00fc\u00edstica sioux m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia, la realitat numinosa suprema i omnicomprensiva. \u00c9s menys una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> personificada en el sentit occidental que un poder sagrat que ho impregna tot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador de la tradici\u00f3 Native American.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Poder sagrat suprem.\">Poder sagrat suprem<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2707\" alt=\"Wakan Tanka \u2013 El Gran Poder Sagrat dels Lakota\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ubicaci\u00f3 en la religi\u00f3 lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka es troba al centre del m\u00f3n religi\u00f3s dels lakota, dakota i nakota, les tres branques principals de la fam\u00edlia ling\u00fc\u00edstica sioux.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia del d\u00e9u monoteista de les religions abra\u00e0miques, Wakan Tanka no \u00e9s un \u00e9sser suprem clarament personificat amb voluntat pr\u00f2pia, biografia pr\u00f2pia i veu pr\u00f2pia, sin\u00f3 el poder sagrat que ho impregna tot (<em>wakan<\/em>), present en tot el que viu i en tot el que no viu.<\/p><p>El te\u00f2leg lakota Black Elk, en els seus discursos recollits, sobretot en l&#8217;obra compilada per John Neihardt <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932), es va adre\u00e7ar a Wakan Tanka com <em>Wakan Tanka unsi unkila<\/em> (el Gran Sagrat que t\u00e9 compassi\u00f3 de nosaltres).<\/p><p>El religi\u00f2leg lakota contemporani Vine Deloria Jr. va demostrar a <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973) que la traducci\u00f3 simplificada de Wakan Tanka com a <em>Great Spirit<\/em>, habitual en la literatura popular des del segle XIX, no capta el seu significat genu\u00ed.<\/p><p>Estructuralment, Wakan Tanka pertany a la classe pan-religiosa dels <em>\u00c9ssers Suprems d&#8217;Omnipot\u00e8ncia<\/em>, per\u00f2 est\u00e0 fortament marcat per la comprensi\u00f3 lakota espec\u00edfica del poder sagrat <em>wakan<\/em>.<\/p><p>Els lakota coneixen una gran varietat d&#8217;\u00e9ssers wakan (comparables amb els Apu, senyors de les muntanyes dels inques dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171661\">Andes<\/a>): els Quatre Punts Cardinals, els \u00e9ssers del tro (vegeu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171690\">Thunderbird<\/a>), els esperits dels animals, els esperits dels avantpassats; tots s\u00f3n <em>wakan<\/em>, tots formen part d&#8217;aquest \u00fanic poder sagrat omnicomprensiu.<\/p><p>En comparaci\u00f3 amb la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> occidental monoteista, un aspecte important de la concepci\u00f3 lakota \u00e9s l&#8217;abs\u00e8ncia d&#8217;una assignaci\u00f3 de g\u00e8nere clara. Wakan Tanka no \u00e9s ni mascul\u00ed ni femen\u00ed; els aspectes wakan personificats es reparteixen m\u00e9s b\u00e9 entre \u00e9ssers masculins, femenins i andr\u00f2gins.<\/p><p>Aquesta neutralitat de g\u00e8nere de la realitat suprema constitueix una difer\u00e8ncia genu\u00efna respecte a la tradici\u00f3 judeocristiana i isl\u00e0mica, amb la seva imatge masculina del D\u00e9u Pare, i ha rebut una atenci\u00f3 repetida en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense adhesi\u00f3 confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">hist\u00f2ria comparada de les religions<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme lakota <em>wakan<\/em> \u00e9s un dels conceptes filos\u00f2fico-religiosos centrals de la tradici\u00f3 sioux. Significa literalment <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent al div\u00ed i per aix\u00f2 sostret a l'\u00fas quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrat<\/span><\/em>, <em>misteri\u00f3s<\/em> o <em>no-completament-comprensible<\/em>, i s&#8217;utilitza per a tot l&#8217;espectre de fen\u00f2mens que anomenar\u00edem <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que designa el que \u00e9s esfere\u00efdor i sublim del sagrat; terme de la hist\u00f2ria comparada de les religions.\" tabindex=\"0\">numin\u00f3s<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>El ling\u00fcista lakota Stephen Riggs va compilar, en el seu diccionari lakota-angl\u00e8s (1852), una llista notable d&#8217;usos de wakan, des de la dona en el postpart fins al llampec, des de la bossa de tabac del sanador fins a la mort d&#8217;un cavall estimat.<\/p><p>L&#8217;afegit <em>thanka<\/em> o <em>tanka<\/em> significa <em>gran<\/em> en el sentit d&#8217;omnicomprensiu, que ho cont\u00e9 tot.<\/p><p>Aix\u00ed, Wakan Thanka \u00e9s el <em>poder sagrat omnicomprensiu, que ho cont\u00e9 tot<\/em>. En els textos teol\u00f2gics lakota es distingeix entre <em>wakan kin<\/em> (el sagrat en general) i <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em> (l&#8217;\u00fanic sagrat omnicomprensiu), on la difer\u00e8ncia no \u00e9s num\u00e8rica (un davant de molts), sin\u00f3 qualitativa (part davant de tot).<\/p><p>Una diferenciaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica important la va fer el sanador lakota Sword (Sword&#8217;s Account) a la d\u00e8cada de 1890, en converses amb l&#8217;antrop\u00f2leg James Walker: va parlar de setze aspectes wakan diferents que junts formen la unitat de Wakan Tanka. Aquesta llista est\u00e0 documentada de manera sistem\u00e0tica a l&#8217;obra de James Walker, <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980, publicada p\u00f2stumament).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estructures teol\u00f2giques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;estructura teol\u00f2gica de Wakan Tanka \u00e9s, segons els curanderos lakota documentats per James Walker (Sword, Finger, Bad Wound, No Flesh), considerablement m\u00e9s complexa que la senzilla concepci\u00f3 de <em>Great Spirit<\/em> pr\u00f2pia de la literatura popular. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota distingeix setze aspectes wakan, organitzats jer\u00e0rquicament en quatre grups de quatre aspectes cadascun.<\/p><p>Els quatre superiors (<em>Wakan akantu<\/em>) comprenen: <em>Wi<\/em> (el Sol), <em>Skan<\/em> (el que mou, l&#8217;energia c\u00f2smica), <em>Maka<\/em> (la Terra) i <em>Inyan<\/em> (la pedra, la mat\u00e8ria primordial). El segon grup (<em>Wakan kolaya<\/em>) compr\u00e8n els aspectes acompanyants vinculats a aquests: la Lluna (Hanwi), el vent (Tate), la bellesa (Wohpe) i l&#8217;ocell del tro (Wakinyan).<\/p><p>El tercer grup (<em>Wakan kuya<\/em>) s\u00f3n els aspectes subordinats: l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> del bis\u00f3 (Tatanka), l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de l&#8217;os (Hununpa), l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> dels quatre vents (Tate) i l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> del remol\u00ed (Yumni). El quart grup (<em>Wakan lakolapi<\/em>) s\u00f3n els esperits auxiliars: l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> (Niya), l&#8217;ombra (Nagi), l&#8217;al\u00e8 vital (Naula) i l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> germ\u00e0 (Sicun).<\/p><p>Aquesta estructura de setze aspectes \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f2gica<\/span> genu\u00efna, que no correspon a la suposici\u00f3 superficial d&#8217;una religi\u00f3 lakota uniformement monoteista. Vine Deloria Jr. i el religion\u00f2leg lakota Joseph Epes Brown han posat repetidament de relleu, en les seves obres, la import\u00e0ncia d&#8217;aquesta complexitat estructural.<\/p><p>Els textos de Sword-Walker s\u00f3n metodol\u00f2gicament complexos d&#8217;avaluar. James Walker va ser metge de la reserva de Pine Ridge entre 1896 i 1914, i durant aquest temps va mantenir extenses converses amb els darrers curanderos lakota de la generaci\u00f3 anterior a la reserva.<\/p><p>Aquests registres constitueixen una de les fonts prim\u00e0ries m\u00e9s importants, per\u00f2 estan parcialment esbiaixats pel propi rerefons teol\u00f2gic de Walker (era metge amb formaci\u00f3 occidental) i per les dificultats de traducci\u00f3. La investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s recent, en particular Raymond DeMallie i Vine Deloria Jr., ha discutit sistem\u00e0ticament aquests problemes metodol\u00f2gics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> mitol\u00f2gica al voltant de Wakan Tanka \u00e9s, en comparaci\u00f3 amb moltes altres tradicions religioses, notablement escassa en narracions personificades.<\/p><p>Aix\u00f2 es deu al fet que Wakan Tanka mateix no \u00e9s una figura que actua, sin\u00f3 la realitat de fons en la qual apareixen les figures que actuen. El gruix del material mitol\u00f2gic de la tradici\u00f3 lakota afecta, doncs, m\u00e9s els aspectes wakan individuals que Wakan Tanka mateix.<\/p><p>Una constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 m\u00edtica central \u00e9s l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171682\">White Buffalo Calf Woman<\/a>, que, per enc\u00e0rrec de Wakan Tanka, va portar a la tradici\u00f3 lakota els set ritus sagrats (vegeu m\u00e9s avall) i la pipa sagrada <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aquest relat, transm\u00e8s especialment per Black Elk, \u00e9s la hist\u00f2ria fundacional central de la religi\u00f3 lakota i es torna a explicar en gaireb\u00e9 cada sessi\u00f3 de casa de suor i de recerca de visions.<\/p><p>Una segona constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 narrativa compr\u00e8n els mites cosmog\u00f2nics al voltant dels avis <em>tunkasila<\/em> (vegeu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171684\">Tunkasila<\/a>) i la serp aqu\u00e0tica <em>uncegila<\/em>. Aquests mites es conserven en els textos registrats per George Bushotter a finals del segle XIX i han estat descrits sistem\u00e0ticament per l&#8217;antrop\u00f2leg James Howard a <em>The Dakota or Sioux Indians<\/em> (1980).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Set ritus sagrats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 lakota coneix set grans ritus sagrats (<em>Owanka wakan<\/em>), que es duen a terme en relaci\u00f3 amb Wakan Tanka i que s&#8217;atribueixen a la dona del vedell de bis\u00f3 blanc. Estan descrits sistem\u00e0ticament a l&#8217;obra de Black Elk i Joseph Epes Brown <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953).<\/p><p>Els set ritus comprenen les formes seg\u00fcents. Primer, l&#8217;Inipi, la casa de suor purificadora, que serveix de preparaci\u00f3 ritual per a qualsevol altre ritu. Segon, l&#8217;Hanblechiyapi, la recerca de visions: un jove o un adult cerca, tot sol a les muntanyes o en un tur\u00f3, durant diversos dies i nits sense menjar ni beure, rebre una visi\u00f3. Tercer, el Wanagi Yuhapi, la retenci\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00e0nima (ritu de dol), i quart, l&#8217;Hunkapi, el fer-se parents (adopci\u00f3). Cinqu\u00e8, l&#8217;Ishna Ta Awi Cha Lowan, la iniciaci\u00f3 de pubertat de les joves. Sis\u00e8, el Tapa Wankayeyapi, el llan\u00e7ament de la pilota, una representaci\u00f3 simb\u00f2lica l\u00fadica de la distribuci\u00f3 c\u00f2smica. Set\u00e8, el Wiwanyag Wachipi, la dansa del sol.<\/p><p>Aquest darrer, la dansa del sol, \u00e9s la pr\u00e0ctica lakota m\u00e9s espectacular i religiosament intensa. En ella, els practicants ballen durant diversos dies, sense menjar ni beure, en cercle al voltant d&#8217;un arbre sagrat, alguns d&#8217;ells amb pues d&#8217;os travessades a trav\u00e9s de la musculatura del pit, fixades a l&#8217;arbre amb corretges de cuir.<\/p><p>La dansa acaba quan les pues esquincen la musculatura del pit i el practicant queda alliberat de la uni\u00f3 amb l&#8217;arbre. Aquesta experi\u00e8ncia f\u00edsica s&#8217;ent\u00e9n com el m\u00e9s alt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifici<\/span> a Wakan Tanka i com a porta d&#8217;acc\u00e9s a la visi\u00f3.<\/p><p>Els set ritus sagrats es practiquen en les comunitats actuals de les reserves amb freq\u00fc\u00e8ncies diverses. L&#8217;Inipi (casa de suor) es duu a terme regularment a gaireb\u00e9 cada llar de la reserva; l&#8217;Hanblechiyapi (recerca de visions) t\u00e9 lloc en iniciacions i en situacions vitals especials; el Wiwanyag Wachipi (dansa del sol) se celebra anualment en les grans assemblees de les reserves i es compta entre els esdeveniments religiosos col\u00b7lectius m\u00e9s importants dels pobles sioux.<\/p><p>Els altres ritus s&#8217;han tornat en part menys freq\u00fcents, per\u00f2 una creixent moviment de renovaci\u00f3 religiosa ind\u00edgena els est\u00e0 reactivant activament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i tradici\u00f3 apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 lakota no coneix una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El fet d'adre\u00e7ar-se de manera suplicant o invocadora a una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> directa a Wakan Tanka en situacions d&#8217;emerg\u00e8ncia aguda, ja que Wakan Tanka, com a realitat omniabastant, \u00e9s massa general per ser directament competent en situacions vitals concretes. La veneraci\u00f3 relacionada amb la protecci\u00f3 es dirigeix m\u00e9s aviat als diversos aspectes wakan, als Quatre Vents, a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> del bis\u00f3, a l&#8217;Ocell del Tro.<\/p><p>Les pr\u00e0ctiques de protecci\u00f3 concretes inclouen portar una bossa de medicina (<em>chanli<\/em>) amb pedres especials, plomes, arrels i objectes de medicina personals, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El fet d'adre\u00e7ar-se de manera suplicant o invocadora a una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> dels Quatre Vents en les quatre direccions c\u00f2smiques en cada ocasi\u00f3 ritual, la fumigaci\u00f3 purificadora amb cedre o herba dol\u00e7a (sweetgrass), i l&#8217;\u00fas ritual de la pipa sagrada <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>Fumar la pipa no \u00e9s una simple crema de tabac, sin\u00f3 un acte cosmol\u00f2gic: el tabac (<em>kinnikinnick<\/em>) es posa en relaci\u00f3, mitjan\u00e7ant la pipa, amb els Quatre Vents, amb la terra i el cel, i amb els avantpassats; el fet de fumar la pipa esdev\u00e9 ell mateix una forma de preg\u00e0ria wakan.<\/p><p>Dins la tradici\u00f3 apotropaica, els escuts lakota tenen un paper especial. Els guerrers portaven sobre els seus escuts pintures rebudes en una visi\u00f3, vinculades al poder wakan d&#8217;un animal o d&#8217;un \u00e9sser determinat.<\/p><p>Aquestes pintures d&#8217;escut no eren simples ornaments est\u00e8tics, sin\u00f3 objectes de protecci\u00f3 ritualment efica\u00e7os. Joseph Epes Brown va descriure sistem\u00e0ticament la tradici\u00f3 dels escuts lakota a <em>The Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian<\/em> (1982).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la literatura comparada de ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3, Wakan Tanka s&#8217;ha citat sovint com un exemple americ\u00e0 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la creen\u00e7a d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> panespiritualista d&#8217;un \u00e9sser suprem. Estructuralment comparables hi s\u00f3n el <em>mana<\/em> polinesi, el <em>mana<\/em> melanesi, el <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En la concepci\u00f3 xinesa, la for\u00e7a vital activa que ho travessa tot.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> xin\u00e8s, el <em>brahman<\/em> indi i el <em>nyama<\/em> o <em>nyam<\/em> de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental.<\/p><p>Cal tenir en compte que Wakan Tanka no \u00e9s un panteisme en sentit estricte: els lakota distingeixen entre els diferents aspectes wakan i Wakan Tanka mateix, sense que siguin id\u00e8ntics entre ells.<\/p><p>La religi\u00f2loga \u00c5ke Hultkrantz va descriure sistem\u00e0ticament aquesta diferenciaci\u00f3 a <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981), mostrant que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la creen\u00e7a d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota no correspon ni al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La creen\u00e7a en un \u00fanic d\u00e9u.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteisme<\/span> estricte ni al panteisme cl\u00e0ssic, sin\u00f3 a una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la creen\u00e7a d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> panenteista pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>Dins les tradicions amerind\u00edes nord-americanes, Wakan Tanka presenta paral\u00b7lelismes estrets amb el <em>Manitou<\/em> algonqu\u00ed, el <em>Maheo<\/em> cheiene, el <em>Yusen<\/em> apatxe, el creador navajo i el creador pueblo. En tots aquests casos es tracta de conceptes d&#8217;un \u00e9sser suprem que fonamenten un poder sagrat que ho impregna tot.<\/p><p>Una observaci\u00f3 notable des de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions concerneix la continu\u00eftat de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la creen\u00e7a d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota tamb\u00e9 en la di\u00e0spora sioux m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia.<\/p><p>Els mdewakanton dakota de Minnesota, els yankton sioux de Dakota del Sud i els assiniboine de Montana i Saskatchewan han desenvolupat cadascun les seves pr\u00f2pies tradicions de wakan tanka, que difereixen en detalls per\u00f2 comparteixen la l\u00ednia estructural principal de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia D\u00e9u i la creen\u00e7a d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota. Aquesta continu\u00eftat pan-sioux ha estat descrita sistem\u00e0ticament per l&#8217;antrop\u00f2leg Raymond DeMallie en els seus extensos estudis sobre els sioux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La religi\u00f3 lakota es troba, des de la cristianitzaci\u00f3 for\u00e7ada dels indis de les reserves al segle XIX i sobretot despr\u00e9s de la supressi\u00f3 violenta de la dansa del sol (prohibida el 1881 i el 1934) per part del govern dels Estats Units, en una fase complexa de renaixen\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Des de la reautoritzaci\u00f3 de la dansa del sol el 1934 i el reconeixement posterior de les religions ind\u00edgenes mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;<em>American Indian Religious Freedom Act<\/em> (1978), la religi\u00f3 lakota ha viscut un notable impuls.<\/p><p>En el discurs acad\u00e8mic, l&#8217;estudi de Wakan Tanka ha exercit un paper important en la deconstrucci\u00f3 de les descripcions missioneres de la religi\u00f3.<\/p><p>Vine Deloria Jr. (<em>God Is Red<\/em>, 1973; <em>The World We Used to Live In<\/em>, 2006), George Tinker (<em>American Indian Liberation<\/em>, 2008) i el te\u00f2leg lakota Charles Eastman (<em>The Soul of the Indian<\/em>, 1911) han defensat la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> genu\u00efnament lakota davant les simplificacions cristiano-missioneres.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, Wakan Tanka \u00e9s un exemple important de com la simple classificaci\u00f3 tipol\u00f2gica de les religions ind\u00edgenes (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Idea segons la qual tamb\u00e9 els animals, les plantes i les coses tenen \u00e0nima.\" tabindex=\"0\">animisme<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La creen\u00e7a en diversos d\u00e9us.\" tabindex=\"0\">politeisme<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La creen\u00e7a en un \u00fanic d\u00e9u.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteisme<\/span>) sovint no captura la riquesa teol\u00f2gica de la tradici\u00f3 corresponent.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota genu\u00efna no \u00e9s ni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Idea segons la qual tamb\u00e9 els animals, les plantes i les coses tenen \u00e0nima.\" tabindex=\"0\">animisme<\/span> ni panteisme, sin\u00f3 una construcci\u00f3 filos\u00f2fico-religiosa pr\u00f2pia que mereix el seu lloc dins la hist\u00f2ria comparada de les religions. La relaci\u00f3 d&#8217;iWell Guard amb la tradici\u00f3 lakota \u00e9s expl\u00edcitament observacional, sense cap promesa d&#8217;efecte.<\/p><p>Al segle XXI, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lakota tamb\u00e9 ha trobat el seu lloc en el di\u00e0leg interreligi\u00f3s. L\u00edders espirituals lakota com Arvol Looking Horse, actual guardi\u00e0 de la 19a generaci\u00f3 de la sagrada pipa del vedell de b\u00fafal blanc (White Buffalo Calf Pipe), representen la tradici\u00f3 lakota en assemblees de l&#8217;ONU, trobades de religions del m\u00f3n i confer\u00e8ncies ecum\u00e8niques.<\/p><p>Aquestes aparicions internacionals han provocat una creixent percepci\u00f3 global de la religi\u00f3 lakota, per\u00f2 alhora han afavorit tend\u00e8ncies problem\u00e0tiques d&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 espiritual per part de grups occidentals de la New Age, contra les quals el consell d&#8217;ancians lakota ha protestat oficialment de manera reiterada des de 1993.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent recull obres centrals de la religi\u00f3 lakota i de la recerca sobre els ind\u00edgenes nord-americans, essencials per comprendre Wakan Tanka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8c5672 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c8c5672\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d052194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d052194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El problema de la traducci\u00f3 de Wakan Tanka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac2c6c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ac2c6c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c442efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2c442efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;expressi\u00f3 <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> prov\u00e9 de les lleng\u00fces lakota, dakota i nakota, i en la literatura angl\u00f2fona s&#8217;ha tradu\u00eft sovint com a Gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esperit<\/span> o Gran Misteri.<\/p><p>Ambdues traduccions s\u00f3n problem\u00e0tiques. <em>Wakan<\/em> designa una qualitat de sagrat, de misteri\u00f3s o de dotat d&#8217;una for\u00e7a especial, i <em>tanka<\/em> significa gran. La combinaci\u00f3 no es pot traduir sense p\u00e8rdua a un \u00fanic nom div\u00ed.<\/p><p>La literatura missionera i etnogr\u00e0fica primerenca tendia a entendre <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> com la denominaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un \u00fanic d\u00e9u suprem, equivalent al D\u00e9u cristi\u00e0. Aquesta lectura es va veure refor\u00e7ada per la feina de traducci\u00f3 dels missioners, que necessitaven un terme per al D\u00e9u cristi\u00e0.<\/p><p>La recerca del segle XX ha corregit aquesta imatge. L&#8217;etn\u00f2graf James R. Walker, que a principis del segle XX va treballar amb especialistes en religi\u00f3 lakota a la reserva de Pine Ridge, va tra\u00e7ar una imatge molt m\u00e9s complexa.<\/p><p>Segons els apunts de Walker, elaborats juntament amb informants lakota com George Sword, <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> no \u00e9s un \u00fanic \u00e9sser, sin\u00f3 una denominaci\u00f3 col\u00b7lectiva per a una multiplicitat de poders i \u00e9ssers sagrats, que alhora es poden pensar com una unitat. El material de Walker parla de diversos aspectes o classes del sagrat que, en la seva totalitat, constitueixen <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em>.<\/p><p>La recerca actual encara discuteix fins a quin punt la representaci\u00f3 sistem\u00e0tica de Walker s&#8217;ajusta amb precisi\u00f3 a les idees dels seus informants, i fins a quin punt hi introdueix un ordre que no existia de manera coherent en el material. Es pot afirmar amb certesa que una simple equiparaci\u00f3 amb un d\u00e9u monoteista no fa just\u00edcia a les fonts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699683a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2699683a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28de6a45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28de6a45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka en l'\u00e8poca de les reserves i en el renaixement de la religi\u00f3 lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22c559d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22c559d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22475154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22475154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els registres sobre <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> es van produir majorit\u00e0riament en una \u00e8poca de fort\u00edssima pressi\u00f3 sobre la religi\u00f3 lakota. Despr\u00e9s de la derrota i el confinament a les reserves, a partir de la d\u00e8cada de 1880 el govern dels Estats Units va prohibir cerim\u00f2nies centrals, entre elles la Dansa del Sol.<\/p><p>La pr\u00e0ctica religiosa es va desenvolupar, en part, d&#8217;amagat. L&#8217;activitat recopiladora de James R. Walker va coincidir precisament amb aquesta fase, el qual significa que els seus informants transmetien el seu coneixement en condicions de persecuci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Aquesta circumst\u00e0ncia marca l&#8217;estat de les fonts. Alguns especialistes religiosos van transmetre el seu coneixement de manera conscient, per por que es perd\u00e9s d&#8217;una altra manera. Altres continguts es van mantenir en secret.<\/p><p>Per tant, la recerca ha de tenir en compte que les descripcions transmeses contenen tant llacunes com una selecci\u00f3 deliberada. A m\u00e9s, cal considerar la influ\u00e8ncia del cristianisme, que molts lakota van adoptar al llarg del segle XX, en part al costat de la tradici\u00f3 m\u00e9s antiga.<\/p><p>Des de la d\u00e8cada de 1970, arran de l&#8217;American Indian Movement i dels moviments m\u00e9s amplis pels drets civils ind\u00edgenes, s&#8217;observa un ressorgiment clar de la religi\u00f3 lakota. La Dansa del Sol es torna a practicar p\u00fablicament, i termes com <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> formen part habitual del discurs religi\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Alhora, dins de les comunitats lakota hi ha debats sobre com s&#8217;ha de transmetre la tradici\u00f3 i qui hi est\u00e0 autoritzat, aix\u00ed com cr\u00edtiques a l&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquests conceptes per part de corrents esot\u00e8rics no ind\u00edgenes. Per a la descripci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica, aix\u00f2 implica que <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> no \u00e9s un tema hist\u00f2ric tancat, sin\u00f3 un punt de refer\u00e8ncia viu i, en part, controvertit de la identitat lakota actual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>John Neihardt: <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia organitzada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Charles Eastman: <em>The Soul of the Indian<\/em> (1911)<\/li><li>George Tinker: <em>American Indian Liberation<\/em> (2008)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Wakan Tanka Lakota Sioux Sweat Lodge Sun Dance Black Elk Vision Quest Chanunpa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-wakan-tanka\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes protectors port\u00e0tils, seguint la tradici\u00f3 dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171662\">Native American<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. 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No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Wakan Tanka Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Wakan Tanka \u2013 \u00c9sser Suprem dels Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Wakan Tanka, el gran poder sagrat dels lakota, designa menys una divinitat personificada que una realitat numinosa que impregna tota 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