{"id":171616,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171616"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:02:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:02:33","slug":"golem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/golem\/","title":{"rendered":"Golem"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171616\" class=\"elementor elementor-171616 elementor-2191 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 jueva<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem \u00e9s, en la tradici\u00f3 jueva, un \u00e9sser humanoide creat artificialment amb fang o terra, animat per la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant actes o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> o la Paraula divina. Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, representa la m\u00edstica jueva de la creaci\u00f3, la transgressi\u00f3 del l\u00edmit entre l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 i D\u00e9u, aix\u00ed com el practicisme tardomedieval de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrent religi\u00f3s centrat en l'experi\u00e8ncia directa de D\u00e9u; central en la tradici\u00f3 jueva, cristiana i isl\u00e0mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> rab\u00ednica (la C\u00e0bala). El Golem \u00e9s considerat un esperit de la tradici\u00f3 jueva i simbolitza la frontera entre l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 i D\u00e9u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: entitat incorp\u00f2ria o semicorp\u00f2ria, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians dels llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/judaisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 de fe jueva des del Tanakh fins a la C\u00e0bala i la m\u00edstica moderna.\">Judaisme<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 m\u00edstica i cosmol\u00f2gica jueva.\">C\u00e0bala<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173845\" alt=\"Golem - esperits de la tradici\u00f3 del Judaisme, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem \u00e9s una figura de fang o terra que \u00e9s animada mitjan\u00e7ant el nom de D\u00e9u o pr\u00e0ctiques m\u00e0gico-ling\u00fc\u00edstiques. En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> m\u00e9s coneguda, la del Maharal de Praga, el rab\u00ed Judah Loew va crear un Golem per protegir la comunitat jueva.<\/p><p>El Golem \u00e9s obedient, d&#8217;una for\u00e7a sobrehumana, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 perill\u00f3s i, finalment, destru\u00eft. Mites centrals: la creaci\u00f3 b\u00edblica d&#8217;Adam com a model, els golems medievals com a \u00e9ssers protectors, i posteriors interpretacions simb\u00f2lic-psicol\u00f2giques (Freud, Scholem).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breu: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La narrativa del Golem va sorgir en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica jueva amb obres centrals com el Sefer Yetzir\u00e0, el Zohar i l'escola luri\u00e0nica.\">C\u00e0bala<\/span> jueva medieval i moderna primerenca (aproximadament del segle XII al XVI). Fonts centrals: el Sefer Yetzir\u00e0 (Llibre de la Creaci\u00f3, segles III-VI, per\u00f2 amb refer\u00e8ncies al Golem posteriors), les llegendes tardomedievals del Maharal (segles XV-XVI), i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica jueva amb obres centrals com el Sefer Yetzir\u00e0, el Zohar i l'escola luri\u00e0nica.\">C\u00e0bala<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de narracions transmeses sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> de Scholem (1941).<\/span><\/p><p>Difusi\u00f3: Europa central (Boh\u00e8mia, Pol\u00f2nia, Alemanya), m\u00e9s tard dif\u00f3s liter\u00e0riament arreu del m\u00f3n. Estat de la investigaci\u00f3: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador de la religi\u00f3 israeli\u00e0 (1897-1982); fundador de la investigaci\u00f3 moderna sobre la C\u00e0bala.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism), Daniel Abrams (Kabbalah and Luria), Yehuda Liebes (The Sinai Revelation), Elliot Wolfson (Language, Eros, Being).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Des del Sefer Yetzir\u00e0, passant pels comentaris cabal\u00edstics medievals, fins a la llegenda praguesa del rab\u00ed L\u00f6w del segle XVI, el nucli de la mat\u00e8ria del Golem s&#8217;ha mantingut: una figura formada de fang, animada per lletres sagrades. Encara avui la figura es mant\u00e9 viva, tot i que transformada: apareix en la literatura, el cinema i el teatre, i a Praga el record encara s&#8217;associa a la Sinagoga Vella-Nova, en cujo golfa, segons la llegenda, encara reposaria el Golem.<\/p><h3>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/h3><p>El Golem \u00e9s, en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrent religi\u00f3s centrat en l'experi\u00e8ncia directa de D\u00e9u; central en la tradici\u00f3 jueva, cristiana i isl\u00e0mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> jueva i, m\u00e9s tard, en l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inter\u00e8s per forces i pr\u00e0ctiques ocultes m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la ci\u00e8ncia reconeguda.\" tabindex=\"0\">ocultisme<\/span> europeu, un \u00e9sser artificialment creat i animat, fet de fang. El m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre \u00e9s el del rab\u00ed L\u00f6w a Praga. No \u00e9s un \u00e9sser natural, sin\u00f3 una construcci\u00f3 m\u00e0gica, manifestaci\u00f3 de la capacitat creadora humana i alhora una advert\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem no es limitava a una regi\u00f3 o localitat concreta, sin\u00f3 que era conegut i venerat, o temut amb respecte, universalment en tot el m\u00f3n jueu. Tant en grans centres urbans com en regions rurals perif\u00e8riques, tant entre l&#8217;elit social com entre la gent senzilla, la import\u00e0ncia espiritual o cultural d&#8217;aquesta entitat era reconeguda de manera constant i universal.<\/p><p>La narraci\u00f3 del Golem va viatjar amb les comunitats jueves per Europa i va mantenir en ess\u00e8ncia els mateixos trets: una figura de fang, una inscripci\u00f3 animadora, un creador erudit. El fet que la versi\u00f3 m\u00e9s coneguda s&#8217;associ\u00e9s precisament a Praga i al rab\u00ed L\u00f6w mostra fins a quin punt aquesta mat\u00e8ria estava lligada a la identitat de la comunitat local, que veia en el Golem un protector en temps dif\u00edcils. A trav\u00e9s d&#8217;obres impreses i de la transmissi\u00f3 oral, la versi\u00f3 praguesa es va escampar molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de Boh\u00e8mia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts prim\u00e0ries s\u00f3n el Sefer Yetzirah (text antic, interpretacions sobre el golem dels segles XII i XVI), les llegendes del Maharal (transmeses oralment i per escrit al Shevet Yehuda, i al Tzemach David de David Gans, segles XVI i XVII) i els escrits de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica jueva amb obres principals com el Sefer Yetzir\u00e0, el Zohar i l'escola luri\u00e0nica.\">C\u00e0bala<\/span> (Abulafia, Luria, Vital, segles XIII a XVI). Per\u00edode: segles III a XVII (estratificaci\u00f3 conceptual).<\/p><p>\u00c0mbit ling\u00fc\u00edstic: hebreu, m\u00e9s tard alemany i jiddisch. \u00c0mbit geogr\u00e0fic: Europa central (Boh\u00e8mia, Pol\u00f2nia), m\u00e9s tard difusi\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria global. Investigadors: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador de la religi\u00f3 israeli\u00e0 (1897\u20131982); fundador de la recerca moderna sobre la c\u00e0bala.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends), Moshe Idel (The Golem: Jewish Magical Traditions), Wolfram Brandes (m\u00edstica del golem a l&#8217;Europa central), Yehuda Liebes, Elliot Wolfson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem apareix representat en diverses fonts i tradicions art\u00edstiques amb determinats elements iconogr\u00e0fics recurrents, que es mantenen relativament constants al llarg de d\u00e8cades i en diferents espais geogr\u00e0fics. Aquests elements no s\u00f3n purament decoratius ni escollits a l&#8217;atzar, sin\u00f3 que estan codificats simb\u00f2licament de manera profunda i tenen un gran significat.<\/p><p>En el cas del Golem, cada element del relat porta un significat: el fang remet a la creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Adam a partir de la terra, la inscripci\u00f3 al front amb la paraula emet (veritat) \u00e9s alhora l&#8217;interruptor de la seva exist\u00e8ncia, ja que esborrar la primera lletra la converteix en met (mort) i posa fi a l&#8217;animaci\u00f3. Qui coneixia les lletres hebrees i la seva interpretaci\u00f3 cabal\u00edstica llegia en la hist\u00f2ria del Golem un ensenyament sobre el poder del llenguatge i els l\u00edmits de la creaci\u00f3 humana. La mudesa, la for\u00e7a i la servitud de la figura s\u00f3n igualment trets fixos i transmesos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trets caracter\u00edstics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem era central en la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa, els rituals quotidians i la comprensi\u00f3 di\u00e0ria del Judaisme. Les persones s&#8217;adre\u00e7aven a aquesta entitat en situacions vitals cr\u00edtiques o determinades, o en certes \u00e8poques rituals de l&#8217;any, mitjan\u00e7ant rituals estructurats i sovint elaborats, preg\u00e0ries o ofrenes.<\/p><p>La creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un Golem no es va considerar mai a la tradici\u00f3 jueva un simple bricolatge lliure, sin\u00f3 una pr\u00e0ctica erudita: requeria l&#8217;estudi del Sefer Jezira i el coneixement de les combinacions cabal\u00edstiques de lletres. Per aix\u00f2, a la llegenda de Praga no \u00e9s un artes\u00e0 qualsevol, sin\u00f3 el Rab\u00ed L\u00f6w, un talmudista reconegut del segle XVI, qui anima la figura de fang seguint les regles transmeses.<\/p><p>La idea del Golem es pot seguir des del Sefer Jezira, passant per comentaris medievals, fins a la llegenda de Praga del segle XVI, la qual cosa demostra que la idea d&#8217;una figura animada mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;art de les lletres es va transmetre de manera continuada en la literatura jueva. Les funcions de la figura, per\u00f2, van canviar: en els textos cabal\u00edstics, la creaci\u00f3 del Golem servia com a prova de mestratge m\u00edstic; en el relat de Praga, el Golem protegeix la comunitat jueva de la cal\u00famnia i els atacs, i com a servent dom\u00e8stic realitza tamb\u00e9 feines senzilles.<\/p><h3>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/h3><p>El Golem es representa com massiu i desproporcionat, format de terra o argila, humanoide per\u00f2 imperfecte. De vegades hi \u00e9s inscrit el nom de D\u00e9u. El seu rostre \u00e9s inexpressiu. En esborrar una lletra, Emet es converteix en Met (mort). La for\u00e7a i la immobilitat s\u00f3n els seus trets distintius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La fitxa del Golem examina el seu origen cosmog\u00f2nic (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrent religi\u00f3s centrat en l'experi\u00e8ncia directa de D\u00e9u.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edstica<\/span> de la creaci\u00f3), la seva funci\u00f3 com a \u00e9sser m\u00e0gic protector, la seva morfologia (figura d&#8217;argila, sovint muda), les pr\u00e0ctiques de la seva invocaci\u00f3 (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> de lletres, Sefer Yetzirah), els grups socials que creaven Golems, i els paral\u00b7lelismes culturals amb l&#8217;Homunculus i altres formes de vida artificial en altres tradicions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem va sorgir cronol\u00f2gicament en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrent religi\u00f3s centrat en l'experi\u00e8ncia directa de D\u00e9u; central en la tradici\u00f3 jueva, cristiana i isl\u00e0mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> cabal\u00edstica dels segles XII i XIII, amb florides posteriors als segles XV i XVI (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> del Maharal). Origen geogr\u00e0fic: Europa Central, especialment Boh\u00e8mia (Praga), Pol\u00f2nia, regions renanes alemanyes.<\/p><p>Origen cultural: la C\u00e0bala jueva, idees plat\u00f2niques de creaci\u00f3 (el Demi\u00fcrg), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrent religi\u00f3s centrat en l'experi\u00e8ncia directa de D\u00e9u.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edstica<\/span> pr\u00e0ctica del Sefer Yetzirah, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> pr\u00e0ctica rab\u00ednica. Primers testimonis datables: el Sefer Hasidim (Llibre dels Pietosos, cap al 1200), despr\u00e9s les hist\u00f2ries del Maharal (segles XVI i XVII, documentades liter\u00e0riament a partir del segle XIX). Evoluci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica: de l&#8217;abstracci\u00f3 (C\u00e0bala primerenca: Golem c\u00f2smic) a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> (Golem de Praga com a figura concreta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacionat amb<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La creaci\u00f3 del Golem era pr\u00e0ctica de rabins, cabalistes i erudits m\u00e0gics, mags d&#8217;elit, no de laics. Ocasions: defensa de la comunitat (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span>: pogroms antisemites), demostraci\u00f3 de miracles, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Admissi\u00f3 ritual a un ordre religi\u00f3s o esot\u00e8ric; sovint associada a una mort simb\u00f2lica i un renaixement.\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span> m\u00edstica (estudiar el Sefer Yetzirah = capacitat d&#8217;invocaci\u00f3), senyal de maduresa espiritual. Context social: persecuci\u00f3 i cerca de protecci\u00f3, cultura rab\u00ednica de legitimaci\u00f3, el sofriment jueu com a enigma m\u00edstic (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Problema teol\u00f2gic sobre la compatibilitat de l'omnipot\u00e8ncia i la bondat de D\u00e9u amb l'exist\u00e8ncia del mal.\">teodicea<\/span>). El Golem era, psicol\u00f2gicament, una fantasia protectora de superhome en un m\u00f3n injust.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem es descriu com humanoide fet d&#8217;argila o terra, sovint mut o inexpressiu, amb uns ulls grans i fixos o el front sense inscripci\u00f3. Atributs: de vegades la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport s\u00f2lid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> \u00abEmet\u00bb (veritat) al front o un segell amb el nom de D\u00e9u.<\/p><p>Segons la llegenda, el Golem de Praga \u00e9s de color marr\u00f3 fosc, enorme (sobrehum\u00e0), imm\u00f2bil fins a la seva animaci\u00f3, i despr\u00e9s obedient de manera autom\u00e0tica. En l&#8217;art modern (K\u00e4the Kollwitz, E. T. A. Hoffmann) apareix m\u00e9s b\u00e9 com una figura tr\u00e0gica: una criatura a\u00efllada, no un monstre. Color: marr\u00f3, gris, color de terra. Sense aura sobrenatural, m\u00e9s b\u00e9 una materialitat opaca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong><p>El Golem actua principalment com a figura protectora i eina m\u00e0gica. Hist\u00f2ricament, hi ha testimonis de Golems com a guardaespatlles a la Praga del segle XVI sota el Rab\u00ed Jud\u00e0 Loew ben Bezalel, especialment per defensar-se dels pogroms.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 del Sefer Yetzirah descriu la creaci\u00f3 mitjan\u00e7ant lletres i noms div\u00ed com un principi cosmog\u00f2nic, en el qual el Golem encarna la configuraci\u00f3 de la mat\u00e8ria a trav\u00e9s del llenguatge. En sistemes cabal\u00edstics posteriors, el Golem simbolitza el l\u00edmit entre creador i criatura: una cosa conscient sense lliure voluntat, un aut\u00f2mat fet de fang i escriptura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Golem no es pot conjurar com els dimonis, ja que no \u00e9s un \u00e9sser mal\u00e8vol, sin\u00f3 una eina. Protecci\u00f3 contra el mal \u00fas del Golem: control rab\u00ednic i discerniment (intenci\u00f3 correcta, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> de paraules correcta), limitaci\u00f3 \u00e8tica (destrucci\u00f3 del Golem en Shabat o en complir la tasca), consci\u00e8ncia del risc (el Golem esdev\u00e9 eina del caos si deixa de ser controlat).<\/p><p>En la pr\u00e0ctica: eliminaci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport s\u00f2lid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> o dissoluci\u00f3 de la vinculaci\u00f3 de noms. Teol\u00f2gicament: respecte pel l\u00edmit de la creaci\u00f3 (nom\u00e9s D\u00e9u crea de veritat; l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 nom\u00e9s imita).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figures comparables s\u00f3n l&#8217;homuncle de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vincle premodern entre filosofia natural i ci\u00e8ncia simb\u00f2lica; treballa amb la transformaci\u00f3 de la mat\u00e8ria com a transformaci\u00f3 interior.\">alqu\u00edmia<\/span> europea (Paracels, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, sovint sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> de Faust), els golems en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> hind\u00fa (creacions de Shakti), els guerrers de fang xinesos (terracota de Qin), l&#8217;Adam b\u00edblic (fang + paraula divina) i els golems moderns de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 (Frankenstein com a hereu literari del Golem). Tots comparteixen: animaci\u00f3 artificial, creaci\u00f3 m\u00e0gica o cient\u00edfica, ambival\u00e8ncia moral, for\u00e7a sobrehumana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituals d&#8217;evocaci\u00f3 i vinculaci\u00f3<\/h3><p>El m\u00e8tode del Sefer Yetzirah requereix combinacions de les 22 lletres hebrees, aix\u00ed com meditacions permutatives sobre els noms divins. El procediment del Maharal utilitzava combinacions de lletres i el Shem ha-Meforasch (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> dels 72 noms). Esborrar l&#8217;alef final de \u00abEmet\u00bb (veritat) per obtenir \u00abMet\u00bb (mort) es considerava un mecanisme de desactivaci\u00f3. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, sovint sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> praguenca documenta f\u00f3rmules transmeses oralment; els testimonis escrits hist\u00f2rics s\u00f3n fragmentaris.<\/p><h3>M\u00e0gia de l&#8217;escriptura i dels noms<\/h3><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat o esculpit en un suport s\u00f2lid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscripci\u00f3<\/span> al front del Golem, habitualment \u00abEmet\u00bb (veritat), es basa en la m\u00edstica cabal\u00edstica de les lletres. Les fonts rab\u00edniques apunten a t\u00e8cniques permutatives que apareixen tamb\u00e9 al Bahir i al Zohar. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> pertany a la cabala pr\u00e0ctica, documentada per Gedaliah ibn Yahya al segle XVI.<\/p><h3>S\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3 i amulets<\/h3><p>El Golem mateix \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un objecte portat al qual s'atribueix un efecte protector contra el mal.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> ambulant, el seu cos porta el signe efectiu. Com a objecte de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span>, el Golem apareix en compilacions de notes cabal\u00edstiques com a model de manifestaci\u00f3 material. Pr\u00e0ctiques de protecci\u00f3 paral\u00b7leles s\u00f3n les serafim (f\u00f3rmules de vinculaci\u00f3) i l&#8217;\u00fas de yichudim (combinacions de noms) en pergamins.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 jueva:<\/strong> el Golem \u00e9s plenament jueu; no hi ha cap altra tradici\u00f3 jueva sense ell. Per\u00f2 l&#8217;Adam b\u00edblic n&#8217;\u00e9s un precedent directe: \u00abD\u00e9u va formar Adam de pols i li va infondre vida\u00bb (G\u00e8nesi 2:7).<\/p><p>Els m\u00edstics ho van interpretar com un model de creaci\u00f3 per als golems. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica jueva amb obres principals com el Sefer Yetzir\u00e0, el Zohar i l'escola luriana.\">cabala<\/span> emfasitza el poder de les lletres, especialment les tres lletres del nom de D\u00e9u, com a principi vivificador. \u00c8tica rab\u00ednica: el Golem \u00e9s una eina, no una persona; per\u00f2 amb fortes implicacions de responsabilitat.<\/p><p><strong>M\u00f3n grecorom\u00e0:<\/strong> el Demi\u00fcrg de Plat\u00f3 (d\u00e9u artes\u00e0) crea el m\u00f3n material, de manera an\u00e0loga a la creaci\u00f3 del Golem. Prometeu forma els humans a partir de fang (curiosament, un eco grec del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de creaci\u00f3 amb fang). Hefest crea humans mec\u00e0nics (aut\u00f2mats d&#8217;or). No hi ha continu\u00eftat directa, per\u00f2 s\u00ed una similitud estructural: entitats fetes per humans, imitaci\u00f3 divina.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopot\u00e0mia:<\/strong> l&#8217;Enuma Elish: Marduk crea els humans a partir de la sang del dimoni ven\u00e7ut, una creaci\u00f3 m\u00e0gica a partir d&#8217;una subst\u00e0ncia primig\u00e8nia. No hi ha golems de fang, per\u00f2 s\u00ed la generaci\u00f3 m\u00e0gica de vida artificial. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> similar: la vida humana com a eina m\u00e0gica dels d\u00e9us.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cdndia\/\u00c0sia:<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> hind\u00fa: Durga o Shiva creen manifestacions de Shakti mitjan\u00e7ant la voluntat\/energia, de manera similar al despertar del Golem. Les figures de Kali s&#8217;auto-animen sense creaci\u00f3 externa. Els yidams budistes s\u00f3n de\u00eftats visualitzades, no materialitzades f\u00edsicament com els golems. M\u00e0gia tibetana: els tulpes (formes mentals-pensament, animades per la concentraci\u00f3) s\u00f3n potser el paral\u00b7lelisme m\u00e9s proper, per\u00f2 immaterials en lloc de fang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac49763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpac49763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcddfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcddfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La paraula Golem: de la B\u00edblia a la figura de fang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1b272e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb1b272e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb8526b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb8526b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La paraula hebrea <em>golem<\/em> apareix a la B\u00edblia hebrea nom\u00e9s una vegada, al llibre dels Salms, on designa una massa informe o un estat inacabat, aqu\u00ed referit al cos encara no format. D&#8217;aquest significat b\u00e0sic, all\u00f2 inacabat, cru, encara sense forma definitiva, es va desenvolupar l&#8217;\u00fas posterior del terme.<\/p><p>A la literatura rab\u00ednica, <em>golem<\/em> s&#8217;utilitza de diverses maneres, per exemple per referir-se a una persona ignorant o intel\u00b7lectualment inacabada, o a un objecte que encara no t\u00e9 la seva forma definitiva.<\/p><p>En un passatge molt debatut del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal del judaisme rab\u00ednic amb la interpretaci\u00f3 de la tradici\u00f3 religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> babil\u00f2nic, s&#8217;explica que un savi va crear una persona i la va enviar a un altre savi, el qual va parlar amb la criatura per\u00f2 no va obtenir cap resposta, motiu pel qual la va fer tornar a la pols.<\/p><p>En el mateix passatge es diu que dos savis s&#8217;ocupaven regularment de la creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un vedell. Aquestes breus notes s\u00f3n els testimonis m\u00e9s antics de la idea que homes savis, mitjan\u00e7ant el seu coneixement, podien produir vida.<\/p><p>El salt d&#8217;aquesta breu al\u00b7lusi\u00f3 talm\u00fadica a la idea elaborada d&#8217;un \u00e9sser format d&#8217;argila i vivificat mitjan\u00e7ant lletres o un nom div\u00ed no es va produir fins a l&#8217;edat mitjana.<\/p><p>Per tant, la idea no existeix des del principi com una narraci\u00f3 tancada, sin\u00f3 que es va formant al llarg de segles a partir de fragments dispersos. Per entendre el golem \u00e9s important tenir present aquest desenvolupament, en lloc de suposar una tradici\u00f3 antiga i uniforme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c39f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c39f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f7236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2f7236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Sefer Ietsir\u00e0 i la pr\u00e0ctica creativa medieval<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa34f4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa34f4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05fc40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05fc40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un paper clau en la hist\u00f2ria de la idea del golem el t\u00e9 el <em>Sefer Ietsir\u00e0<\/em>, el llibre de la creaci\u00f3, un text breu i de dataci\u00f3 dif\u00edcil que relaciona l&#8217;origen del m\u00f3n amb les lletres de l&#8217;alfabet hebreu i amb els nombres.<\/p><p>Els savis jueus medievals, especialment en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit asquenazita, van llegir aquesta obra tamb\u00e9 com una guia pr\u00e0ctica. Segons aquesta idea, qui domin\u00e9s correctament les combinacions de lletres podia participar de la for\u00e7a creadora que hi ha en el llenguatge.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquest entorn provenen les primeres descripcions m\u00e9s detallades de com es fabricava un golem. S&#8217;explica la formaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una figura amb aparen\u00e7a humana feta de terra, els recorreguts al voltant seu, la pronunciaci\u00f3 o l&#8217;escriptura de combinacions de lletres i noms.<\/p><p>Aquests relats sovint es troben en una relaci\u00f3 de tensi\u00f3: descriuen una pr\u00e0ctica possible, per\u00f2 al mateix temps subratllen el seu perill o la humilitat que exigeix un acte com aquest. La persona que crea un golem imita l&#8217;acte de la creaci\u00f3 i, en fer-ho, s&#8217;apropa a un l\u00edmit.<\/p><p>La recerca, aqu\u00ed cal esmentar sobretot l&#8217;estudi fonamental de Gershom Scholem sobre la idea del golem, ha posat de manifest que, en aquests textos, el golem \u00e9s inicialment menys un servent \u00fatil que un objecte de coneixement i devoci\u00f3.<\/p><p>La creaci\u00f3 servia a l&#8217;estudi m\u00edstic, a la recreaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;acte creador, no a finalitats pr\u00e0ctiques. El golem com a ajudant treballador i com a protector d&#8217;una comunitat \u00e9s una elaboraci\u00f3 posterior del material.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3db2ced e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3db2ced\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f5120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El golem de Praga i el rab\u00ed L\u00f6w: origen d'una llegenda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2cae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2cae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0770e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0770e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La narraci\u00f3 sobre el golem m\u00e9s coneguda avui dia \u00e9s la del golem de Praga, que hauria estat creat pel savi Iehud\u00e0 L\u00f6w ben Betsalel, el conegut com a Maharal de Praga, al segle setze, per protegir la comunitat jueva.<\/p><p>\u00c9s notable que aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 del material del golem amb la persona hist\u00f2rica del Maharal no es pot documentar en les fonts dels segles setze i disset\u00e8. El Maharal va ser un savi important, per\u00f2 els testimonis contemporanis no el relacionen amb cap golem.<\/p><p>La recerca situa la formaci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> praguenca nom\u00e9s a finals del segle divuit i, sobretot, al segle dinou.<\/p><p>En aquesta \u00e8poca van sorgir reculls i adaptacions que van vincular fermament el golem amb Praga i amb el rab\u00ed L\u00f6w, i que van dotar la narraci\u00f3 de motius com el paper vivificador a la boca del golem, l&#8217;aturada setmanal en dissabte i la criatura que finalment s&#8217;escapa de tot control.<\/p><p>Un recull especialment influent es va publicar a principis del segle vint i va donar a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> la forma que encara avui coneixem.<\/p><p>Aix\u00ed, el golem de Praga \u00e9s un exemple d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 m\u00e9s jove del que sembla.<\/p><p>Uneix un material m\u00edstic medieval amb una persona hist\u00f2rica de l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna, per\u00f2 aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 pertany ella mateixa a l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna. Aix\u00f2 no disminueix el seu impacte cultural, ans al contrari: precisament en aquesta forma tardana i liter\u00e0riament elaborada, el golem s&#8217;ha convertit en una part permanent de la cultura narrativa europea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd4d3fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd4d3fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40d9c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40d9c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3: de la novel\u00b7la de terror al s\u00edmbol de la tecnologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000c67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9000c67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpadbf7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpadbf7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Al segle vint, el golem es va convertir en un tema molt tractat per la literatura, el cinema i l&#8217;art. La novel\u00b7la <em>Der Golem<\/em> de Gustav Meyrink, publicada el 1915, utilitza la figura menys com a \u00e9sser actiu que com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> atmosf\u00e8ric i psicol\u00f2gic en el barri jueu de Praga.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Pocs anys despr\u00e9s es van rodar diverses pel\u00b7l\u00edcules mudes, de les quals l&#8217;adaptaci\u00f3 de Paul Wegener de l&#8217;any 1920 \u00e9s la m\u00e9s coneguda i la que ha marcat de manera duradora la imatge visual del golem com una figura pesada de color argila.<\/span><\/p><p>M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 d&#8217;aquestes obres, el golem es va convertir en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge il\u00b7lustrativa que representa una idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> que va molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del seu origen religi\u00f3s. Sovint s&#8217;interpreta com un precursor de les idees modernes sobre l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 artificial, des de la figura mec\u00e0nica fins al monstre de <em>Frankenstein<\/em> de Mary Shelley, i d&#8217;aqu\u00ed fins al robot i la intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia artificial.<\/p><p>En aquesta lectura, el golem representa la pregunta de qu\u00e8 passa quan l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 crea alguna cosa viva o actuant que s&#8217;escapa del seu control. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de la criatura que es torna perillosa perqu\u00e8 interpreta la seva tasca massa literalment o que ja no es pot aturar \u00e9s central en aquest sentit.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina cient\u00edfica que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> aconsella aqu\u00ed distingir. El golem popular com a figura d&#8217;advert\u00e8ncia davant la tecnologia \u00e9s una interpretaci\u00f3 moderna que ha deixat en gran part enrere el sentit m\u00edstic m\u00e9s antic, la reproducci\u00f3 de la creaci\u00f3 com a acte d&#8217;estudi i de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un breu recolliment religi\u00f3s, personal o comunitari.\" tabindex=\"0\">devoci\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ambdues capes formen part de la hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;aquest tema, per\u00f2 no s&#8217;haurien de barrejar. Es troben concepcions afins sobre all\u00f2 creat mitjan\u00e7ant el coneixement tamb\u00e9 en altres tradicions del <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/judaisme\/\">judaisme<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador israeli\u00e0 de la religi\u00f3 (1897\u20131982); fundador de la investigaci\u00f3 moderna sobre la c\u00e0bala.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. Schocken Books, 1954.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Moshe Idel: <em>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid<\/em>. SUNY Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Elliot Wolfson: <em>Language, Eros, Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination<\/em>. Fordham University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Peter Cole (ed.): <em>The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from the Bible to the Present<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1608,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Golem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Golem - \u00e9sser creat artificialment amb fang o terra","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Golem, transm\u00e8s des de fa segles en la m\u00edstica jueva de la creaci\u00f3: figura de fang animada pel nom de D\u00e9u, llegenda praguesa del rab\u00ed Judah Loew.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171616","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This 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