{"id":171672,"date":"2026-09-05T15:41:20","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:41:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171672"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:04:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:04:03","slug":"pachamama-mare-terra-andes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/pachamama-mare-terra-andes\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachamama \u2013 Mare Terra dels Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171672\" class=\"elementor elementor-171672 elementor-2575 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama, Mare Terra i deessa de la fertilitat del m\u00f3n and\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama, la Mare Terra dels Andes, \u00e9s encara avui la figura religiosa de refer\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s important en la vida quotidiana de la poblaci\u00f3 quechua i aimara de l&#8217;altipl\u00e0. A difer\u00e8ncia del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> imperial i estatal d&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171671\">Inti<\/a>, la veneraci\u00f3 de la Pachamama est\u00e0 profundament arrelada en els ritmes anuals i vitals de l&#8217;agricultura i ha perdurat la colonitzaci\u00f3 en forma sincr\u00e8tica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deessa de la tradici\u00f3 Andes \/ Inca.\">Deessa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171661\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de la tradici\u00f3 Andes \/ Inca.\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mare Terra.\">Mare Terra<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 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elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2683\" alt=\"Pachamama \u2013 Mare Terra dels Andes\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ubicaci\u00f3 en el pante\u00f3 and\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama (quechua: <em>pacha<\/em>, m\u00f3n, temps, espai; <em>mama<\/em>, mare) designa, en les religions tradicionals de l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 and\u00ed, aquella numinositat femenina que actua en la terra f\u00e8rtil, en els camps cultivats i en la reproducci\u00f3 dels \u00e9ssers vius.<\/p><p>Des de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> incaica, forma part dels \u00e9ssers superiors centrals junt amb Inti, el d\u00e9u del tro <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171676\">Illapa<\/a>, la deessa lunar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171674\">Mama Killa<\/a> i el creador <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171673\">Viracocha<\/a>.<\/p><p>L&#8217;etn\u00f2leg de religions Joseph Bastien (<em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em>, 1978) va demostrar, per a l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 aimara de Bol\u00edvia, que la Pachamama es percep localment menys com una deessa personalitzada que com la subst\u00e0ncia viva de la terra mateixa.<\/p><p>Aquesta condici\u00f3 substancial la diferencia estructuralment de moltes figures cl\u00e0ssiques de mare terra de la Mediterr\u00e0nia (Dem\u00e8ter, Gaia), m\u00e9s fortament personificades des del punt de vista mitol\u00f2gic.<\/p><p>Respecte a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> estatal <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171661\">inca<\/a>, Pachamama ocupava una posici\u00f3 peculiarment subalterna: el culte oficial de l&#8217;imperi destacava el d\u00e9u mascul\u00ed Inti, mentre que la majoria de la poblaci\u00f3 rural oferia sacrificis a la Pachamama.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen (<em>The Hold Life Has<\/em>, 2002) anomena aquesta relaci\u00f3 estratificaci\u00f3 de g\u00e8nere del sistema religi\u00f3s and\u00ed, en el qual la teologia solar masculina se superposa a una teologia terrestre femenina m\u00e9s antiga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme quechua <em>pacha<\/em> \u00e9s sem\u00e0nticament extraordin\u00e0riament ric. Designa alhora temps (una \u00e8poca concreta), espai (el m\u00f3n com a totalitat) i un estat del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Diego Gonzalez Holguin el tradueix, en el seu <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608), segons el context, per <em>mundo<\/em>, <em>tiempo<\/em> o <em>suelo<\/em>. Pachamama seria, doncs, la <em>mare de tota la realitat del m\u00f3n<\/em>, no nom\u00e9s de la terra.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;aimara dels Andes bolivians tamb\u00e9 es troba l&#8217;equivalent <em>Pachamama<\/em>, de vegades transformat en <em>Pachatata<\/em> (Pare Terra) per al complement mascul\u00ed. En el quechua de Cajamarca i a la regi\u00f3 d&#8217;Ayacucho hi ha regionalment la forma <em>Mama Pacha<\/em>, amb l&#8217;ordre invers dels components, que designa per\u00f2 la mateixa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>.<\/p><p>Una etimologia alternativa vincula <em>pacha<\/em> amb el concepte d&#8217;ordre cosmol\u00f2gic.<\/p><p>L&#8217;historiador de les religions Frank Salomon assenyala, a <em>Native Lords of Quito<\/em> (1986), que <em>pacha<\/em>, en la llengua de l&#8217;\u00e8poca inca, tamb\u00e9 designa el m\u00f3n ent\u00e8s com a era hist\u00f2rica successiva (preinca, inca, postconquesta), de manera que Pachamama pot entendre&#8217;s com la <em>mare de totes les eres del m\u00f3n<\/em>, una idea que t\u00e9 un paper especial en els mites del Pachakuti (capgiraments del m\u00f3n).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3 i iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;Inti, al qual s&#8217;associava una representaci\u00f3 cultual concreta (el Punchao), Pachamama pr\u00e0cticament no va ser representada de forma antropomorfa en la iconografia de l&#8217;\u00e8poca inca. Es manifesta sobretot en forma de llocs i objectes rituals: en la terra cultivada, en els munts de pedres <em>apacheta<\/em> als colls de muntanya, en els llocs d&#8217;ofrena <em>mesa<\/em> i en els fossats d&#8217;ofrena excavats.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;art popular colonial i modern se la representa cada vegada m\u00e9s de forma antropomorfa, com una dona ind\u00edgena amb vestimenta tradicional, amb \u00e0mplia faldilla pollera, mantell i barret bomb\u00ed (en el context aimara bolivi\u00e0). De vegades porta un infant o un <em>aguayo<\/em>, un mocador de c\u00e0rrega ple de cereals andins.<\/p><p>Aquestes representacions estan majorit\u00e0riament influ\u00efdes de manera sincr\u00e8tica cristiana per la iconografia mariana, sobretot per la Mare de D\u00e9u de Copacabana i la Mare de D\u00e9u del Cerro (Potos\u00ed), en les quals es fonen la Mare Terra i la veneraci\u00f3 mariana.<\/p><p>En cer\u00e0miques preshisp\u00e0niques conservades de la cultura moche i wari es troben figures femenines amb trets sexuals primaris i secundaris marcats, que arqueol\u00f2gicament sovint s&#8217;interpreten com a <em>precursores de la Pachamama<\/em>. Tanmateix, aquesta atribuci\u00f3 \u00e9s especulativa, ja que no disposem de la denominaci\u00f3 \u00e8mica. Christopher Donnan, a <em>Moche Art<\/em> (1978), va advertir de la necessitat de prud\u00e8ncia en aquestes identificacions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relats mitol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> mitol\u00f2gica sobre Pachamama \u00e9s sorprenentment escassa en les cr\u00f2niques primerenques, fet que Pierre Duviols ha explicat com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la perspectiva predominantment masculina i imperial dels cronistes espanyols. El que es pot documentar s\u00f3n m\u00e9s b\u00e9 fragments de constel\u00b7lacions cosmog\u00f2niques: Pachamama com a esposa o germana de Pachakamak a la regi\u00f3 costanera, com a filla de Viracocha a l&#8217;altipl\u00e0, com a esposa de Pachatata a la regi\u00f3 aimara.<\/p><p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> central vincula Pachamama amb el cicle de sequera i pluja. Es creu que al mar\u00e7\/abril, despr\u00e9s de la collita, engreixa i s&#8217;atipa, mentre que als mesos secs de maig a setembre es considera que t\u00e9 fam i set, motiu pel qual en aquesta \u00e8poca se li ofereixen especialment molts <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificis<\/span>.<\/p><p>A les regions muntanyoses de la pampa argentina (Salta, Jujuy) t\u00e9 lloc l&#8217;agost la festa m\u00e9s important de Pachamama: l&#8217;1 d&#8217;agost els pagesos obren simb\u00f2licament la terra excavant un petit forat i hi dipositen la primera ofrena (chicha, fulles de coca, pa, greix).<\/p><p>Un relat important vincula Pachamama amb l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 de les Pl\u00e8iades al juny. La pres\u00e8ncia de set setmanes de les Pl\u00e8iades a l&#8217;horitz\u00f3 matinal s&#8217;interpreta com la seva atenci\u00f3 envers les sembres humanes; si les Pl\u00e8iades apareixen brillants, s&#8217;espera un any de collita abundant.<\/p><p>Tom Zuidema i Gary Urton han descrit sistem\u00e0ticament aquesta correlaci\u00f3 arqueoastron\u00f2mica andina a <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>Al sud del Per\u00fa, Pachamama tamb\u00e9 es vincula amb la figura mitol\u00f2gica de <em>Mama Pacha<\/em>, que segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> de Pakaqtanpu provoca esllavissades i terratr\u00e8mols quan no se li ofereixen prou sacrificis.<\/p><p>Aquesta dimensi\u00f3 punitiva de la mare terra tamb\u00e9 es troba als Andes argentins, on l&#8217;agost es considera el <em>mes peligroso<\/em> (mes perill\u00f3s), perqu\u00e8 la mare terra afamada necessita una atenci\u00f3 especial i es diu que els vianants imprudents poden emmalaltir. Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;etnologia religiosa, resulta interessant que aquesta dimensi\u00f3 punitiva sigui sistem\u00e0ticament ignorada en la recepci\u00f3 occidental new age de Pachamama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i pr\u00e0ctica sacrificial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa envers una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Pachamama \u00e9s encara avui la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa m\u00e9s viva als pobles de l&#8217;altipl\u00e0.<\/p><p>El seu centre \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> del <em>despacho<\/em> o <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> (pagament a la terra), en el qual fulles de coca, dol\u00e7os, greix de llama, embrions de llama (<em>sullu<\/em>), petites figuretes d&#8217;argila i ofrenes de vi o chicha es disposen amb cura en un paquet ritual que s&#8217;enterra o es crema a la terra.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen descriu per al poble de Sonqo (prov\u00edncia de Paucartambo) l&#8217;element recurrent del <em>kintu<\/em>, tres fulles de coca perfectes col\u00b7locades una sobre l&#8217;altra, que es bufen cap a tots els punts cardinals i despr\u00e9s s&#8217;ofereixen a la terra, a les muntanyes i als avantpassats venerats. Joseph Bastien ha descrit la pr\u00e0ctica aimara paral\u00b7lela a l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 de La Paz.<\/p><p>Els especialistes rituals reben, segons la regi\u00f3, els noms de <em>yatiri<\/em> (aimara), <em>paqo<\/em> (qu\u00edtxua) o <em>altomisayoq<\/em>. No s\u00f3n sacerdots institucionalitzats com els funcionaris del Coricancha en \u00e8poca inca, sin\u00f3 endevins i curanderos vinculats al poble, que sovint reben la seva vocaci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;una experi\u00e8ncia de llamp (crida d&#8217;Illapa).<\/p><p>L&#8217;antrop\u00f2leg peru\u00e0 Juan Nunez del Prado va sistematitzar en els seus treballs dels anys 1970 els graus d&#8217;iniciaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquests especialistes paqo.<\/p><p>La data del calendari m\u00e9s important \u00e9s l&#8217;1 d&#8217;agost, considerat el dia de Pachamama; a m\u00e9s, se li ofereixen sacrificis en tots els moments importants de l&#8217;any agr\u00edcola: en la sembra, en el primer llaurat, en la primera collita. Tamb\u00e9 en la construcci\u00f3 d&#8217;una casa, en els casaments i en els naixements \u00e9s obligatori un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifici<\/span> a Pachamama.<\/p><p>A les regions mineres dels Andes (Potos\u00ed, Oruro, Cerro de Pasco) s&#8217;ha desenvolupat tamb\u00e9 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa envers una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> propi a Pachamama entre els treballadors del subsol, en el qual se la venera juntament amb l&#8217;esperit de les galeries <em>Tio<\/em>.<\/p><p>June Nash ha documentat etnogr\u00e0ficament a <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979) el doble culte a Pachamama i Tio a les mines de plata bolivianes, mostrant com en aquesta doble divinitat es negocia la relaci\u00f3 entre l&#8217;explotaci\u00f3 capitalista i la reciprocitat ritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 i elements apotropaics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa envers una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Pachamama no \u00e9s, en ess\u00e8ncia, una pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 en sentit estricte, sin\u00f3 un manteniment rec\u00edproc de la relaci\u00f3 (<em>ayni<\/em>). Quan se li atribueixen funcions apotropaiques, aix\u00f2 sol succeir en relaci\u00f3 amb altres \u00e9ssers: contra esperits maligns com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171678\">Supay<\/a> o contra els <em>condenados<\/em> (\u00e0nimes male\u00efdes), Pachamama nom\u00e9s actua si s&#8217;ha respectat la reciprocitat ritual.<\/p><p>Les pr\u00e0ctiques de protecci\u00f3 concretes en el context de Pachamama inclouen col\u00b7locar fulles de coca sota el llindar de la porta en una construcci\u00f3 nova, enterrar una ampolla plena de vi i chicha sota l&#8217;entrada de la casa, o fer una apacheta (munt de pedres) en un coll de muntanya, on cada vianant que hi passa hi afegeix una pedra i aix\u00ed contribueix a la seguretat compartida del cam\u00ed.<\/p><p>L&#8217;etn\u00f2loga religiosa Olivia Harris ha mostrat a <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) que aquesta pr\u00e0ctica del munt de pedres encara \u00e9s viva avui dia als camins de l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 bolivi\u00e0.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista dels estudis religiosos, cal remarcar que aquestes pr\u00e0ctiques no s&#8217;entenen com a m\u00e0gia d&#8217;efecte, sin\u00f3 com una reafirmaci\u00f3 ritual d&#8217;un ordre c\u00f2smic en el qual cada ofrena espera un equivalent. La refer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;iWell Guard a la tradici\u00f3 de Pachamama \u00e9s aqu\u00ed expl\u00edcitament observacional des del punt de vista religi\u00f3s, i no una promesa d&#8217;efecte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estructuralment, Pachamama es pot comparar amb altres divinitats de la mare terra de les religions del m\u00f3n, sense necessitat de postular una connexi\u00f3 gen\u00e8tica. Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, especialment reveladora \u00e9s la comparaci\u00f3 amb la Prithivi antiga \u00edndia, la Gaia grega, la Tellus Mater romana, la Nerthus germ\u00e0nica (T\u00e0cit) i la nord-americana <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171689\">Changing Woman<\/a> dels navajo.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade va identificar a <em>Die Religion und das Heilige<\/em> un patr\u00f3 de mare terra que apareix gaireb\u00e9 en totes les altes cultures agr\u00e0ries: una numinositat femenina vinculada a la fertilitat, la ciclicitat, la llavor i la mort. Pachamama s&#8217;ajusta a aquest patr\u00f3, per\u00f2 mostra, gr\u00e0cies a la seva dimensi\u00f3 pacha (temps, era del m\u00f3n), un horitz\u00f3 sem\u00e0ntic m\u00e9s ampli.<\/p><p>Espec\u00edficament and\u00ed \u00e9s el vincle de Pachamama amb els esperits locals de les muntanyes, els <em>Apu<\/em> (vegeu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171679\">Apu Ausangate<\/a>). Aquests senyors masculins de les muntanyes i la mare terra femenina formen un sistema de g\u00e8neres complementari que en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> andina s&#8217;expressa com <em>yanantin<\/em>, la tensi\u00f3 productiva de les parelles oposades.<\/p><p>Un altre paral\u00b7lelisme important es troba en la veneraci\u00f3 afroamericana de l&#8217;orisha <em>Yemay\u00e1<\/em> o de la loa vod\u00fa Erzulie, en les quals la numinositat femenina es vincula amb l&#8217;aigua, la fertilitat i la protecci\u00f3. Tamb\u00e9 aqu\u00ed es tracta d&#8217;estructures convergents de la religiositat agr\u00e0ria, no de parentiu hist\u00f2ric.<\/p><p>La categoria cient\u00edfica de la <em>Magna Mater<\/em>, la gran mare, s&#8217;ha discutit repetidament des de Johann Jakob Bachofen al segle XIX, per\u00f2 avui es considera metodol\u00f2gicament problem\u00e0tica la reducci\u00f3 simple de totes les divinitats de la mare terra a una figura arquet\u00edpica original.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cristianitzaci\u00f3 i sincretisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La missi\u00f3 espanyola mai no va poder eliminar completament el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Pachamama. En el seu lloc, es va produir un dels sincretismes m\u00e9s notables de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa americana: la uni\u00f3 de Pachamama amb la veneraci\u00f3 cat\u00f2lica de la Mare de D\u00e9u, especialment amb la Mare de D\u00e9u de Copacabana (Bol\u00edvia) i la Mare de D\u00e9u del Cerro (Potos\u00ed).<\/p><p>En el fam\u00f3s quadre <em>Virgen del Cerro<\/em> (an\u00f2nim, ca. 1720, Potos\u00ed), la Mare de D\u00e9u apareix ella mateixa com la muntanya de plata de Potos\u00ed: el seu vestit forma la silueta de la muntanya, al cim de la muntanya hi seu la corona, i a l&#8217;interior de la muntanya es veuen els miners.<\/p><p>Teresa Gisbert ha interpretat aquesta imatge com un manifest iconogr\u00e0fic del sincretisme entre Pachamama i la Mare de D\u00e9u. Aqu\u00ed, la Mare de D\u00e9u no s&#8217;situa per damunt de la muntanya, sin\u00f3 que \u00e9s la muntanya, i per tant \u00e9s alhora la mare terra.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 el centre de pelegrinatge de Copacabana, a la riba del llac Titicaca, est\u00e0 constru\u00eft sobre un antic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> inca. La <em>Virgen Morena<\/em> (Mare de D\u00e9u de pell fosca) que s&#8217;hi venera es considera avui alhora patrona cristiana de Bol\u00edvia i manifestaci\u00f3 de Pachamama. Sabine MacCormack (<em>Religion in the Andes<\/em>, 1991) ha descrit detalladament el proc\u00e9s d&#8217;aquesta doble identitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 i investigaci\u00f3 actuals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Avui, Pachamama \u00e9s, molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del context religi\u00f3s estricte, una figura d&#8217;identificaci\u00f3 dels moviments pol\u00edtics ind\u00edgenes de Sud-am\u00e8rica. A Bol\u00edvia, el president Evo Morales (2006, 2019) va declarar l&#8217;1 d&#8217;agost com el <em>Dia de la Pachamama<\/em>, festa nacional, i la Constituci\u00f3 de 2009 fa refer\u00e8ncia expl\u00edcita a la creen\u00e7a en Pachamama.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 a l&#8217;Equador, la <em>Pachamama<\/em> va rebre drets propis en la Constituci\u00f3 de 2008, un pas internacionalment destacat en la hist\u00f2ria del dret.<\/p><p>En el moviment ecologista i en els cercles occidentals de la New Age, Pachamama ha tingut una \u00e0mplia resson\u00e0ncia en les darreres d\u00e8cades. Aquesta recepci\u00f3, per\u00f2, s&#8217;ha de considerar cr\u00edticament: sovint treu el concepte del seu context and\u00ed concret i el converteix en una xifra global de la mare terra.<\/p><p>Etn\u00f2legs de la religi\u00f3 com Marisol de la Cadena (<em>Earth Beings<\/em>, 2015) han assenyalat que la Pachamama andina no \u00e9s id\u00e8ntica a la hip\u00f2tesi de Gaia occidental i que no es pot reduir a la seva terminologia.<\/p><p>Al Vatic\u00e0, Pachamama va situar-se el 2019 en el centre d&#8217;un debat controvertit durant el S\u00ednode de l&#8217;Amaz\u00f2nia, despr\u00e9s que s&#8217;hi col\u00b7loquessin figures de fusta a l&#8217;esgl\u00e9sia de Santa Maria in Traspontina.<\/p><p>Aquest fet mostra la for\u00e7a simb\u00f2lica ininterrompuda de la mare terra fins al segle XXI. En la investigaci\u00f3 acad\u00e8mica, els treballs de Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien, Frank Salomon i Marisol de la Cadena han marcat especialment aquest camp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia i fonts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La selecci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent recull obres centrals de l&#8217;etnologia andina i la hist\u00f2ria de les religions que resulten fonamentals per a la investigaci\u00f3 sobre Pachamama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21d1bd35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21d1bd35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp261bfd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp261bfd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Pago a la Tierra i el costum de l'ofrena a la terra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26889d35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26889d35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab2cdd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab2cdd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una acci\u00f3 transmesa, repetida regularment en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> ben documentat i encara viu en relaci\u00f3 amb Pachamama \u00e9s la donaci\u00f3 a la terra, anomenada en els pa\u00efsos andins habitualment <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> o <em>despacho<\/em>.<\/p><p>En aquest ritual es prepara un farcell amb diverses ofrenes que, segons la regi\u00f3, pot contenir fulles de coca, grans de blat de moro, greix, dol\u00e7os, petites figures i altres elements. El farcell s&#8217;enterra o es crema, sovint en llocs establerts i en moments determinats.<\/p><p>En moltes zones dels Andes del sud del Per\u00fa i de Bol\u00edvia, l&#8217;agost \u00e9s el mes en qu\u00e8 aquestes ofrenes es fan amb m\u00e9s freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, perqu\u00e8 es considera que en aquest per\u00edode la terra est\u00e0 oberta i receptiva. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una acci\u00f3 transmesa, repetida regularment en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> sol ser dirigit per especialistes rituals, anomenats de manera diferent segons la regi\u00f3.<\/p><p>La recerca etnogr\u00e0fica, com els treballs de Catherine Allen sobre una comunitat qu\u00edtxua a prop de Cusco, ha mostrat que l&#8217;ofrena a Pachamama forma part de la relaci\u00f3 quotidiana amb l&#8217;entorn. Vessar una mica de l\u00edquid a terra abans de beure respon a la mateixa concepci\u00f3.<\/p><p>La recerca subratlla que aquest complex no \u00e9s ni una simple continuaci\u00f3 de la pr\u00e0ctica precolonial ni una mera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa, amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>. Al llarg dels segles ha incorporat elements cristians sense perdre el seu nucli. Pachamama es venera en molts llocs juntament amb sants cat\u00f2lics, i les mateixes persones participen tant en la missa com en l&#8217;ofrena a la terra.<\/p><p>L&#8217;ofrena no \u00e9s una petici\u00f3 de miracle, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 d&#8217;una relaci\u00f3 de reciprocitat: qui pren de la terra li retorna. Aquesta l\u00f2gica de reciprocitat, sovint associada als Andes amb el terme qu\u00edtxua <em>ayni<\/em>, \u00e9s considerada per molts investigadors la clau real per entendre aquest costum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25fcc55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25fcc55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ebc69e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ebc69e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama en el debat pol\u00edtic i eclesi\u00e0stic contemporani<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c41102 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23c41102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2eb276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al segle XXI, Pachamama ha esdevingut un punt de refer\u00e8ncia pol\u00edtic i ideol\u00f2gic que va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit religi\u00f3s. A Bol\u00edvia i l&#8217;Equador, el concepte va ser incorporat a la legislaci\u00f3 i les constitucions de les d\u00e8cades del 2000 i del 2010.<\/p><p>L&#8217;Equador va incloure els drets de la natura en la seva constituci\u00f3 el 2008, i Bol\u00edvia va aprovar el 2010 una llei coneguda com <em>Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra<\/em>. Pachamama apareix aqu\u00ed com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge il\u00b7lustrativa que representa una idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> d&#8217;un ordre ambiental que atorga a la natura un valor propi.<\/p><p>La recerca discuteix de manera cr\u00edtica fins a quin punt aquest \u00fas pol\u00edtic coincideix amb les concepcions religioses locals. Alguns autors hi veuen una connexi\u00f3 coherent amb el pensament and\u00ed, mentre que altres hi veuen una apropiaci\u00f3 que generalitza un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una acci\u00f3 transmesa, repetida regularment en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> local divers convertint-lo en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> nacional, tot simplificant-lo. La pr\u00e0ctica ritual real als pobles continua majorit\u00e0riament aliena a aquesta simbologia estatal.<\/p><p>El 2019 va sorgir una controv\u00e8rsia pr\u00f2pia en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit eclesi\u00e0stic. Durant l&#8217;anomenat S\u00ednode de l&#8217;Amaz\u00f2nia a Roma es van utilitzar figures de fusta que en el debat p\u00fablic van ser qualificades de representacions de Pachamama. Diversos sectors conservadors dins de l&#8217;Esgl\u00e9sia cat\u00f2lica ho van considerar idolatria, i les figures van ser sostretes per persones desconegudes d&#8217;una esgl\u00e9sia romana i llan\u00e7ades al T\u00edber.<\/p><p>L&#8217;incident va provocar un ampli debat sobre com hauria de tractar l&#8217;Esgl\u00e9sia les formes d&#8217;expressi\u00f3 religiosa ind\u00edgena. Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, mostra que Pachamama s&#8217;ha convertit avui, molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la regi\u00f3 andina, en objecte de disputa, on es discuteixen q\u00fcestions d&#8217;inculturaci\u00f3, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 de conceptes o divinitats provinents de diferents tradicions religioses.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> i identitat religiosa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Joseph Bastien: <em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em> (1978)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li>Marisol de la Cadena: <em>Earth Beings<\/em> (2015)<\/li><li>Olivia Harris: <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000)<\/li><li>Diego Gonzalez Holguin: <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608)<\/li><li>Frank Salomon: <em>The Cord Keepers<\/em> (2004)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a <em>deessa de la fertilitat<\/em> del m\u00f3n and\u00ed, Pachamama uneix l&#8217;agricultura, la ramaderia i la veneraci\u00f3 de les muntanyes; les ofrenes de coca, blat de moro i chicha encara acompanyen avui la sembra, la collita i la construcci\u00f3 de la llar a Bol\u00edvia, el Per\u00fa i el nord de l&#8217;Argentina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termes clau relacionats: Pachamama Qu\u00edtxua Aimara Ayni Despacho Paqo Yatiri Apacheta Sullu.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachamama\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicions de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 cultural i hist\u00f2rica dels objectes protectors portables, en la tradici\u00f3 dels <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171661\">Andes \/ Inques<\/a> i de moltes altres cultures d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n. 41 capes, or aut\u00e8ntic, plat\u00ed, plata, fabricat a Alemanya. Dret de devoluci\u00f3 de 30 dies.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les experi\u00e8ncies personals poden variar. No \u00e9s un producte sanitari. No \u00e9s una promesa de curaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>no \u00e9s un producte sanitari<\/strong> i no substitueix cap tractament m\u00e8dic o psicoterap\u00e8utic. Els continguts d'hist\u00f2ria de les religions s\u00f3n una classificaci\u00f3 culturohist\u00f2rica, no una recomanaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2683,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachamama Mare Terra Andes","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachamama \u2013 Mare Terra andina i culte","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachamama, la Mare Terra dels Andes, \u00e9s encara avui la figura de refer\u00e8ncia central de la vida pagesa andina. 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