{"id":171676,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:22","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171676"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:08","slug":"illapa-deu-tro-temps-inques","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/illapa-deu-tro-temps-inques\/","title":{"rendered":"Illapa \u2013 D\u00e9u del tro i del temps dels inques"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171676\" class=\"elementor elementor-171676 elementor-2579 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa, d\u00e9u del tro, del llamp i de la pluja de l'altipl\u00e0 and\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa (qu\u00edtxua <em>Illapa<\/em>, tamb\u00e9 <em>Yllapa<\/em>) \u00e9s el d\u00e9u del tro, del llamp i de la pluja dels inques. Per al camperolat and\u00ed de l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 era la divinitat major m\u00e9s important en la vida quotidiana, ja que de les seves pluges depenia tot el conreu de moresc i de patata.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 Andes \/ Inques.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171661\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 Andes \/ Inques.\">Andes \/ Inques<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitat del tro i del temps.\">Divinitat del tro i del temps<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2677\" alt=\"Illapa \u2013 D\u00e9u del tro i del temps dels inques\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, el <strong>d\u00e9u inca del tro<\/strong>, \u00e9s una figura central del culte meteorol\u00f2gic a la regi\u00f3 precolombina dels Andes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ubicaci\u00f3 en el pante\u00f3 and\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, junt amb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171671\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171673\">Viracocha<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171674\">Mama Killa<\/a>, forma part de les quatre divinitats supremes del culte estatal inca. T\u00e9 un \u00e0mbit de temple propi al Coricancha de Cusco, i les seves ins\u00edgnies, falques de tro i fones, es guardaven a la col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 prehisp\u00e0nica de m\u00f2mies mallqui.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, pertany a les difoses <em>divinitats del tro i la tempesta<\/em>, presents amb un lloc destacat en gaireb\u00e9 totes les altes cultures agr\u00e0ries.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> imperial-estatal d&#8217;Inti, la veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Illapa continua viva avui en els pobles de parla qu\u00edtxua i aimara. Les pr\u00e0ctiques rurals al voltant del llamp, el tro i la pluja s\u00f3n una part important de la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa vigent a l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 and\u00ed.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien i Frank Salomon han assenyalat repetidament en els seus treballs etnogr\u00e0fics que Illapa sol ser m\u00e9s present per al pag\u00e8s que la teologia solar superior d&#8217;Inti.<\/p><p>Illapa es descriu en algunes fonts com una figura tri\u00e0dica, una configuraci\u00f3 tr\u00edade formada per <em>Chuqui Illapa<\/em> (germ\u00e0 Illapa), <em>Catu Illapa<\/em> (germ\u00e0 Catu) i un tercer aspecte que varia segons el cronista.<\/p><p>Aquesta triple figura va recordar la Trinitat als missioners espanyols i, en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> anterior, va afavorir la tesi d&#8217;una intu\u00efci\u00f3 trinit\u00e0ria precristiana. Pierre Duviols ha criticat aquesta lectura i ha assenyalat la genu\u00efna multiplicitat andina de les figures c\u00f2smiques.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista arqueol\u00f2gic i iconogr\u00e0fic, la veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> del tro als Andes es remunta molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l&#8217;\u00e8poca inca. Les cer\u00e0miques wari mostren guerrers portant falques de tro, i la cultura chim\u00fa del nord del Per\u00fa coneixia un d\u00e9u del tro comparable anomenat <em>Ni<\/em>, encara que amb una connotaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s mar\u00edtima.<\/p><p>Aquesta prehist\u00f2ria mostra que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> estatal inca d&#8217;Illapa no va sorgir del no-res, sin\u00f3 que es basava en una llarga tradici\u00f3 andina de tempesta i tro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>El nom <em>Illapa<\/em> \u00e9s sem\u00e0nticament ambigu en qu\u00edtxua. Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn, en el seu <em>Vocabulario<\/em> (1608), indica els significats seg\u00fcents: <em>el rayo<\/em> (el llamp), <em>el trueno<\/em> (el tro), <em>el rel\u00e1mpago<\/em> (l&#8217;esclat de llum). Aix\u00ed, la paraula designa els tres fen\u00f2mens com a aspectes d&#8217;una mateixa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00c9s notable la relaci\u00f3 estreta amb el terme qu\u00edtxua <em>illa<\/em>, que designa una mena de numin\u00f3s llumin\u00f3s (vegeu tamb\u00e9 <em>Illatiqsi Wiraqucha<\/em> com a ep\u00edtet de Viracocha). El significat arrel d&#8217;<em>illa<\/em> remet a una lluentor lluminosa que indica pres\u00e8ncia numinosa. Illapa seria, doncs, l&#8217;espurna numinosa i lluminosa al cel.<\/p><p>A l&#8217;\u00e0rea aimara, el d\u00e9u corresponent s&#8217;anomena <em>Tunupa<\/em> o <em>Illapa<\/em>, tot i que les variants regionals difereixen. Les fonts colonials distingeixen a vegades entre <em>Illapa<\/em> (aspecte meteorol\u00f2gic) i <em>Catu Illapa<\/em> (aspecte de la calamarsa). El desenvolupament tard\u00e0 d&#8217;Illapa en \u00e8poca inca tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s visible en els ep\u00edtets dels sobirans inques: l&#8217;Inca Yupanqui Tupac portava l&#8217;ep\u00edtet <em>Yupanqui-Illapa<\/em>, que expressava el seu vincle amb l&#8217;aspecte del tro d&#8217;aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>.<\/p><p>Els treballs m\u00e9s recents de ling\u00fc\u00edstica hist\u00f2rica sobre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> qu\u00edtxua han aprofundit encara m\u00e9s en l&#8217;etimologia d&#8217;<em>illa<\/em> com a <em>lluentor, reflex, rastre llumin\u00f3s<\/em>.<\/p><p>C\u00e9sar Itier ha assenyalat que, en la terminologia de l&#8217;\u00e8poca inca, <em>illa<\/em> no designa nom\u00e9s l&#8217;esclat de llum meteorol\u00f2gic, sin\u00f3 una categoria numinosa m\u00e9s fonamental: l&#8217;espurna d&#8217;una pres\u00e8ncia divina en el m\u00f3n. Els petits amulets de pedra anomenats <em>illa<\/em> (figuretes protectores dels pastors) porten el mateix nom, la qual cosa il\u00b7lustra la profunditat sem\u00e0ntica del nom d&#8217;Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa \u00e9s representat en les descripcions colonials com un guerrer celestial que produeix el llamp amb una fona d&#8217;or i colpeja el tro amb una ma\u00e7a. De vegades porta una capa d&#8217;estrelles i un c\u00e0ntir d&#8217;aigua del qual vessa la pluja. Aquesta iconografia ha estat transmesa per Cristobal de Molina i Polo de Ondegardo.<\/p><p>En els t\u00e8xtils inques conservats i en la pintura colonial cusquenya, Illapa apareix sovint com un guerrer amb fona i llamp, de vegades muntat sobre un puma.<\/p><p>El vincle amb el puma t\u00e9 un fonament topogr\u00e0fic: al Coricancha hi havia el bloc de pedra del <em>Puma Punku<\/em> (Porta del Puma) com a lloc de refer\u00e8ncia per a la veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Illapa. L&#8217;historiadora de l&#8217;art Teresa Gisbert ha descrit sistem\u00e0ticament la representaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Illapa com a guerrer en les seves obres sobre la iconografia andina colonial.<\/p><p>Durant la cristianitzaci\u00f3, Illapa va ser aviat identificat amb Sant Jaume (<em>Santiago<\/em>), que en la tradici\u00f3 espanyola apareix com a sant genet amb l&#8217;espasa del llamp.<\/p><p>Aquesta sincresi encara s&#8217;observa avui en les festes dels sants andins: all\u00e0 on se celebra la festa pagesa ladina de <em>Santiago Mataindios<\/em>, Illapa \u00e9s present en la comprensi\u00f3 del substrat ind\u00edgena. La tradici\u00f3 de <em>Santiago de Murayoc<\/em> de Jurochiri n&#8217;\u00e9s un exemple conegut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El relat m\u00e9s important sobre Illapa es conserva al manuscrit de Huarochiri i descriu la seva relaci\u00f3 amb la deessa de l&#8217;aigua (aspecte de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171677\">Mama Cocha<\/a>). Illapa llan\u00e7a el llamp per colpir la deessa del c\u00e0ntir d&#8217;aigua al cel; del c\u00e0ntir trencat vessa la pluja. Aquesta etiologia de la pluja \u00e9s un element est\u00e0ndard de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> andina.<\/p><p>Un segon relat vincula Illapa amb l&#8217;estel celestial de la Llama (la constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 de la <em>Yacana<\/em>, que era central en l&#8217;astronomia de l&#8217;\u00e8poca inca). Segons el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>, quan la constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 Yacana es troba baixa al cel del sud a mitjanit, beu l&#8217;aigua de la Via L\u00e0ctia i la fa disminuir.<\/p><p>Illapa llavors trenca la deessa del c\u00e0ntir per tornar a portar la pluja a la Terra. Gary Urton va exposar sistem\u00e0ticament aquesta construcci\u00f3 astromitol\u00f2gica a <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>Un tercer relat, transm\u00e8s per Polo de Ondegardo, descriu la crida dels sacerdots <em>altomisayoq<\/em> de l&#8217;\u00e8poca inca mitjan\u00e7ant un llampec. Qui era colpejat per un llampec i sobrevivia era considerat cridat pel mateix Illapa com a sacerdot i rebia el dret de pronunciar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on es demana un veredicte div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracles<\/span> i realitzar curacions.<\/p><p>Aquesta tradici\u00f3 de crida encara \u00e9s viva avui en dia entre els especialistes <em>paqo<\/em> moderns dels pobles de parla qu\u00edtxua. Juan Nunez del Prado va descriure aquesta crida per llampec en els seus estudis etnogr\u00e0fics.<\/p><p>Un quart relat vincula Illapa amb el dret penal de l&#8217;\u00e8poca inca: qui prometia dir la veritat amb un jurament del tro (<em>illapamanta<\/em>) no podia mentir, perqu\u00e8 el mateix Illapa castigaria el fals testimoni amb un llampec.<\/p><p>La just\u00edcia inca utilitzava aquest jurament div\u00ed com a instrument per esbrinar la veritat en casos especialment greus. Polo de Ondegardo i Cobo informen de l&#8217;alta credibilitat que es concedia a una declaraci\u00f3 illapamanta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i veneraci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Illapa estava institucionalitzat al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> del Coricancha, a Cusco. A l&#8217;anomenat <em>Pucamarca<\/em>, una zona de temple pr\u00f2pia a l&#8217;extrem sud-est de la ciutat de Cusco, s&#8217;hi trobava la imatge principal del culte a Illapa, una est\u00e0tua masculina d&#8217;or amb llamp i fona. Aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge o est\u00e0tua venerada com a divina.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eddol<\/span> va ser confiscat pels espanyols el 1572 a Vilcabamba juntament amb el Punchao, i s&#8217;ha perdut.<\/span><\/p><p>Els ritus m\u00e9s importants d&#8217;Illapa se celebraven durant l&#8217;estaci\u00f3 de pluges, entre setembre i mar\u00e7. Quan les pluges no arribaven, els sacerdots i la comunitat organitzaven grans processons de s\u00faplica al llarg de les l\u00ednies ceque, en les quals se sacrificaven llames negres als cims dels turons que envoltaven la ciutat.<\/p><p>Les llames negres eren l&#8217;animal de sacrifici espec\u00edfic d&#8217;Illapa, perqu\u00e8 el color negre corresponia al de les n\u00favols de pluja. Cristobal de Molina descriu un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte transm\u00e8s i repetit regularment dins d'una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> particular: en dies sense pluja, una llama negra es mantenia tres dies sense aigua perqu\u00e8 plor\u00e9s de set, i que amb el seu plor atragu\u00e9s els n\u00favols de pluja.<\/p><p>La data festiva m\u00e9s important era el <em>Capac Raymi<\/em> al desembre i la festa de purificaci\u00f3 del <em>Citua<\/em> al setembre, ambdues estretament vinculades a l&#8217;inici de l&#8217;estaci\u00f3 de pluges. Brian Bauer i Tom Zuidema han elaborat sistem\u00e0ticament, en les seves obres, la posici\u00f3 calend\u00e0rica ritual d&#8217;Illapa dins l&#8217;any de l&#8217;imperi inca.<\/p><p>Dins l&#8217;any de l&#8217;imperi inca, els ritus d&#8217;Illapa mantenien una correspond\u00e8ncia complexa amb els cicles agr\u00edcoles. Abans de la sembra a l&#8217;agost es demanaven a Illapa pluges regulades, al desembre i gener pluges moderades sense erosi\u00f3, i al mar\u00e7 i abril un canvi suau cap a la sequera.<\/p><p>Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> del temps diferenciada calend\u00e0ricament reflecteix el coneixement \u00edntim de la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa pagesa i ha estat interpretada per l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia de manera comparativa cultures i societats.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologia<\/span> andina moderna com una <em>micro-gesti\u00f3 religiosa<\/em> dels riscos agr\u00edcoles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La relaci\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 amb el culte a Illapa \u00e9s sorprenentment ambivalent: d&#8217;una banda s&#8217;invocava Illapa contra la sequera, la calamarsa i la gelada, per\u00f2 d&#8217;altra banda tamb\u00e9 calia protegir-se <em>d&#8217;<\/em>Illapa mateix, especialment dels seus llamps. Aquesta relaci\u00f3 ambivalent \u00e9s t\u00edpica de les divinitats del tro i es manifesta igualment en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Thor, Indra o Baal.<\/p><p>Les pr\u00e0ctiques de protecci\u00f3 concretes inclouen cremar espelmes de cera durant la primera tempesta de la temporada, aixecar petits munts de pedres (<em>apacheta<\/em>) a les carenes de les muntanyes, i evitar certs llocs (arbres a\u00efllats, roques altes) durant una tempesta.<\/p><p>Una pr\u00e0ctica molt espec\u00edfica \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> del <em>toldo<\/em>: quan un llamp cau sobre una casa, tota la casa es declara inhabitable durant tres anys, ja que es considera tocada pel mateix Illapa i, per tant, carregada de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fa refer\u00e8ncia al car\u00e0cter esborronador i sublim d'all\u00f2 sagrat; concepte de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">numin\u00f3s<\/span>.<\/p><p>De manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia: propi dels signes i objectes destinats a mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia les influ\u00e8ncies nocives.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span> contra la calamarsa, en alguns pobles encara avui es col\u00b7loquen espelmes bene\u00efdes a l&#8217;entrada de la casa i es planten creus als camps, ara vinculades sincr\u00e8ticament a estampes marianes o a Sant Jaume.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;etnologia religiosa, es tracta d&#8217;una continuaci\u00f3 directa de la pr\u00e0ctica prehisp\u00e0nica d&#8217;Illapa sota disfressa cristiana. Olivia Harris ha descrit aquesta pr\u00e0ctica persistent de protecci\u00f3 contra la calamarsa a l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 aimara a <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa s&#8217;insereix en el patr\u00f3 mundial de les divinitats del tro.<\/p><p>Comparables estructuralment s\u00f3n el <em>Thor<\/em> germ\u00e0nic, el <em>Zeus<\/em> grec, l&#8217;<em>Indra<\/em> v\u00e8dic, el <em>Perkunas<\/em> b\u00e0ltic, el <em>Baal Hadad<\/em> de l&#8217;\u00c0sia occidental, el <em>Raijin<\/em> japon\u00e8s i l&#8217;<em>Adad<\/em> mesopot\u00e0mic.<\/p><p>En tots aquests casos, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> del tro \u00e9s una figura guerrera masculina amb una arma de llan\u00e7ament (martell, raig, fona) responsable de la caiguda de la pluja i que atorga la vocaci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s del llamp.<\/p><p>Dins d&#8217;Am\u00e8rica, Illapa presenta semblances especialment properes amb el <em>Tlaloc<\/em> aztec, el d\u00e9u maia <em>Chaak<\/em> i la figura del <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171690\">Thunderbird<\/a> nord-americ\u00e0. La concepci\u00f3 del Thunderbird resulta particularment interessant, ja que tamb\u00e9 vincula el tro amb una figura que pot volar i genera tempestes amb les seves ales, comparable estructuralment amb la deessa de la gerra d&#8217;aigua d&#8217;Illapa.<\/p><p>La vinculaci\u00f3 colonial i sincr\u00e8tica d&#8217;Illapa amb Sant Jaume (<em>Santiago<\/em>) ha rebut molta atenci\u00f3 en la literatura d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de les religions.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 espanyola de Santiago coneix, per la seva banda, el <em>Santiago Matamoros<\/em>, que cavalca amb l&#8217;espasa contra els moros; als Andes, aquest es va convertir en el <em>Santiago Mataindios<\/em> (matador d&#8217;indis) i podia funcionar alhora com a sant cavaller cristi\u00e0 i com a d\u00e9u and\u00ed del tro, una figura de doble capacitat.<\/p><p>Cient\u00edficament \u00e9s especialment important el fet que Illapa no fos origin\u00e0riament un d\u00e9u guerrer com Thor o Indra. La seva dimensi\u00f3 principal era la donaci\u00f3 del temps atmosf\u00e8ric. La iconografia guerrera \u00e9s secund\u00e0ria i essencialment un resultat teol\u00f2gic de la seva pres\u00e8ncia com a portador del llamp.<\/p><p>Aquesta diferenciaci\u00f3, donador del temps enlloc de guerrer, \u00e9s una troballa teol\u00f2gica genu\u00efnament andina que distingeix l&#8217;Illapa inca d&#8217;altres divinitats del tro comparables i que reflecteix l&#8217;orientaci\u00f3 agr\u00edcola nuclear de l&#8217;alta cultura andina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 qu\u00edtxua i aimara modern, les pr\u00e0ctiques d&#8217;Illapa continuen vives en gran mesura sota forma cristiana. Els especialistes <em>paqo<\/em> i <em>yatiri<\/em> dels pobles andins moderns sovint deriven la seva vocaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un llamp sobreviscut; en la literatura arqueoetnol\u00f2gica (per exemple, Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em>, 1998) s&#8217;han documentat repetidament casos d&#8217;aquest tipus.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>En la recerca sobre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb els seus costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>, el sincretisme Santiago-Illapa \u00e9s un exemple cl\u00e0ssic del <em>doble nivel de discurso<\/em> (doble nivell del discurs) de la religi\u00f3 andina: a dalt la tradici\u00f3 cristiana dels sants, a baix la divinitat ind\u00edgena del tro, fusionades de manera indestriable en la conducci\u00f3 ritual pr\u00e0ctica. Sabine MacCormack ha descrit sistem\u00e0ticament aquest doble nivell a <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991).<\/span><\/p><p>En la recerca acad\u00e8mica d&#8217;astronomia, la vinculaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Illapa amb la constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 de la Llama Yacana continua sent estudiada com un element important del cel estel\u00b7lar inca. Gary Urton, Tom Zuidema i treballs m\u00e9s recents de deixebles de R. Tom Zuidema han mostrat com l&#8217;astronomia centreandina estructurava la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> del temps atmosf\u00e8ric. Cient\u00edficament, Illapa segueix sent un cas clau per entendre l&#8217;entrella\u00e7ament, en \u00e8poca inca, entre l&#8217;alt culte i la religi\u00f3 pagesa.<\/p><p>En les darreres d\u00e8cades, el <em>movimiento andino<\/em> de Bol\u00edvia i el Per\u00fa ha introdu\u00eft Illapa en el discurs sobre la resili\u00e8ncia clim\u00e0tica ind\u00edgena. Quan els patrons de precipitaci\u00f3 dels Andes es desplacen a causa del canvi clim\u00e0tic, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> d&#8217;Illapa als pobles esdev\u00e9 una cambra de resson\u00e0ncia cultural on aquests despla\u00e7aments es negocien religiosament.<\/p><p>L&#8217;antrop\u00f2loga Karsten Paerregaard ha descrit a <em>Pilgrims of the Andes<\/em> (2017) les adaptacions rituals dels pagesos de l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 al canvi clim\u00e0tic i ha mostrat quin paper hi juga la relaci\u00f3 amb Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La seg\u00fcent selecci\u00f3 recull obres centrals de l&#8217;etnologia andina i de la recerca arqueoastron\u00f2mica que resulten essencials per comprendre Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2827b8ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2827b8ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp276778f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp276778f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa en el culte estatal dels inques i el seu santuari a Cusco<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb4d10f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2fb4d10f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27cc43ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27cc43ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, el d\u00e9u del tro, del llamp i de la pluja, formava part, en el culte estatal de l&#8217;Imperi inca, de les divinitats m\u00e9s elevades, ocupant en la jerarquia religiosa un lloc proper a la divinitat solar <em>Inti<\/em> i al d\u00e9u creador <em>Viracocha<\/em>.<\/p><p>Els cronistes espanyols del segle XVI i principis del XVII relaten que Illapa tenia un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> propi a Cusco i que al gran temple del Sol, el <em>Coricancha<\/em>, se li havia assignat una sala pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>La import\u00e0ncia especial d&#8217;Illapa s&#8217;explica per la depend\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;agricultura andina respecte de la pluja. Com a senyor del temps, decidia sobre la sequera i la fertilitat, i en \u00e8poques de sequera se li adre\u00e7aven processons de s\u00faplica i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span>.<\/p><p>El cronista Bernab\u00e9 Cobo descriu de manera detallada aquesta divinitat del temps a la seva <em>Historia del Nuevo Mundo<\/em> (acabada el 1653) i esmenta les idees associades al llamp com a projectil i al tro com al soroll d&#8217;una fona celestial.<\/p><p>En el culte estatal, Illapa era tamb\u00e9 un d\u00e9u al qual, en temps de crisi, es dedicaven <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> especialment importants, entre elles en el marc de la <em>capacocha<\/em>, la cerim\u00f2nia d&#8217;ofrenes m\u00e9s rellevant dels inques. Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, Illapa no \u00e9s, per tant, un simple dimoni de la natura, sin\u00f3 una alta divinitat integrada en el centre pol\u00edtic i ritual de l&#8217;Imperi. La seva veneraci\u00f3 vinculava la preocupaci\u00f3 per la pluja amb la legitimaci\u00f3 del poder inca, ja que el sobir\u00e0 actuava com a mediador entre els homes i les grans pot\u00e8ncies celestials. La estreta relaci\u00f3 amb Inti i Viracocha mostra que els inques concebien les seves divinitats supremes com un conjunt interrelacionat.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23b404c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23b404c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2418c76c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2418c76c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els cronistes com a font i el problema de la mirada cristiana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ccce282 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ccce282\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac73122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ac73122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tot el que se sap sobre Illapa prov\u00e9 de fonts posteriors a la conquesta espanyola, i aquesta situaci\u00f3 de transmissi\u00f3 s&#8217;ha de tenir en compte en qualsevol afirmaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Els inques no coneixien l&#8217;escriptura en el sentit europeu; la seva administraci\u00f3 i, en part, tamb\u00e9 el seu saber, quedaven registrats en els <em>quipu<\/em>, els cordills nuats, que tenen, per\u00f2, una capacitat limitada per transmetre continguts religiosos. Els relats escrits van ser redactats per eclesi\u00e0stics espanyols, funcionaris i alguns autors d&#8217;origen ind\u00edgena o mest\u00eds.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Entre els cronistes m\u00e9s importants hi ha Pedro de Cieza de Le\u00f3n, Juan de Betanzos, que s&#8217;havia casat amb una dona inca i per aix\u00f2 tenia un acc\u00e9s especial, el jesu\u00efta Bernab\u00e9 Cobo i el mest\u00eds Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, els <em>Comentarios Reales<\/em> (1609) del qual descriuen el m\u00f3n inca des d&#8217;una perspectiva interna, per\u00f2 amb dist\u00e0ncia temporal i una tend\u00e8ncia apolog\u00e8tica.<\/span><\/p><p>Un grup de fonts propi el formen els informes sobre l&#8217;<em>extirpaci\u00f3n de idolatr\u00edas<\/em>, la persecuci\u00f3 eclesi\u00e0stica de la religi\u00f3 aut\u00f2ctona, com els de Francisco de \u00c1vila i Pablo Jos\u00e9 de Arriaga.<\/p><p>Aquestes fonts s\u00f3n imprescindibles, per\u00f2 observen Illapa a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;una mirada cristiana. Alguns cronistes el van identificar amb l&#8217;ap\u00f2stol Jaume, ja que aquest estava associat, en la tradici\u00f3 espanyola, al tro i al soroll de les batalles, fet que va originar una barreja que va perdurar fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca colonial. D&#8217;altres van encaixar el pante\u00f3 and\u00ed en esquemes europeus o van ometre all\u00f2 que els resultava ofensiu. Cient\u00edficament, doncs, es considera que la imatge transmesa d&#8217;Illapa \u00e9s sempre una imatge filtrada. La recerca moderna, com la de Pierre Duviols i els treballs sobre la hist\u00f2ria religiosa colonial dels Andes, s&#8217;esfor\u00e7a a anar m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 d&#8217;aquest filtre, encara que nom\u00e9s pot reconstruir de manera parcial la concepci\u00f3 original.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Gary Urton: <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Frank Salomon, George Urioste: <em>The Huarochiri Manuscript<\/em> (1991)<\/span><\/li><li>Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em> (1998)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Molina: <em>Relacion de las fabulas y ritos de los Incas<\/em> (1575)<\/li><li>Pierre Duviols: <em>Cultura andina y represion<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Brian Bauer: <em>The Sacred Landscape of the Inca<\/em> (1998)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En l&#8217;ordre religi\u00f3s de l&#8217;Imperi inca, Illapa era considerat el <strong>senyor suprem del temps<\/strong>, a qui pagesos i pastors adre\u00e7aven s\u00fapliques perqu\u00e8 la pluja arrib\u00e9s a temps i per protegir-se de calamarsades devastadores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Illapa Yllapa d\u00e9u del tro llamp Yacana Santiago Pucamarca Capac Raymi paqo.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-illapa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes protectors portables, en la tradici\u00f3 dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171661\">Andes \/ Inques<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. 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